tion was called Tetrapla: the translations being arranged opposite to one another in four columns. He also added one column, containing the Hebrew text in Hebrew letters, and another exhibiting it in Greek. In a second edition he published two additional Greek versions; one of which was found at Nicopolis, and the other at Jericho; this was called the Hexapla. By comparing so many translations, Origen endeavoured to form a correct copy of the Scriptures. Where they all agreed, he considered them as right. The passages which he found in the LXX., but not in the Hebrew text, he marked with an obelisk: what he found in the Hebrew, but not in the LXX., he marked with an asterisk. St. Jerome says that the additions which Origen made to the LXX., and marked with an asterisk, were taken from Theodotion. From this valuable work of Origen, the version of the LXX. was transcribed in a separate volume, with the asterisks and obelisks, for the use of the churches; and from this circumstance the great work itself was neglected and lost. About the year 300 two new editions of the LXX. were published; the one by Hesychius an Egyptian bishop, and the other by Lucian a presbyter of Antioch. But, as these authors did not mark with any note of distinction the alterations which they had made, their editions do not possess the advantages of Origen's. The best edition of the LXX. is that of Dr. Grabe, which was published in the beginning of the last century. He had access to two MSS., nearly of equal antiquity, the one found in the Vatican library at Rome, the other in the Royal library at St. James's, which was presented to Charles I. by Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, and hence it is commonly called the Alexandrian MS. Anxious to discover which of these was according to the edition of Origen, Dr. Grabe collected the fragments of the Hexapla, and found they agreed with the Alexandrian MS., but not with the Vatican, where it differed with the other. Hence he concluded that the Alexandrian MS. was taken from the edition of Origen. By comparing the quotations from Scripture in the works of Athanasius and St. Cyril, who were patriarchs of Alexandria at the time St. Jerome says Hesychius' edition of the LXX. was there used, with the Vatican MS., he found they agreed so well that he justly inferred that that MS. was taken from the edition of

Hesychius. This version was in use to the time of our blessed Saviour, and is that out of which most of the citations in the New Testament from the Old are taken. It was also the ordinary and canonical translation made use of by the Christian church in the earliest ages; and it still subsists in the churches both of the east and west. Those who desire a more particular account of the Septuagint translations may consult Hody de Bibliorum Textibus, Prideaux's Connections, Owen's Enquiry into the Septuagint Version, Blair's Lectures on the Canon, and Michalis's Introduction to the New Testament, last edition.

SEPTUAGINT CHRONOLOGY, the chronology which is formed from the dates and periods of time mentioned in the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament. It reckons 1500 years more VOL. XX.

from the creation to Abraham than the Hebrew Bible. Dr. Kennicot, in the dissertation prefixed to his Hebrew Bible, has shown it to be very probable that the chronology of the Hebrew Scriptures, since the period just mentioned, was corrupted by the Jews, between the year 175 and 200, and that the chronology of the Septuagint is more agreeable to truth. It is a fact, that during the second and third centuries the Hebrew Scriptures were almost entirely in the hands of the Jews, while the Septuagint was confined to the Christians. The Jews had therefore a very favorable opportunity for this corruption. The following is the reason which is given by oriental writers: it being a very ancient tradition that the Messiah was to come in the sixth chiliad, because he was to come in the last days (founded on a mystical application of the six days' creation), the contrivance was to shorten the age of the world from about 3500 to 3760: and thence to prove that Jesus could not be the Messiah. Dr. Kennicot adds that some Hebrew copies having the larger chronology were extant till the time of Eusebius, and some till the year 700.

SEPTUM, in anatomy, an enclosure or partition; a term applied to several parts of the body, which serve to separate one part from another; as, septum narium, or partition between the nostrils, &c.

SEPTUM LUCIDUM. See ANATOMY.
SEPULCHRE, n. s. &
>
SEPULCHRAL, adj. [v. a.
SEP'ULTURE, n. s.

Fr. sepulchre; Lat. sepulchrum. A grave; tomb: to

entomb; bury: sepulture is, burial; interment.
His miracles, and our redemption, wrought;
Where I, by thee inspired, his praises sung,
And on his sepulchre my offering hung.

Sandys.

To entail him and 's heirs unto the crown, What is it but to make thy sepulchre?

Shakspeare. Henry VI.

In England sepulture, or burial of the dead, may be deferred and put off for the debts of the person deceased. Ayliffe. Disparted streams shall from their channels fly, And, deep surcharged, by sandy mountains lie Obscurely sepulchred.

Sepulchral lies our holy walls to grace, And new-year odes.

Prior.

Pope's Dunciad. SEPULCHRE is chiefly used in speaking of the burying places of the ancients, those of the moderns being usually called tombs. Sepulchres were held sacred and inviolable; and the care taken of them has always been held a religious duty, grounded on the fear of God, and the belief of the soul's immortality. Those who have searched or violated them have been thought odious by all nations, and were always severely punished. The Egyptians called sepulchres eternal houses, in contradistinction to their ordinary houses or palaces, which they called inns, on account of their short stay in the one in comparison of their long abode in the other. See Томв.

SEPULCHRE, KNIGHTS OF THE HOLY, a military order, established in Palestine about the year 1114. The knights of this order in Flanders chose Philip II., king of Spain, for their master, in 1558, and afterwards his son; but the grand-master of the order of Malta prevailed on the last to resign; and, when afterwards the duke of Nevers assumed the same quality in France, the same grand-master by his interest and credit procured a like renunciation of him, and a confirmation of the union of this order to that of Malta.

were

SEPULCHRE, REGULAR CANONS OF ST., a religious order, formerly instituted at Jerusalem, in honor of the holy sepulchre, or the tomb of Jesus Christ. Many of these canons brought from the Holy Land into Europe, particularly into France, by Louis the Younger; into Poland, by Jaxa, a Polish gentleman; and into Flanders, by the counts thereof; many also came into England. This order was, however, suppressed by Pope Innocent VIII., who gave its revenues and effects to that of our Lady of Bethlehem; which also becoming extinct, they were bestowed on the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. But the suppression did not take effect in Poland, where they still subsist, as also in several provinces of Germany. These canons follow the rule of St. Augustine.

SEPULVEDA (John Genes de), a Spanish writer, born at Cordova in 1491. He became chaplain and historiographer to the emperor Charles V.; and wrote A Vindication of the Cruelties of the Spaniards against the Indians; and other works. He died at Salamanca, in

SEQUANA, a river of ancient Gaul, which separated the territories of the Belge and the Celta. It is now called the Seine. Strabo 4, Mela iii. 2, Lucan i. v. 425.

SEQUANI, a people anciently inhabiting a part of Gallia Celtica, annexed to Belgica by Augustus, separated from the Helvetii by Mount Jura, with the Rhine on the east (Strabo), bordering on the Ædui, and Segustiano to the south, and Lingones to the west (Tacitus). It was lately called FRANCHE COMTE. See that article. SE'QUEL, n. s. Fr. sequelle; Lat. sequela. Conclusion; succeeding part.

Let any principal thing, as the sun or the moon. but once cease, fail or swerve, and who doeth not easily conceive that the sequel thereof would be ruin both to itself and whatsoever dependeth on it?

Hooker.

The cause proceedeth from a precedent sequence and series of the seasons of the year.

Bacon's Natural History. There he dies, and leaves his race Growing into a nation; and now grown Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks To stop their overgrowth.

SEQUESTER, adj. SEQUESTRABLE, v. a. SEQUESTRATE, v. n. SEQUESTRATION, n.s. SEQUESTRA TOR.

Milton's Paradise Lost.

Fr. sequestrer; low Lat. sequestro. To separate from others for the sake of privacy; separate generally ;

remove; set aside from the owner's use for that

questration.

Arbuthnot on Aliments.

Ye sacred Nine! that all my soul possess, Whose raptures fire me, and whose visions bless, Bear me, oh bear me, to sequestered scenes Of bowery mazes, and surrounding greens. Pope. If there be a single spot in the glebe more barren the rector or vicar may be obliged, by the caprice or pique of the bishop, to build upon under pain of seSwift. SEQUESTRATION, in common law, is setting aside the thing in controversy, from the possession of both the parties that contend for it. In which sense it is either voluntary, as when done by the consent of the parties; or necessary, as where it is done by the judge, of his own authority, whether the parties will or not.

SEQUESTRATION, in the civil law, is the act of the ordinary, disposing of the goods and chattels of one deceased, whose estates no man will meddle with. A widow is also said to sequester, when she disclaims having any thing to do with the estate of her deceased husband. Among the Romanists, in questions of marriage, where the wife complains of impotency in the husband, she is to be sequestered into a convent, or into the hands of matrons, till the process be deter

mined.

SEQUESTRATION is also used for the act of gathering the fruits of a benefice void, to the use of the next incumbent. Sometimes a benefice is kept under sequestration for many years, when it is of so small value that no clergyman fit to serve the cure will be at the charge of taking it

by instruction; in which case the sequestration is committed either to the curate alone, or to the curate and church-wardens jointly. Sometimes the profits of a living in controversy, either by the consent of the parties, or the judge's authority, are sequestered and placed for safety in a third hand till the suit is determined, a minister being appointed by the judge to serve the cure, and allowed a certain salary out of the profits. Sometimes they are sequestered for neglect of duty, for dilapidations, or for satisfying the debts of the incumbent.

SEQUESTRATION, in chancery, is a commission usually directed to seven persons therein named, empowering them to seize the defendant's personal estate, and the profits of his real, and to detain them, subject to the order of the court. It issues on the return of the serjeant at arms, wherein it is certified that the defendant had secreted himself. Sequestrations were first introduced by Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper in the reign of queen Elizabeth; before which the court found some difficulty in enforcing its process and decrees; and they do not seem to be in the nature of process to bring in the defendant, but only intended to enforce the performance of the court's decree.

A SEQUESTRATION is also made, in London, upon an action of debt; the course of proceeding in which case is this:-The action being entered, the officer goes to the defendant's shop or warehouse, when no person is there, and takes a padlock, and hangs it on the door, uttering these words: I do sequester this warehouse, and the in this action, to the use of the plaintiff,' &c., goods and merchandise therein, of the defendant after which he sets on his seal, and makes a return of the sequestration in the compter; and, four days being passed after the return made, the plaintiff may, at the next court, have judgment

to

open the shop or warehouse, and to have the goods appraised by two freemen, who are to be sworn at the next court held for that compter; and then the serjeant puts his hand to the bill of appraisement, and the court grants judgment thereon; but yet the defendant may put in bail before satisfaction, and by that means dissolve the sequestration; and, after satisfaction, may put in bail to disprove the debt, &c.

SEQUIN, a gold coin, struck at Venice, and in several parts of the grand seignior's dominions. In Turkey it is called dahab, or piece of gold, and according to Volney is in value about 6s. 3d. sterling. It varies, however, considerably in its value in different countries. At Venice it is (or was) equal to about 9s. 2d. sterling. The Venetian sequins are in great request in Syria, from the fineness of their standard, and the practice they have of employing them for women's trinkets. The fashion of these trinkets does not require much art; the piece of gold is simply pierced, to suspend it by a chain, likewise of gold, which flows upon the breast. The more sequins that are attached to this chain, and the greater the number of these chains, the more is a woman thought to be ornamented. This is the favorite luxury, and the emulation of all ranks. Even the female peasants for want of gold wear piastres or smaller pieces: but the women of a

certain rank disdain silver; they will accept of nothing but sequins of Venice, or large Spanish pieces, and crusadoes. Some of them wear 200 or 300, as well lying flat, as strung one on another, and hung near the forehead, at the edge of the head dress. It is a real load; but they do not think they can pay too dearly for the satisfaction of exhibiting this treasure at the public bath, before a crowd of rivals, to awaken whose jealousy constitutes their chief pleasure. The effect of this luxury on commerce is the withdrawing considerable sums from circulation, which remain dead; besides, that when any of these pieces return into common use, having lost their weight by being pierced, it becomes necessary to weigh them. The practice of weighing money is general in Syria, Egypt, and all Turkey. No piece, however effaced, is refused there; the merchant draws out his scales and weighs it, as in the days of Abraham. In considerable payments, an agent of exchange is sent for, who counts paras by thousands, rejects all the false money, and weighs all the sequins, either separately or together.

SÉQUINIUS, a native of Alba, who gave one of his daughters in marriage to Curiatius of Aiba, and the other to Horatius of Rome. The two sisters were delivered of three sons each on the same day; and these youths, when they grew up, fought the famous battle to decide the superiority of their respective countries, and which ended in favor of Rome. See HORATII, and ROME.

SERA'GLIO, n. s. Italian; perhaps oriental.-Johnson. Heb. is a mansion. A house of women kept for debauchery.

There is a great deal more solid content to be found in a constant course of well living, than in the voluptuousness of a seraglio.

Norris.

sents from the provinces and the Greek islands, and most of them the children of Christian parents. The brave prince Heraclius for some years abolished the infamous tribute of children of both sexes, which Georgia formerly paid every year to the Porte. The number of women in the Harem depends on the taste of the reigning sultan. Sultan Selim had 2000, Achmet had but 300, and the late sultan had nearly 1600. On their admission they are committed to the care of old ladies, taught sewing, embroidery, music, dancing, &c., and furnished with the richest clothes and ornaments. They all sleep in separate beds, and between every fifth there is a preceptress. Their chief governess is called Katon Kiaga. They are said to be obliged to wait on one another by rotation; the last that is entered serves her who preceded her and herself. These ladies are scarcely ever suffered to go abroad, except when the grand seignior removes from one place to another, when a troop of black eunuchs conveys them to the boats, which are enclosed with lattices and linen curtains; and when they go by land they are put into close chariots, and signals are made at certain distances, to give notice that none approach the roads through which they march. Among the emperor's attendants are a number of mutes, who act and converse by signs with great quickness, and some dwarfs, who are exhibited for the sultan's amusement. When he permits the women to walk in the gardens of the seraglio all people are ordered to retire, and on every side there is a guard of black eunuchs, with sabres hinder any person from seeing them. If any one in their hands, while others go their rounds to is found in the garden, even through ignorance or inadvertence, he is instantly killed, and his head brought to the feet of the grand seignior, who rewards the guards for their vigilance. Sometimes the grand seignior passes into the gardens to amuse himself when the women are there; and it is then that they make use of their utmost efforts, by dancing, singing, seducing gestures, and amorous blandishments, to attract his affections. It is not permitted that the monarch should take a virgin to his bed, except during the solemn festivals, and on occasion of some extraordinary rejoicings, or the arrival of some good news. Upon such occasions, if the sultan chooses a new companion, he enters into the apartment of the women, who are ranged in files by the governesses, to whom he speaks, and intimates the person he likes best. The others now follow her to the bath, washing, perfuming, and dressing her superbly, and finally conducting her, singing and dancing, to the imperial bedchamber of the grand seignior. Scarcely has the new elected favorite entered the chamber, introduced by the grand eunuch who is upon guard, than she kneels down, and at the call of the sultan creeps into the foot of the bed: after a certain time, upon a signal given by the sultan, the governess of the girls, with all her suite, enter the apartment, and take her back again, conducting her with the same ceremony to the women's apartments: if by good fortune she becomes pregnant, and is delivered of a boy, she is called asaki sultaness, that is to say, sultaness-mother;

for the first son she has the honor to be crowned and she has the liberty of forming her court. Eunuchs are also assigned for her guard, and particular service. No other ladies, though delivered of boys, are either crowned or maintained with such costly distinction as the first; however, they have their service apart, and handsome appointments. After the death of the sultan, the mothers of the male children are shut up in the old seraglio, whence they can never come out any more, unless any of their sons ascend the throne. Baron de Tott informs us that the female slave who becomes the mother of a sultan, and lives long enough to see her son mount the throne, is the only woman who at that period alone acquires the distinction of sultana-mother; she is till then in the interior of her prison with her son. The title bachl-kadun, or principal woman, is the first dignity of the grand seignior's harem.

SERAGLIO, or HAREM, OF THE EMPEROR OF MOROCCO.-The account of this seraglio, by M. Lempriere, is still interesting. Being a surgeon, he was admitted into the harem to prescribe for some of the ladies who were indisposed, and was therefore enabled to give a particular account of this female prison. The harem forms a part of the palace. The apartments, which are all on the ground floor, are square, very lofty, and four of them enclose a spacious square court, into which they open by means of large folding doors. In the centre of these courts, which are floored with blue and white chequered tiling, is a fountain, supplied by pipes from a large reservoir on the outside of the palace, which serves for the frequent ablutions recommended by the Mahometan religion. The whole of the harem consists of about twelve of these courts, communicating with each other by narrow passages, which afford a free access from one part of it to another, and of which all the women are allowed to avail themselves. The apartments are ornamented on the outside with beautiful carved wood. In the inside most of the rooms are hung with rich damask of various colors; the floors are covered with beautiful carpets, and there are mattresses disposed at different distances, for the purposes of sitting and sleeping. The apartments are also furnished at each extremity with an elegant European mahogany bedstead, hung with damask, having on it several mattresses placed one over the other, which are covered with various colored silks; but these beds are merely for ornament. In all the apartments the ceiling is wood, carved and painted. The principal ornaments were large and valuable looking glasses, hung on different parts of the walls; clocks and watches of different sizes, in glass cases, were disposed in the same manner. The sultana Lalla Batoom and another favorite were indulged with a whole square to themselves; but the concubines were only each allowed a single room. Each female had a separate daily allowance from the emperor, proportioned to the estimation in which they were held by him. The late emperor's allowance was very trifling: Lalla Douyaw, the favorite sultana, had very little more than half-a-crown English a day, and the others less. He indeed inade them occasional presents of money, dress,

and trinkets; but this could never be sufficient to support the expenses they must incur. Their greatest dependence therefore was on the presents they received from those Europeans and Moors who visited the court, and who employed their influence in obtaining some particular favor from the emperor. This was the most successful mode that could be adopted. When M. Lempriere was at Morocco, a Jew, desirous of obtaining a very advantageous favor from the emperor, for which he had been a long time unsuccessfully soliciting, sent to all the principal ladies of the harem presents of pearls to a very large amount: the consequence was that they all went in a body to the emperor, and immediately obtained the wished for concession. The ladies separately furnish their own rooms, hire their own domestics, and, in fact, do what they please in the harem, but are not permitted to go out without an express order from the emperor, who very seldom grants them that favor, except when they are to be removed from one palace to another. In that case a party of soldiers is despatched a little distance before them to disperse the male passengers, and prevent their being seen. This previous step being taken, a piece of linen cloth is tied round the lower part of the face, and afterwards these miserable females cover themselves entirely with their haicks, and either mount mules, which they ride like men, or, what is more usual, are put into a square carriage or litter, constructed for this purpose, which by its latticework allows them to see without being seen. In this manner they set off, under a guard of black eunuchs. This journey, and sometimes a walk within the bounds of the palace, is the only exercise they are permitted to take. The late emperor's harem consisted of between sixty and 100 females, besides their numerous domestics and slaves. Many of the concubines were Moorish women: several were European slaves, who had either been made captives, or purchased by the emperor; and some were negroes. In this group the Europeans, or their descendants, had by far the greatest claim to the character of handsome. There was one, in particular, who was a native of Spain, and taken into the harem at about the same age as Lalla Douyaw, who was indeed a perfect beauty; and many others were almost equally handsome. The eunuchs, who have the entire charge of the women, and who in fact live always among them, are the children of negro slaves. They are general y either very short and fat, or else tall, deformed, and lame. Their voices have that particular tone which is observable in youths who are just arriving at manhood; and their persons altogether afford a disgusting image of weakness and effeminacy.

M. Lempriere gives a very curious account of the manners of these immured females :-"Attended by a eunuch,' says he, after passing the gate of the harem, which is always locked, and under the care of a guard of eunuchs, we entered a narrow and dark passage, which soon brought us to the court, into which the women's chambers open. We here saw numbers of both black and white women and children; some concubines, some slaves. Upon their observing the unusual figure of a European, the whole