period. The second manner is completely opposed to the first and shows the painter at his best, being sweet, natural, and unstrained. Its principal features are tender coloring, little shade, an agreeable, though often too dainty, airy and sentimental, treatment of the subject, constituting a style quite peculiar to Guido. His 'Aurora' forms the transition from the first to the second style of his paintings. A third period commences at the time when Guido worked with too much haste and had become more avaricious of money than of fame. His coloring has turned to a greenish and altogether unnatural grayness, and the general treatment is careless and weak. During the government of Pope Urban VII. Guido quarreled with his treasurer, Cardinal Spinola, respecting the price of a picture, and returned to Bologna. There he had already executed his 'St. Peter and Paul' for the house Zampiere, and the Murder of the Innocents' for the Dominican church, and was on the point of embellishing the chapel of the saints with his pictures when he was called back to Rome, loaded with honors, and received by the pope himself most graciously. But he soon ex perienced new difficulties, and in 1622 accepted an invitation to go to Naples. Believing himself unsafe at this place, on account of the hatred of the Neapolitan artists for foreign painters, he returned once more to his native city, never to quit it again. At Bologna he painted two beautiful pictures for the church Dei Mendicanti, an 'Assumption for Genoa, and a number of others for his native city and other places, particularly for Rome. There is also a Magdalen' by this artist in Chiswick House, belonging to the Duke of Devonshire, of which there is an engraving by Sir Robert Strange. Equally celebrated is a painting of Lot and his Daughters,' in the Hampton Court collection, also engraved. In the gallery of the Louvre are several, of which the finest is the 'Centaur Nessus carrying off Dejanira.' In the Dresden Gallery is his Christ Wearing the Crown of Thorns. Consult Bolognini-Amorini, 'Vita del celebre pittore Guido Reni' (1839).

Rennell, ren'ěl, James, English geographer: b. Chudleigh, Devonshire, 3 Dec. 1742; d. London 29 March 1830. At 13 he entered the navy as midshipman, and was present at the siege of Pondicherry. In 1763 he entered the East India Company's sea service; the next year was appointed surveyor-general of the East India Company's dominions in Bengal and remained in the service for 13 years. Returning to England in 1777 he published his 'Bengal Atlas (1779), a work of the highest importance for administrative and strategical purposes. This was followed by the earliest approximately correct map of India with a memoir (1783). The Royal Society, of which he had been a fellow for 10 years, gave him the Copley medal in 1791. His attention was thereafter directed to comparative geography, and in pursuance of his scheme for a great work on western Asia he published Geographical System of Herodotus Explained (1800); Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy) (1814); and Illustrations of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand (1816). Finally came A Treatise on the Comparative Geography of Western Asia (1831). He contributed much to the field of African geography, constructing a map of north

ern Africa for the African Association, and determining the routes taken by Hanno and in his own day by Mungo Park. Throughout his life he had been interested when not personally occupied in marine surveying and collected an immense mass of data which he began to reduce to a system about 1810. He completed currentcharts of the Atlantic which were published after his death; and the name of 'Rennell's Current' was given to the current to the southward of the Scilly Islands, whose occasional northward set he was the first to explain. He published papers on the ruins of Babylon, the identity of Jerash, the shipwreck of Saint Paul, and the landing of Cæsar. In 1801 he was made an associate of the Institute of France, and in 1825 received the gold medal of the Royal Society of Literature. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Consult: Markham, Major James Rennell and the Rise of Modern English Geography) (1895).

Rennes, ren, France, capital of the departtany), situated at the junction of the rivers Ille ment of Ille-et-Vilaine (formerly capital of Britand Vilaine. It is divided by the Vilaine, traversing the city from east to west, into the High and Low Town. The High Town is elegantly built on the right bank of the river; the Low Town is unprepossessing and older (11th13th century), and suffers from frequent inuncathedral of Pseudo-Ionic style; the archiepisdations. The buildings of interest are: The copal palace; the old parliament house; and the taining a fine picture gallery, Veronese, Michelstatues of many celebrities; the town-house, conangelo, Tintoretto, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, and Rubens; splendid scientific and other collections; has courts of justice of first and second instance. important archives, and a large library. Rennes The industries embrace tanneries, wax-bleaching,

printing, stained paper, hats, boots and shoes, gloves, and agricultural implements. There is an extensive trade in butter, honey, wax, cotton, and linen yarns, lace, earthenware, etc. Rennes is very ancient, dating from Condate, the capital of the Gallic Redones. Pop. (1901) 74,006.

Rennet, the prepared inner surface of the stomach of a young calf. It contains much pepsin, and has the property of coagulating the casein of milk and forming curd. It is prepared by scraping off the outer skin and superfluous fat of the stomach when fresh, keeping it in salt for some hours, and then drying it. When used a small piece of the membrane is cut off and soaked in water, which is poured into the milk intended to be curdled.

Rennie, rěn'i, George, English civil engineer, son of John Rennie (q.v.): b. London 3 Dec. 1791; d. there 30 March 1866. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and in 1811 entered the office of his father. He was inspector of machinery of the mint in 1818-26 and in 1821 engaged with his brother Sir John Rennie (q.v.) in completing several important works begun by their father, among which were the breakwater at Plymouth, various docks, harbors, canals, and the London Bridge. He laid out the Liverpool and Manchester railway in 1826, was chief engineer of the Namur and Liège railway in 1846, constructed the first screwpropelled ship in the British navy, the Mermaid, in 1840, and was engaged in the construction of

naval works at Sebastopol, and other foreign ports besides those in English harbors. After the retirement of his brother, Sir John, in 1845, he conducted the business of the firm in partnership with his two sons. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1822, was its vice-president in 1845, and treasurer in 1845-50.

Rennie, John, Scottish civil engineer: b. Phantassie, Haddingtonshire, 7 June 1761; d. London 4 Oct. 1821. At an early age he showed an interest in mechanics and frequented the shop of the millwright Andrew Mickle, inventor of the threshing machine. Later he spent three years at Edinburgh University, and in 1784, having already established a business of his own, he visited James Watt at Soho, Staffordshire, and by Boulton and Watt was engaged to take charge of the work of the Albion Flour Mills, Blackfriars, London. Rennie designed all the machinery, using iron instead of wood for the shafting and framing. In London his reputation rapidly increased, until he was ranked foremost among the civil engineers of Great Britain. Among his public works may be mentioned Ramsgate Harbor; Waterloo and Southwark Bridges, across the Thames, and the design of London Bridge, the structure being completed after his death; the breakwater at Plymouth, and several similar structures, where submarine masonry was carried to great perfection. He superintended likewise the execution of the Grand Western Canal, from the mouth of the Exe to Taunton; the Polbrook Canal, Cornwall; the Aberdeen Canal, uniting the Don and the Dee; that between Arundel and Portsmouth; and, his chief work in connection with inland navigation, the Kennet and Avon Canal, between Bath and Newbury, the London Docks, the East and West India Docks, the Prince's Dock at Liverpool, and those of Dublin, Greenock, and Leith were also designed by him. In prosecuting his works he made use of the diving-bell which he greatly improved, and the steam-dredging machine, apparently without the knowledge that in its invention he had been anticipated by Sir Samuel Bentham.

Rennie, SIR John, English civil engineer, younger son of John Rennie (q.v.): b. London 30 Aug. 1794; d. Bengeo, near Hertford, Hertfordshire, 3 Sept. 1874. At 16, he like his brother, began the study of engineering under his father. When his father died in 1821 he continued with his brother George to carry on the extensive business left in their hands. He made hydraulic engineering a special study, and through his efforts large tracts of land on the eastern coast of England, including part of the Lincolnshire fens, were reclaimed and made extremely productive. The finest works of the Rennies are their bridges, which may be seen in all parts of England and Scotland, London Bridge being the most massive of them all. On the occasion of the opening of this bridge in 1831 John Rennie was knighted, an honor his brother declined. After the dissolution of the partnership in 1845 Sir John practised as an architect. He introduced the system of railways in Sweden, made important surveys of the harbor of Oporto in Portugal, and designed, and in great part executed, the harbor of Ponte Delgada in the Azores, one of his latest public works. In 1845 he was elected president of the Institute of Civil Engineers. He was the author

of Theory, Formation and Construction of British and Foreign Harbors (1851-4). Consult his 'Autobiography' (1875).

Ren'no Renappi, the native name for the Delaware Indians (q.v.).

Reno, re'nō, Conrad, American lawyer: b. Alabama 28 Dec. 1859. He was graduated from the Boston University Law School in 1883 and has since practised his profession in Boston. He has published: State Regulation of Wages' (1891); Non-Residents and Foreign Corporations' (1892); Employers' Liability Acts' (1896-1903); History of the Judicial System of New England' (1900).

Reno, Jesse Lee, American military officer: b. Wheeling, W. Va., 20 June 1823; d. South Mountain, Md., 14 Sept. 1862. He was graduated from West Point in 1846, served with distinction in the Mexican War, was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point in 1849 and at the outbreak of the Civil War was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. He performed gallant service at Roanoke Island, Newbern, and Camden, and was promoted major-general in 1862. He participated in the battles at Manassas and Chantilly, and after repulsing the Confederates under General Lee at South Mountain, three days before the battle of Antietam, he was killed while leading a charge.

Reno, Jesse Wilford, American inventor, son of J. L. Reno (q.v.): b. Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 4 Aug. 1861. He was graduated from Lehigh University in 1883, afterward pursuing a special course in mining and engineering. In 1885-90 he was engaged in mining in Colorado, and later became an electric railway expert. In 1892 he invented the inclined elevator or moving stairway (see ESCALATOR) and in 1895 became Reno Inclined Elevator president of the Company.

Reno, Marcus Albert, American military officer: b. Illinois, about 1835; d. Washington, D. C., 31 March 1889. He was graduated from West Point in 1857, and at the outbreak of the Civil War was made 1st lieutenant in the United States army. same year, brevetted major for gallantry at He was promoted captain in the Kelly's Ford, Va., in 1863, lieutenant-colonel for services at Cedar Creek, and in 1865 -was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers and colonel of regulars for distinguished service throughout the war. In 1876 he was engaged in the campaign against the Indians under Sitting Bull, holding command second to General Custer. In the engagement in which Custer and nearly all his regiment were killed, Reno escaped through cowardice and in consequence of his failure to support his associates and other serious charges he was dismissed from the service.

Reno, Nevada, city, county-seat of Washoe County; on the Truckee River, and on the California & O., the Southern Pacific, and the Virginia & T. R.R.'s; in the extreme western part of the State, about 30 miles south of Carson City. It was settled in 1858 by eastern emigrants who had started for California. It was incorporated in 1869, and in 1901 was chartered as a city. It is in a farming and stock-raising region, and is the most important and largest city in the State. The chief industrial establishments are railroad machine shops, which have 2,200 employees; abattoir and packing house, 120

C. A. NARCROSS,

Editor 'Reno Evening Gazette. Renoir, re-nwär, Auguste, French painter: b. Limoges 1841. He exhibited at the first Impressionist Salon in 1874 after studying under the impressionist Monet and others of the same school. While he paints figures, principally, and possesses singular skill in depicting flesh color and skin texture, as well as facial expression, he has remarkable success in landscape, in fruit and in flowers, which he sets on the canvas with astonishing boldness, and vividness of presentation, and he is certainly one of the most original and independent of the school to which he belongs. His 'Jeunes Filles au Piano' is a good example of his qualities. Among his portraits are those of Claude Monet, his master, and the composer Wagner. Consult: Duret, 'Les Peintres Impressionistes' (1879).

Renouf, re-noof, Emile, French painter: b. Paris 1845; d. there 1894. He chose for his subjects the scenery of the sea and incidents in the lives of those who live on the seashore, fishermen, etc., but he also did some good work in landscape and genre. His fine marine After the Storm is in the New York Metropolitan Museum, and his 'Helping Hand' (a child holding to an oar, while a sturdy fisherman rows), is in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington. While in New York (1887-8) he painted 'Brooklyn Bridge,' which at present is in the public gallery at Havre. In 1883 he was awarded a first class medal at Munich.

Renouf, SIR Peter Le Page, English Egyptologist: b. Guernsey 23 Aug. 1822; d. London 14 Oct. 1897. He was educated at Elizabeth College, whence he passed to Pembroke College, Oxford, where he came under the influence of Newman and the Tractarians, and in 1842 entered the Roman Catholic Church. From 1855 to 1864 he was professor in the Catholic University of Ireland, first of French literature and the history of philosophy, and subsequently of ancient history and Oriental languages. He began his career as an Egyptologist about 1860, and in 1863 defended the work of Young and Champollion against Sir George C. Lewis. He opposed the dogma of papal infallibility, and in connection with this subject wrote on The Condemnation of Pope Honorius) (1868) and The Case of Pope Honorius Reconsidered' (1869). From 1866 till 1885 he was an inspector of schools, and during 1885-91 he was keeper of

Renovo, re-no'vo, Pa., borough in Clinton County; on a division of the Pennsylvania railroad; about 125 miles northeast of Pittsburg and 25 miles northwest of Lock Haven. It is in a region of the Alleghany Mountains noted for grand scenery, and an abundance of game. Renovo is a summer resort which is growing in favor. It has considerable industrial interests connected with the extensive bituminous coalfields and the fire-clay deposits in the vicinity. The chief industrial establishments are the Pennsylvania railroad shops, the coal yards, and the brick works. Pop. (1900) 4,082.

Rensselaer, ren'se-ler, Ind., city, countyseat of Jasper County; on Iroquois River, and on the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville railroad; about 100 miles northwest of Indianapolis. It was settled in 1834 by David Nowles, John Nowles, and Joseph Yeoma. It was incorporated in 1850, and chartered as a city on 1 May 1896. Rensselaer is in an agricultural region; and its manufacturing industries are chiefly connected with farm products. It ships considerable farm produce and live-stock. There are five churches, a high school, public elementary schools, and business schools. The four banks have a combined capital of $100,000, and the annual amount of business is $3,000,000. The government is vested in a mayor and a council of six members elected biennially. Pop. (1890) 1,455; (1900) 2,255.

Rensselaer, N. Y., city in Rensselaer County; on the Hudson River, and on the Boston & A., and the New York C. & H. R. R.R.'s; opposite Albany and six miles south of Troy. It is connected with Albany, Troy, and other cities by electric lines; and it has connection by steamboat with many of the cities and towns on the river. Three large bridges span the Hudson and connect Rensselaer with Albany. The first settlement was made by the Dutch. It was incorporated as a village in 1815 and in 1897 was chartered as a city. It was called Greenbush until it became a city, when it took the name Rensselaer. The village of Bath was annexed in 1902. Rensselaer is a commercial and manufacturing city. The chief manufacturing establishments are a felt factory, tannery, aniline works, and shirt-waist factory. A large number of persons are employed in connection with the railroads and steamboats, and in the offices,

stores, and manufactories in Albany and Troy. There are 10 churches, two public schools, one parish school, Saint John's Academy, and Saint John's Orphan Asylum. The government is vested in a mayor and a common council of 10 members, elected biennially. Pop. (1890) 7,301; (1900) 7,466. The addition of Bath has increased the population of the city about 2,600.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, located at Troy, N. Y. It was founded by Stephen Van Rensselaer in 1824 as a school of practical science, being the first school of science and the first school of engineering to be established in any English-speaking country. It was first opened to students in January 1825, and incorporated in March 1826. It was at first named the Rensselaer School; afterward the Rensselaer Institute, and finally the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Lectures on land surveying and engineering were given as early as 1823; and after 1850 the Institute became more distinctly a school of civil engineering; the course at that time was lengthened from one year to three years. It now offers two courses of four years each, one in natural science and one in civil engineering. These courses include instruction in chemical analysis, mineralogy, metallurgy and assaying, as well as in the design and construction of roads, railroads, bridges, roofs, arches, dams, steam engines, electric engines, dynamos, turbines, foundations, waterworks, tunnels, sewers, and canals. The degrees of B.S. and C.E. are conferred. The students in 1904 numbered 360, and the faculty 21. Its influence has been widespread. Students have come to it from 42 of the States of the Union and 25 foreign countries, and its graduates are at present practising their profession in 45 of the States and 19 foreign countries. Its standing as a professional school is shown by the following extract from the report to the German government by Professor A. Riedler of the Royal Polytechnicum of Berlin: "The greatest number of renowned hydraulic and railroad engineers of America are graduates of this school." PALMER C. RICKETTS,

Director of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Rents, Law of. Rent has been defined as a certain profit, in money, provisions, chattels or labor, issuing out of lands and tenements in retribution for their use; or. rent is a definite compensation reserved by lease, to be made periodically, and payable in money, produce, other chattels, or labor, for the possession and use of land and tenements. Where one person occupies land or premises of another under an agreement, express or implied, there exists the relation of landlord and tenant. The landlord is a person whose lands are occupied and the tenant is one who occupies same. A sub-tenant is one who leases all or part of the premises from the original tenant. The relation of landlord and tenant is generally created by a lease, although it may exist without an agreement and without liability on the part of the tenant, and may arise by implication if the acts of the parties are consistent with it. The terms lessor and lessee respectively, designate the landlord and tenant. A lease is a contract by the owner of lands or tenements on one side, with one who is to pay a rent or income for its use; it differs materially from a license, which is merely a permission to perform some act with respect to land belonging

to another; mere occupancy of land under an agreement to cultivate it for a share of the crops does not establish the relation of landlord and tenant; whether or not such relation may exist in some cases depends on the intention of the parties. A tenant continuing to occupy premises without the consent of the landlord, and after the term of his lease has expired is a tenancy at sufferance, which may be terminated at the will of the landlord, or by a new tenancy, either express or implied. Where premises are leased to be occupied for such time as may be desired by the other party, it is termed a tenancy at will; such a tenancy exists when one occupies premises with the owner's permission without paying rent.

Tenancy at will is held to exist in the following cases: where one takes possession under a conveyance, lease, or contract for sale, that is invalid; or where one takes possession while negotiations are pending for a lease, or for purchase, and where one takes possession under an agreement for a lease. Statutes in some jurisdictions hold that a tenancy not governed by a lease is a tenancy at will. A tenancy at will may be terminated where the landlord leases the property to a third person for a term of years, by the death of either the landlord or tenant, by the sale of the property, or by any act on the part of the landlord amounting to a demand for possession or showing such intention. In some jurisdictions statutes require a formal notice. A tenant at will, unless it is distinctly stipulated to the contrary, is liable for a fair rental of the premises. The lessee is liable for the rent agreed upon, whether or not he takes possession; it has been held by a number of courts that an exception to this is where the premises are destroyed before the beginning

of the term.

Unless contained in the agreement, a landlord is not compelled to make repairs, nor is he liable for them, or any injury caused by the condition of the premises, not even if the repairs are on account of injury by adjoining buildings. Where buildings are destroyed by fire or accidental cause, the landlord

is under no implied obligation to rebuild them; if he does so, however, the tenant is entitled to occupy the new building. Where one rents part of a building, it is generally held that the landlord is under no implied obligation to keep any other part of such building in repair. Landlords are generally liable to tenants for injuries due to accidental defects, and for any negligence on his part, in relation to a part of the building occupied by another tenant, or a portion thereof, that is under his control, and is obliged to keep in repair the portion that is rented, but is under no obligation to one tenant to repair a part of the building leased to another tenant. It is an implied duty on the part of the landlord to keep passageways and approaches used by several tenants, in repair; but, unless so required by the law, or his contract, he is not obliged to keep the passageways lighted. It is also his duty to prevent any obstruction of a passageway, which would make it dangerous, and it has been held that it is a landlord's duty to remove accumulations of ice and snow.

It is held in some jurisdictions that where a building is rented to a number of tenants, it is the duty of a landlord to keep water pipes in repair and that he is liable for any negligent use,