...fought the only duel of his life over the matter, with the Earl of Winchilsea. In return for an oath to 'abjure any intention to subvert the present Church Establishment as settled by law', Catholics could now be elected to Parliament, hold commissions in the army and navy, qualify for ministerial...

...and civil jurisdiction in the United Kingdom, as well as an oath in which Catholics were to disavow "any intention to subvert the present Church Establishment as settled by law." Now Catholics were, however, by law able to hold most offices under the Crown and were given the franchise....