siders that they were even then tributary to the St. Lawrence.

Hence, it follows that the great North American lakes are of comparatively modern date, and are nothing more than a great system of river valleys, which have been converted into a chain of huge lakes, partly by the blockage of old channels, partly by differential movements of the earth's crust. If this view be established, and the evidence in its favor (which finds much support from other regions) appears very strong, it will help in elucidating several important questions, bearing on not only the history of the glacial epoch and the exact mode of the accumulation of the débris, but also on the cause of the movements of a crust which is asserted by physicists to be rigid. into these questions, fascinating as they are, want of space precludes us from inquiring on the present occasion.

But

But it would not suffice to block these channels with glacial drift. Parts of Lake Superior, the southern basin of Michigan, a little of Huron, and the eastern end of Ontario are beneath the sealevel; the last as much as four hundred and ninety-one feet below it. We must assume in addition a considerable downward movement of the whole area, otherwise these valleys could never have emptied themselves into the sea. To drain the valley occupied by Ontario would require, at the least, an elevation of more than seven hundred feet; southern Michigan, of not much less, perhaps of more. This hypothesis, however, presents no real difficulty, for it can be proved that many regions have been affected by movements, both upwards and downwards, in glacial or post-glacial times. The coast of Norway and many parts of northern America have been affected by a great downward movement - amounting not seldom to at least a thousand feet, and sometimes even as much as a thousand yards. This, again, after the ice had melted away and the main physical features of the district were MR. KINGLAKE's name will, we imag sculptured, was followed by one in the ine, be more closely associated in English contrary direction, which may be occasion-literature with his "Invasion of the Crially measured by some hundreds of feet; as, for example, at the beaches of Novaya Zembla, the terraces of the Varanger Fjord, and of many another inlet in Norway. Of this movement also there is proof on the Fraser and other rivers in America.

T. G. BONNEY.

From The Spectator.

MR. KINGLAKE.

mea down to the Death of Lord Raglan than with his volume of travels in the East, simply because the former contains so much that men desire to read for other reasons than the wish to promote their own enjoyment; whilst the latter, if it were not read for pleasure, would not be But to convert Lake Ontario into a river read at all. Yet we do not hesitate to say valley it would not be enough to give a that "Eothen "is the richer in genius of general uplift and clear away the dams of the two. It is, we imagine, the best book glacial drift. Differential movements of of travels published in this century, and is the earth's crust are required. That these as full of the spirit of youth and courage have sometimes occurred has been long as it is of graphic vision and of buoyant since proved, in the case of Norway. self-satire. Like all Kinglake ever wrote, Now, careful observations, by Professor" Eothen" is self-conscious from beginSpencer and others, show the reasonableness of the hypothesis in the district of the great lakes. Around their shores are old terraces, which extend in some cases to a height of seventeen hundred feet above the present water-level, and are indicative, in Professor Spencer's opinion, of a depression to that amount. A series of careful measurements undertaken on different terraces and around more than one American lake prove that these terraces do not correspond with the existing contour lines, but have been affected by a differential uplift, amounting in one case to as much as four feet per mile.

ning to end. But then it is self-conscious with a brisk impatience of its own selfconsciousness, and vibrates with a throb of exultation as the exciting adventures through which he passed recur to him. And this deprives the book of all that sense of over-elaboration which mars something of the effect of the history of Lord Raglan's command. It is quite true, we believe, that "Eothen" was very carefully polished too. Tradition says that it was kept nine years in manuscript before it was given to the world, and that its very successful concealment of art was one of the chief evidences of the art with

66

that, if he was famous for the splendor of his eloquence, for his unaffected piety, and for his blameless life, he was celebrated far and wide for a more than common liveliness of conscience. He had once imagined it to be

It

his duty to quit a government, and to burst
through strong ties of friendship and grati-
tude, by reason of a thin shade of difference
on the subject of white or brown sugar.
was believed that if he were to commit even a
little sin, or to imagine an evil thought, he
would instantly arraign himself before the
dread tribunal which awaited him in his own
bosom; and that, his intellect being subtle
and microscopic, and delighting in casuistry
his soul a very harsh trial, and treat himself
and exaggeration, he would be likely to give

which it was composed. Doubtless it was So. But still, the élan, the dash, the overflow of spirits, the "genial sense of youth," with which the travels abound, are most fascinating; and the care taken to revise the story of them only resulted in the exclusion of everything that had no literary significance, and the compression of everything which would bear compression without the loss of vivacity and force. In "The Invasion of the Crimea down to the Death of Lord Raglan," there is an anxious brilliance, a studied and longdrawn incisiveness, which gives the impression of powers tasked and strained to produce the highest literary effect. In as a great criminal for faults too minute to be Eothen," Mr. Kinglake knew that if he visible to the naked eyes of laymen. His could but recall the freshness of his own friends lived in dread of his virtues as tending personal impressions, he must succeed. to make him whimsical and unstable, and the In the history, he was quite aware how practical politicians, conceiving that he was much more anxious was his task,-first, not to be depended upon for party purposes, to combine the effect of all he had felt and and that he was bent on none but lofty objects, heard and read in the scenery of his own used to look upon him as dangerous, imagination; and, next, to reproduce that to call him behind his back a good man, a scenery vividly for others; and as he had good man in the worst sense of the term. felt and heard a great deal and read a 1853 it seemed only too probable that he great deal, and as his own likes and dis- might quit office upon an infinitely slight suspicion of the warlike tendency of the governlikes were sometimes not a little impor-ment; but what appeared certain was, that if tunate and difficult to gratify without upon the vital question of peace or war, the devices which looked almost artificial, the government should depart by even a hairsresult was necessarily complex, and left breadth from the right path, the chancellor of those who read it with a certain sense of the exchequer would instantly refuse to be a fatigued admiration. For instance, the partaker of their fault. He, and he before attack on Mr. Gladstone, as the chancellor all other man, stood charged to give the alarm of the exchequer who in Lord Aberdeen's of danger; and there seemed to be no particle government drifted into war without warn- minister, he would drift. The known watchof ground for fearing that, like the prime ing the country whither it was going, bril-fulness and alacrity of his conscience, and his liant in its irony as it is, is unquestionably power of detecting small germs of evil, led too elaborate for full effectiveness. The the world to think it impossible that he could sapping and mining is too ingenious, the be moving for months in a wrong course withirony too emphatic, the scorn too redun-out knowing it.

- used

In

dant. Lord Aberdeen, the prime minis ter, is let off so easily as he is, evidently That is rather long-drawn and "coldin order to throw Mr. Gladstone's responsibility for the manner in which the drifting into war took place, into higher relief. Lord Aberdeen wandered on in the dark; Mr. Gladstone, on the contrary, it is implied, was shuffling the pleas of conscience with which he was beset, so as to render the excuse of "invincible ignorance entirely inappropriate : —

But there was another member of the Cab inet who was supposed to hold war in deep abhorrence. Mr. Gladstone was chancellor of the exchequer; and since he was by virtue of his office the appointed guardian of the public purse, those pure and lofty principles which made him cling to peace were reinforced by an official sense of the harm which war inflicts by its costliness. Now it happened

drawn" (as druggists say of some disa-
greeable medicines), and the still more
celebrated and much more elaborated dis-
section of Louis Napoleon is marked in a
very much higher degree by the same
defects. The style of "The Invasion of
the Crimea," with all its highly polished
brilliance, is very inferior, in our estima-
tion, to the style of "Eothen" in genius
and fascination. "Eothen" is full of a
young man's eloquence, it is true; but
then, it is the eloquence of a young man
of sharp senses, keen wit, and the most
vivid life. There is something artificial
and over-ripe in even the finest invective
Com-
of "The Invasion of the Crimea."
pare, for instance, the tirade, we have just
quoted against Mr. Gladstone, which

Mr. Kinglake did not write a sentence in "Eothen" that was not instinct with ardent life.

and was called to the bar, followed Marshal St. Arnaud in his Algerian campaign, entered Parliament, took up-rather languidly. -a few Foreign Office questions, accompanied the staff in the Crimea, and wrote "The Invasion of the Crimea," a book full of elaborate research, elaborate

wholly missed, we think, the peculiar and the wonderful beauty of the Smyrnese dangerous concentration of Mr. Glad- women and the splendor of the sculptured stone's mind on his own more distinctly Persephone, with "the massive braid of personal responsibilities, and the eager hair as it catches a touch of light on its combativeness of his character in relation jetty surface, and the broad, calm, angry to those responsibilities, with the admi-brow, the large eyes deeply set and selfrable irony with which Kinglake laughs at relying as the eyes of a conqueror, with himself in "Eothen 99 on the proposal of all their rich shadows of thought lying his dragoman that he should put to death darkly around them. . . the thin, fiery the Nazarene guide who had led him nostril and the bold line of the chin and astray on the east bank of the Jordan. throat disclosing all the fierceness and all "And here it was, if I remember rightly, the pride, passion, and power that can live that Dthemetri submitted to me a plan along with the womanly beauty of the for putting to death the Nazarine whose sweetly turned lips; or describes his misguidance had been the cause of our feelings as he came once more in view of difficulties, There was something fasci- the Western world on the pass of the nating in this suggestion, for the slaying Lebanon, and reminds himself that he of the guide was of course easy enough, must not linger too long on "that difficult and would look like an act of what politi- pass that leads from Thought to Action," cians call 'vigor.' If it were only to become known to my friends in England, that I had calmly killed a fellow-creature for taking me out of my way, I might re- As a matter of fact, however, Kinglake main perfectly quiet and tranquil for the did linger all his life on the difficult pass rest of my days, quite free from the dan-in question. It is true that he came home ger of being considered 'slow.' I might ever after live on my reputation, like single-speech Hamilton in the last century, or 'single-sin ' in this, without being obliged to take the trouble of doing any more harm in the world," and so on. That has much more pulse in it than the irony of the history; and indeed, through-invective, elaborate military criticism, and out this inimitable book of travels, the vividness of the life strikes one from beginning to end, showing itself in the halfsatirical enthusiasm, the high courage, the laughing energy, the cool presence of mind with which every turn in events is met, and which contrasts curiously with the somewhat weary, artistic finish of "The Invasion of the Crimea." There is a swiftness, an aperçu, a touch of the old-joyed except in the spirit-stirring advenworld cavalier about "Eothen," which we ture, the dubious scorn, the eager wonder, never find again in Mr. Kinglake's writ- and the brilliant pictures of "Eothen." ings. Whether he takes off the specula tive disgust with which the Turk regards the Englishman, "a mysterious, unaccountable, uncomfortable work of God which may have been sent for some good purpose, to be revealed hereafter; or indulges in a rhapsody on the Sphinx gazing on "keen-eyed travellers, Herodotus yesterday and Warburton to-day;" or describes his sensations when he found himself on a swift dromedary absolutely alone in the desert, and on a very uncertain and, as it proved, misleading track; or as he finds himself, after a fall from the same dromedary, alone in the darkness without even anything to ride upon; or admiring

elaborate analysis of character; but he never plunged into anything like real action. His life hardly redeemed the promise of his delightful youthful journey. His mind lost its enthusiasm, its freshness, though not its culture and its keen irony. If he is remembered, as he will be, for a most polished and studied story of a year or two of war, he will never be fully en

OLD FRIENDS IN NEW FACES.

Butler, the author of "Erewhon," contribTo the Universal Review, Mr. Samuel utes some quaint "Ramblings in Cheapside." From the transmigration of souls it is a short step to the transmigration of bodies. Of this phenomenon Mr. Butler gives the following instances within his own range of observation:

Going down once towards Italy I saw a

er.

young man in the train whom I recog-| did not miss a dance all the way to Clacnized, only he seemed to have got young- ton, nor all the way back again, and when All of a sudden I remembered he was not dancing he was flirting and cracking King Francis I. of France. I had hith-jokes. I could hardly believe my eyes erto thought the face of this king im- when I reflected that this man had painted possible, but when I saw it in play I the famous "Last Judgment," and had understood it. His great contemporary made all these statues. Henry VIII. keeps a restaurant in Oxford Dante is, or was a year or two ago, a Street. Falstaff drove one of the St. waiter at Brissago, on the Lago Maggiore, Gothard diligences for many years, and only he is better-tempered-looking and has only retired when the railway was opened. a more intellectual expression. He gave Titian once made me a pair of boots at me his ideas upon beauty. "Tutto ch'è Vicenza, and not very good ones. At Mo- vero è bello," he exclaimed, with all his old dena I had my hair cut by a young man self-confidence. "I am not afraid of whom I perceived was Raffaelle. The Dante. I know people by their friends, model who sat to him for his celebrated and he went about with Virgil." So I said, Madonnas is first lady in a confectionery with some severity, "No, Dante, il naso establishment at Montreal. She has a della Signora Robinson è vero, ma non è little motherly pimple on the left side of bello," and he admitted I was right. Beaher nose that is misleading at first, but on trice's name is Towler; she is waitress at examination she is easily recognized; a small inn in German Switzerland. I used probably Raffaelle's model had the pimple to sit at my window and hear people call too, but Raffaelle left it out - as he would." Towler, Towler, Towler," fifty times in a Handel, of course, is Madame Patey. forenoon. She was the exact antithesis of Give Madame Patey Handel's wig and clothes, and there would be no telling her from Handel. It is not only that the features and the shape of the head are the same, but there is a certain imperiousness of expression and attitude about Handel, which he hardly attempts to conceal in Madame Patey. It is a curious coincidence that he should continue to be such an incomparable renderer of his own music. Pope Julius II. was the late Mr. Darwin. I met Goethe once coming down Ludgate Hill, and glared at him, but would not look at him. Mr. Pitt is a clerk in a solicitor's office, and neither drinks nor gambles. Michael Angelo is a commissionaire; I saw him on board the Glen Rosa, which used to run every day from London to Clacton-on-Sea and back. It gave me quite a turn when I saw him coming down the stairs from the upper deck, with his bronzed face, flattened nose, and with the familiar bar upon his forehead. I never liked Michael Angelo, and never shall, but I am afraid of him, and was near trying to hide when I saw him coming towards me. He had not got his commissionaire's uniform on, and I did not know he was one till I met him a month or so later in the Strand. When we got to Blackwall the music struck up and people began to dance. I never saw a man dance so much in my life. He

Abra; Abra, if I remember, used to come before they called her name, but no mat ter how often they called Towler, every one came before she did. I suppose they spelt her name Tauld, but to me it sounded Towler; I never, however, met any one else with this name. She was a sweet, artless, little hussy, who made me play the piano to her, and she said it was lovely. Of course I only played my own compositions; so I believed her, and it all went off very nicely. I thought it might save trouble if I did not tell her who she really was, so I said nothing about it. I have never seen Mendelssohn, but there is a fresco of him on the terrace, or open-air dining-room, of an inn at Chiavenna. He is not called Mendelssohn, but I knew him by his legs. He is in the costume of a dandy of some five-and forty years ago, is smoking a cigar, and appears to be making an offer of marriage to his cook. Beethoven both my friend Mr. H. Festing Jones and I have had the good fortune to meet; he is an engineer now, and does not know one note from another; he has quite lost his deafness, is married, and is, of course, a little squat man with the same refractory hair that he always had. It was very interesting to watch him, and Jones remarked that before the end of dinner he had become positively posthumous.

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