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On banks and feaffolds under sky might stand.
Milton

2. The gallery raifed for the execution of great
malefactors-Fortune fmiling at her fortune there-
in, that a fcaffold of execution should grow a feaf-
jold of coronation. Sidney. 3 Frames of timber
erected on the fide of a building for the workmen.
Thefe outward beauties are but the props
and fcaffolds

On which we built our love. J by Denham. --Sylla added 300 commons to the fenate; then abolished the office of tribune, as being only a kaffid to tyranny. Sabift...

12.) SCAFFOLD, (1. def.) is a timber-work railed in the manner of an amphitheatre, for the more commodious viewing any fhow or ceremo By: it is alfo ufed for a little stage raifed in fome public place, whereon to behead criminals. ve (1) SCAFFOLD, among builders (def. 3.) is an affemblage of planks and boards, fuftained by treffels and pieces of wood fixed in the wall; whereon mafons, bricklayers, &c. ftand to work, in building high walls, and plasterers in plaftering cielings, &c.

To SCAFFOLD. v. a. [from the noun.] furnish with frames of timber. SCAFFOLDAGE. n. [from fcaffold.]

lery; hollow floor.

To

Gal

A ftrutting player doth think it rich To hear the wooden dialogue and found, 'Twixt his ftretch'd footing and the fcaffoldage.

Shak.

* SCAFFOLDING. ». S. [from Scaffold.] 1. Temporary frames or ftages.

That obtain'd, down with the fcaffolding Of fceptres and of thrones. Congreve. -Sicknefs, contributing no lefs than old age to the baking down this scaffolding of the body, may difcover the inward ftructure. Pope. 2. Building flightly erected.

the

cape,

(2.) SCALA, an island of the kingdom of Italy, in the department of the Mella; diftrict and late territory of Brescia. It contains 3 towns.

(3.) SCALA, a well built and populous town in the above island.

This folution but once more affords. New change of terms and feaffolding of words. Prior. (1) SCAGEN, SKAGEN, or SCAVN, a town of Denmark, at the extremity of N. Jutland, near No 2. at the entrance of the paffage out of the Ocean into the Baltic. The inhabitants fubfift by fishing, and have alfo fome trade; befides dues for piloting fhips through thefe dangerous feas. It lies 18 miles N. of Fladftrand. Lon. 10. 30. E. Lat. 57. 46. N.

(1) SCAGEN, a cape on the N. coaft of N. Jut

land,

(3) SCAGEN REEF, a fand bank near the coaft of Scagen, which extends a great way into the fea from Cape Scagen; and therefore has a large fire kept conftantly burning during the winter nights, in a tower 64 feet high, to warn fhips to

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(4.) SCALA, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra; 3 miles SW. of Cariati Vecchio.

(5.) SCALA, a town of Naples, in Principate Citra; famous for wine and honey.

(6.) SCALA, Bartholomew, an eminent Italian writer, who flourished when literature was reviving in Europe, and affifted in it. He was born about 1424, and was the only fon of a miller; but going early to Florence, Cofmo de Medicis gave him education. He ftudied the law; became LL.D. and frequented the bar. On Cosmo's death, in 1464, Peter de Medicis employed him in the fervice of the republic, in the most important negociations. In 1471, he was made a citizen of Florence; in 1472 he was ennobled, and made chancellor. In 1484, he was fent on an embaffy to Pope Innocent VIII. to whom he made an oration, that pleafed fo well, that the pope made him a Roman knight and fenator. The above fpeech, and another made as chancellor, were published, as were alfo the following: 1. Pro Imperatoriis militaribus fignis dandis Conftantio Sfortia imperatori; 1481: 2. Apologia contra vituperatores Florentia; 1496, folio: 3. De Hiftoria Florentina; Libri iv. 4. Vita di Vitaliani Borromeo: Rome, 1677, 4to. He died at Florence, in

$497.

(4.) SCALA, Alexandra, daughter of the preceding, was alfo very learned, and became famous for her skill in the Latin and Greek Languages. She was married to the celebrated Marullus, (fee MARULLUS,) wrote several tracts, and died in 1506. (8.) SCALA. See SCALITZ.

(9.) SCALA NOVA, a handsome town of Afiatic Turkey, in Natolia, anciently called NEAPOLIS, and now by the Turks Koufhadafe, fituated in a bay, on the flope of a hill, the houses rifing one above another, intermixed with minarees and tall flender cypreffes. "A ftreet through which we rode (fays Dr Chandler), was hung with goatfkins exposed to dry, dyed of a moft lively red. At one of the fountains is an ancient coffin ufed as a ciftern. The port was filled with small craft. Before it is an old fortress on a rock or iflet fre quented by gulls and fea-mews. By the waterfide is a large and good khan, at which we passed a night on our return. This place belonged once to the Ephefians, who exchanged it with the Samians for a town in Caria." It has a caftle and a harbour; and is feated on the fea coaft, in a country abounding with wine, 8 miles from Ephefus, and 40 SSE. of Smyrna. Lon. 27. 31. E. Lat. 37. 54. N.

(1.)*SCALADE. n.f. [Fr. fcalada, Spanish, (1.) SCALADO.Strom feala, Lat. a ladder.] Aftorm given to a place by raifing ladders against the walls. What can be more ftrange than that we should within two months have won one town of importance by fcalado, battered and affaulted another, and overthrown great forces in the field? SCAGERAC. See CATEGAT. Bacon. The ftratagems, the arduous exploits, (1) SCALA, a town of Cephalonia; 16 miles and the nocturnal fcalade of needy heroes, the terror of your peaceful citizens. Arbuthnot. (2.) SCALADO,

avoid it.

SE. of Cephalonia,

(1.) SCALIGER, Julius Cæfar, a learned critic, poet, phyfician, and philofopher; born at the caftle of Ripa, in the Veronefe in 1484; and faid to have been defcended from the ancient princes of Verona. He learned the Latin tongue in his own country; and in his rath year was prefented to the emperor Maximilian, who made him one of his pages. He ferved that emperor 17 years, and gave fignal proofs of his valour and conduct in feveral expeditions. He was prefent at the battle of Ravenna in April 1512, in which he loft his father Benedict Scaliger, and his brother Titus; on which his mother died with grief; when being reduced to neceffitous circumftances, he entered into the order of the Francifcans, and applied himself to study at Bologna; but foon after took arms again, and ferved in Piedmont. At which time a physician perfuaded him to ftudy phyfic, which be did at his leisure hours, and also learned Greek; and at laft the gout determined him, at 40 years of age, to abandon a military life. He foon after fettled at Agen, where he was naturalized in 1518, and married, and applied himself feriously to his ftudies. He learned firft the French tongue, which he spoke perfectly in three months; and then made himself mafter of the Gafcon, Italian, Spanish, German, Hungarian, and Sclavonian: but the chief object of his ftudies was polite literature. Meanwhile he fupported his family by the practice of phyfic. He did not publish any of his works till he was 47 years of age; when he foon gained a great name in the republic of letters. He had a graceful perfon, and fo ftrong a memory, even in his old age, that he dictated to his fon 200 verfes which he had compofed the day before, and retained without writing them down. He was fo charitable, that his house was as it were an hospital for the poor and fick; and he had fuch an averfion to lying, that he would have no correspondence with thofe who were given to that vice; but, on the other hand, he bad much vanity, and a fatirical fpirit, which created him many enemies. He died of a retention of urine in 1558. He wrote in Latin, 1. A Treatife on the Art of Poetry. 2. Exercitations againft Carden: which works are much efteemed. 3. Commentaries on Ariftotle's Hiftory of Animals, and on Theophraftus on Plants 4. Some Treatifes on Phyfic. 5. Letters, Orations, Poems, and other works, in Latin.

(2.) SCALIGER, Jofeph Juftus, one of the moft learned critics and writers of his time; the fon of the above, was born at Agen, in France, in 1540. He ftudied in the college of Bourdeaux, after which his father took him under his own care, and employed him in tranfcribing his poems; by which be obtained fuch a tafte for poetry, that before he was 17 years old he wrote a tragedy upon the fubject of Oedipus, in which he introduced all the poetical ornaments of ftyle and fentiment. He went to Paris in 1559, with a defign to apply himself to the Greek tongue. For this purpose he for two months attended the lectures of Turnebus; but finding, that in the usual course he thould be a long time in gaining his point, he fhut himself up in his clofet, and by conftant application for two years gained a perfect know. Sedge of that langnges after which he applied

to the Hebrew, which he learned by himself with great facility. He made no lefs progrefs in the sciences; and his writings procured him the re putation of one of the greateft men of that or any other age. He embraced the reformed religion at 22 years of age. In 1563, he attached himfel to Lewis Cafeignier de la Roch Pozay, whom be attended in feveral journeys; and in 1593, wa offered and accepted of the place of honorary profeffor of the univerfity of Leyden. He died of a dropfy in that city in 1609. He was a man of great temperance; was never married; and was to close a ftudent, that he often spent whole days in his ftudy without eating; and though his cir cumftances were always very narrow, be con ftantly refuted the prefents that were offered him. He published many works, the principal of which are, t. Notes on Seneca's Tragedies, on Varro, Aufonius, Pompeius Feftus, &c. 2. Latin Poems. 3. A Treatise de Emendatione Temporum. 4. Eufebius's Chronicle with Notes. 5. Camones Ija. gogici; and many other works. The collections entitled SCALIGERIANA, were collected from his converfations by one of his friends; and being ranged into alphabetical order were published by Ifaac Voffius.

SCALIGERIANA. See laft article.

* SCALINESS. #. f. [from fealy.] The state of being scaly.

SCALIS, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria; 6 miles S. of Windisch Gratz.

SCALITZ, or SCALA, a town of Upper Husgary, in the county of Pofon: 32 m. WNW.of Topoltzan, and 50 N. of Brefburg. There is a very advantageous paffage by it from Hungary to Moravia. It is feated on the Marck. Lon. 1 17. E. Lat. 49. 4. N.

*SCALL...kallaður, bald, IBandick. See SCALDHEAD.] Leprofy; morbid baldness.

Chaucer

Upon thy bald hede maift thou have the fall. —It is a dry scall, a leprofy upon the head. Liv. xiii. 30.

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(1.) SCALLION. z. f. [ fcaloyma, Italias ; fcolonia, Latin.] A kind of onion.

(2.) SCALLION. See ALLIUM. (1.) SCALLOP.z. f. (efallop, Fr.) A fish with a hollow pectinated shell.—

So th' emperor Caligula,

Led his troops with furious gallops, To charge whole regiments of fallops. Hudib. -The fand is in Sicily glittering, which may be occasioned from freefone mingled with white fcallop shells. Mortimer.

(2) SCALLOP, in ichthyology. See PECTEN. In the Highlands of Scotland, the great scallop bell is made ufe of for the skimming of milk. Ja old times, it bad a more honourable place; being admitted into the hails of heroes, and was the cup of their feftivity when the tribe affembled in the hall of their chieftaip.

*

To SCALLOP. . a. To mark on the edge with fegments of circles.

SCALLOWAY, a imall town of Shetland on the Mainland, on the S. coaf, with an excellent harbour; near which is the ancient caftle of Scalloway, built by one of the Earls of Orkney. SCALMARTIN Rocks, rocks of Ireland, of

the

(2.) A SCALPEL is a kind of knife used in ana "tomical diffections and operations in furgery.

the coaft of Down county, Ulfter, in the harbour of Donaghadee. Though they are fo fmooth that reffels feldom fuffer on them, yet in high tides and ftorms they are dangerous.

(1.) SCALP. n. f. [fchelep, Dutch, a fhell; fcalp, Italian.] 1. The fcull: the cranium; the bone that inclofes the brain.

High brandishing his bright dew-burning blade,

Upon his crefted fcalp fo fore did fmite, That to the fcull a yawning wound it made. Fairy Queen. -If the fracture be not complicated with a wound of the fealp, or the wound is too fmall to admit of the operation, the fracture must be laid bare by taking away a large piece of the fcalp. Shak. 4. The integuments of the head.

White beards have arm'd their thin and hairlefs fcalps, Againft thy majefty.

The hairy fcalps

Are whirl'd aloof.

Shak.

Phillips. (2) SCALP, in geography, a curious chafm in a ridge of mountains in Ireland, 5 miles from Doblin, on the road to Dargie and Waterfall. It appears as if the mountain had, by fome extraordinary convulfion been cracked across and torn afunder; prodigious heaps of ftones, of a moft enormous fize, having tumbled down into the rocky chafm. It is one of the moft ftriking natural curiofities in Ireland. By breaking down and levelling the prominences of the prodigious piles of maffive rocks in the bottom, a good road has been made through the rugged fiffure.

TO SCALP. v. a. [from the noun.] To deprive the full of its integuments. We feldom inquire for a fracture of the fcull by fcalping. Sharp. (1) SCALPA, one of the Western Islands of Scotland, lying in the found between the ifle of Sky and Pomona, about 5 miles long and from 2 to 3 broad. It is barren and rocky. In the higheft part of it, is a rock of petrified mofs, in which are a variety of fhells; and great quantities of fhells are found feveral feet under ground. It lies one mile E. of Sky.

(2.) SCALPA, a small island of the Orkneys, near

Mainland.

50

(3) SCALPA FLOW, a large expanse of water among the Orkney Islands, refembling a fmall fea, about so miles in circumference; furrounded by 12 lands, through which are feveral outlets to the Pentland Frith, Atlantic and German oceans. During war, it is a great thoroughfare for veffels coming north about; and abounds with safe harbours and road-fteads for veffels of the largeft fize. The chief entrance from the W. is through Hoy-mouth and from the E. through Holme Sound. The tide at its entrance into Scalpa Flow is remarkably rapid, but foon fubfides.

SCALPAY, an ifland of Scotland, in Invernefsthire, one of the Harris Illes. (See HARRIS, N° 3.) It is low, covered with heath, and much interfected by arms of the fea. It is about 3 miles long. A light-houfe was erected on its Eaftern extremi. ty in 1788; and on its W. coaft are two of the beft harbours in the Hebrides.

(1.)* SCALPEL. . . [Fr. Scalpellum, Lat.] An inftrument ufed to fcrape a bone by chirurgeons

VOL. XX. PART I

SCALPER, n.. or SCALPING IRON, a furgeon's inftrument used for fcraping foul carious bones.

(1.) SCALPING, in military hiftory, a barba rous cuftom, in practice among the American Indian warriors, of taking off the tops of the fcalps of their enemies fkulls with their hair on. They preferve them as trophies of their victories, and are rewarded by their chiefs according to the number of scalps they bring in.

(2.) SCALPING IRON. See SCALPER.

SCALPRA DENTALIA, inftruments ufed by the furgeons to take off thofe black, livid, or yellow crufts which infeft the teeth, and not only loofe and deftroy them, but taint the breath.

SCALTERN, a town of Germany, in the du chy of Stiria; 7 miles SW. of Pettaw.

SCALVÆ, a valley of Italy, in the department of the Serio diftrict, and late province of Bergamo, on the confines of the Valteline. It abounds with iron mines, and is watered by the Dezza, which runs into the Oglio. It contains 16 parishes, and about 4,000 inhabitants. VILMINOREU is the capital.

SCALWER SEE, a lake of Silefia, in Glogau, near SCHLAWA; the fishery of which is farmed at the rent of 1000 Silefian rix-dollars.

SCALY. adj. [from feale.] Covered with scales,
The river horfe and fealy crocodile. Milton.
So hear the fcaly herd when Proteus blows.
Dryden

-A fcaly fish with a forked tail. Woodward.

SCAMACHIE, a city of Perfia, capital of the province of Schirvan; feated in a valley between 2 mountains, 24 miles from the Cafpian, anciently called Mamechia. It is large, populous, and commercial; but the ftreets are narrow and the houfes low, built with earth. The inhabitants are chiefly Armenians and Georgians. The Turkish language is chiefly used. Their trade is principally in filks and callicoes. Ruffian merchants alfo fell leather, furs, copper, tin, &c. The Carcafhan Tartars deal in quite different commodities: They bring horfes, young men, and young women, whom they fteal on the frontiers of Mofcovy. The Jews alfo frequent this market with gold and filver brocades, filk stuffs, tapestry, fcimitars, bows and arrows, &c. The city has three public baths. Kouli khan deftroyed this city, and built a new one 24 miles diftant; but Feth Ali khan rebuilt it in 1769, destroyed the new city, and restored the former inhabitants. It is 360 miles S. of Aftracan, and 480 NE. of Diarbek. Lon. 68. 5. E. Ferro. Lat. 40. 50. N.

(1.) SCAMANDER, or SCAMANDROS, a celebrated river of Troas, rifing at the E. end of Mount Ida, and running into the fea, below Sigæum. Homer fays it was called XANTHUS by the gods. The godeffes Juno, Minerva, and Ve nus, are fabled to have bathed in it, previous to their appearing before PARIS, in the conteft for the golden apple. The Simois runs into it.

(2.) SCAMANDER, in fabulous hiftory, the fon of Corybas and Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete into Phrygia, and fettled at the foot of Mount Ida, where he established the feftivals of Cybele. Being afterwards drowned in the

B

Xanthus

Xanthus, the river was named after him. He was fucceeded by his fon TEUCER: Diod. 4.

SCAMANDRIA, a town of Troas, on the Scamander. Plin. iv. 30.

SCAMANDROS. See SCAMANDER.

(1.) To SCAMBLE. v. n. [This word, which is fcarcely in ufe, has much exercifed the etymological fagacity of Meric Cafaubon; but, as is ufual, to no purpose.] 1. To be turbulent and rapacious; to fcramble; to get by ftruggling with others.

Somewhat to fcamble for hog and for hen. Tuffer. Scambling, out facing, fashion-mongʼring boys, That lie, and cog, and flout. Shak.

The feambling and unquiet time Did push it out of further queftion. Shak. -He was no fooner entered into the town but a fcambling foldier clapt hold of his bridle. Wotton. 2. To fhift awkwardly. Some fcambling fhifts may be made without them. More.

*

(2.) To SCAMBLE. v. a. To mangle; to maul. -My wood was cut in patches, and other parts of it cambled and cut before it was at its growth. Mortimer.

* SCAMBLER. 2. f. [Scottish.] A bold intruder upon one's generofity or table.

* SCAMBLINGLY. adv. [from fcambling] With turbulence and noife; with intrufive audaciousness.

SCAMINA, a town of European Turkey, in Livadia; 20 miles N. of Setines, or Athens.

SCAMMONIATE. adj. [from Scammony.] Made with fcammony.-It may be excited by a local fcammoniate, or other acrimonious medicines. Wifeman.

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(1.) SCAMMONY. n. f. [Lat. fcammonée, Fr.] A concreted refinous juice, light, tender, friable, of a greyish brown colour, and disagreeable odour. It flows upon incifion of the root of a kind of convolvulus, that grows in many parts of Afia. Trev.

(2.) SCAMMONY is partly of the refin, and partly of the gum kind. See CONVOLVULUS. The best fcammony comes from Aleppo, in light fpongy maffes, easily friable, of a fhining afh-colour verging to black; when powdered, of a light grey or whitish colour: an inferior fort is brought from Smyrna, in more compact ponderous pieces, of a darker colour, and full of fand and other impuri ties. This juice is chiefly of the refinous kind; rectified fpirit diffolves 5 oz. out of 6, the remainder is a mucilaginous fubftance mixed with drofs; proof-fpirit totally diffolves it, the impurities only being left. It has a faint unpleasant fmell, and a bitterifh, fomewhat acrimonious, tafte. Scammony is an efficacious and ftrong purgative. Some have condemned it as unfafe, and laid fundry ill qualities to its charge; the principal of which is, that its operation is uncertain, a full dofe proving fometimes ineffectual, whilft at others a much fmaller one occafions dangerous hypercatharfes. This difference is owing to the different circumftances of the patient, and not to any ill quality or irregularity of operation of the medicine: where the inteftines are lined with an exceflive load of mucus, the fcammony paffes without exerting itfelf upon them; where the natural mucus is defi. cient, a fmall dofe of this or any other refinous

cathartic irritates and inflames. Many have endeavoured to abate the force of this drug, and correct its imaginary virulence, by expofing it to the fume of fulphur, diffolving it in acid juices, &c.; but this can only deftroy a part of the medicine, without altering the reft. Scammony in fubftance, judiciously managed, needs no correc tor: if triturated with fugar or almonds, it be comes fufficiently fafe and mild. It may likewife be diffolved by trituration in a ftrong decoction of liquorice, and then poured off from the fæces; the college of Wirtemberg affures us, that by this treatment it becomes mildly purgative, without any inconveniences; and that it allo proves inoffenfive to the palate. The common dofe is from 3 to 12 grains.

SCAMOZZI, Vincent, a celebrated Italian architect and writer, born at Vicenza, in 1552. He travelled through most parts of Europe, and was much employed in the chief cities of Italy. He wrote a celebrated work, entitled Idea della Architectura Univerfale: 2 vols. fol. Venice, 1615. He died at Venice in 1616, aged 64.

*To SCAMPER. v. n. [scampen, Dutch; scam pare, Italian.] To fly with fpeed and trepida. tion.-A fox feized upon a fawn, and fairly scam pered away with him. L'Eftrange.-You will fuddenly take a refolution, in your cabinet of Highlanders, to scamper off with your new crown. Addifon.

Be quick, nay, very quick, or he'll approach, And, as you're scamp'ring, ftop you to your coach. King. SCAMPE, a town of Swizerland, in the Gri fons country, in Upper Engadina: 1 mile N. of

Zutz.

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His luftful orgies he enlarg'd

Eren to the hill of scandal. Milton's Par. Loft. s. Reproachful afperfion; opprobrious cenfure; infaray

If black scandal, or foul-fac'd reproach,
Attend the fequel of your impofition,
Your mere enforcement fhall acquittance me.
Shak. Richard III.
My known virtue is from scandal free. Dryd.
-In the cafe of scandal, we are to reflect how men
ought to judge. Rogers.

To SCANDAL. v. a. [from the noun.] To treat opprobriously; to charge falfely with faults,You repin'd,

Scandal'd the fuppliants,

Shak. Coriolanus.

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I do fawn on men, and hug them hard,
And after scandal them. Shak. Julius Cafar,
SCANDALAK, a town of Pruffia, in the pro-
vince of Natangen: 2 miles E. of Barten.
SCANDALEK, a town of Pruffia, in the pro-
vince of Natangen: 38 miles SE. of Koningsberg.
7. SCANDALIZE. v. a. [cravdari(w; scan
dalier, Fr. from scandal.] 1. To offend by fome
action fuppofed criminal-Who they are whom
we scandalize by using harmlefs things? Hooker.-
It had the excufe of fome bafhfulness, and care
not to scandalize others. Hammond.-Whoever
confiders the injuftice of fome minifters, will not
be scandalized at the warmth and vivacity of thofe
meetings. Clarend. 2. To reproach; to difgrace;
to defame.-

Thou do'ft appear to scandalize
The public right.
Daniel.
-Many were scandalized at the perfonal flander
and reflection Blung out by scandalizing libellers.
Addison.

SCANDALOUS. adj. [scandaleux, Fr. from scandal 1. Giving public offence.-Nothing scandalous or offenfive to any. Hooker.

Tyranny, which will ignoble make you, Yea, scandalous to the world. Shak. 1. Opprobrious; difgraceful. 3. Shameful; openly vile.-You know the scandalous meannefs of that proceeding. Pope.

I.

SCANDALOUSLY. adv. [from scandalous.] 1. Shamefully; ill to a degree that gives public offence. His difcourfe at table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his ftation. Swift. 2. Cenforiously; opprobriously.

father, to Amurath II. fultan of the Turks, who poifoned his brothers, but spared him on account of his youth, being likewife pleafed with his juvenile wit and amiable perfon. In a fhort time he became one of the most renowned generals of the age; and revolting from Amurath, he joined HUNNIADES, a moft formidable enemy of the Turks. He defeated the fultan's army, took Amurath's fecretary prifoner, obliged him to fign and feal an order to the Governor of Croia, the capital of Albania, to deliver up the citadel and city to the bearer of that order, in the name of the fultan. With this forced order he repaired to Croia; and thus recovered the throne of his ancestors, and maintained the independency of his country againft the numerous armies of Amurath and his fucceffor Mohammed II. who was obliged to make peace with this hero in 1461. He then went to the af fiftance of Ferdinand of Arragon, at the request of Pope Pius II. and by his affiftance Ferdinand gained a complete victory over his enemy the count of Anjou. Scanderbeg died in 1467.

Shun their fault, who, scandaloufly nice,
Will needs miftake an author into vice. Pope.
SCANDALOUSNESS. n. s. [from scandalous.]
The quality of giving public offence.

SCANDALUM MAGNATUM, in law, is a defamatory fpeech or writing, to the injury of a perfon of dignity; for which a writ that bears this name is granted for the recovery of damages. SCANDARIA, a cape in the ifle of Cos. SCANDARIE, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the Arabian Irak: 120 miles NW. of Baffora. SCANDELERA, a rich town in the new kingdom of Italy, in the department of the Upper Po, diftrict and late territory of Cremona; feated on

the banks of the Po.

SCANDERBEG, or Lord Alexander, the furname of George Caftriot, king of Albania, a prosince of Turkey in Europe. He was delivered up with his three elder brothers as hoftages, by their

SCANDEROON. See ALEXANDRETTA. SCANDIANO, a town of Italy in the department of Panaro, diftrict and late duchy of Modena: 9 miles W. of Modena,

SCANDINAVIA, a general name for the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, anciently under the dominion of one prince. The inha. bitants of these countries, in former times, were exceffively addicted to war. From their earliest years they applied themselves to the military art, and accustomed themfelves to cold, fatigue, and hunger. Even the very sports of youth and childhood were dangerous. They confifted in taking frightful leaps, climbing up the fteepest rocks, fighting naked with offenfive weapons, wrestling with the utmoft fury; fo that it was ufual to fee them grown up to be robuft men, and terrible in the combat, at the age of 15. At this early age the young men became their own mafters; which they did by receiving a sword, a buckler, and a lance. This ceremony was performed at fome public meeting. One of the principal men of the affembly named the youth in public; after which he was obliged to provide for his own fubfiftence, and was either now to live by hunting, or by joining in fome incurfion against the enemy. Great care was taken to prevent the young men from too early connections with the female fex; and indeed they could have no hope to gain the affection of the fair, but in proportion to the courage and addrefs they had fhown in their military exercises. Accordingly, in an ancient fong, we find Bartholin, king of Norway, extremely furprised that his miftrefs fhould prove unkind, as he could perform 8 different exercifes. The children were generally born in camps; and being inured from their infaacy to behold nothing but arms, effufion of blood, and flaughter, they imbibed the cruel difpofition of their fathers, and when they broke forth upon other nations, behaved rather like fu ries than buman creatures. The laws of this people, in fome measure, refembled thofe of the ancient Lacedemonians. They knew no virtue but bravery, and no vice but cowardice. The greateft penalties were inflicted on fuch as fled from battle. The laws of the ancient Danes declared

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fuch

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