Gothic architecture, II. 434; army, II. 612; birds, XVIII. 17; coins, XVII. 636, 657; drama, VII. 416; forests, IX. 403; foundling hospitals, IX. 483; ancient glass-making, X. 648; irrigation works, XIII. 369; Jews in, XIII. 685; language, XIII. 491; XIV. 340; XVIII. 784; libraries, XIV. 512, 513, 528, 548; literature, XIII. 498; mines, XVI. 468; mural paintings, early Christian, XVII. 43; national debt, XVII. 246; navy, XVII. 299; newspapers, XVII. 431; observatories, XVII. 713; oyster culture, XVIII. 108; periodical literature, XVIII. 542; post-office, XIX. 583; prison system, XIX. 761; railways, XX. 251; weights and measures, XXIV. 490; wine industry, XXIV. 609. ITALY, Rogers's poem, XX. 622. History of, Guicciardini's work, XI. 256. ITAMARACA, town, Brazil, XVIII. 551. ITANGUA, town, Paraguay, XVIII. 244. ITASCA, lake, Minnesota, U.S.A., XVI. 475. ITASY, lake, Madagascar, XV. 169. ITATIAIOSSU, Pico do, mountain, Brazil, IV. 222. ITCH, skin disease, XVIII. 270; XXII. 123. ITCH-MITE, arachnid, 11. 275; XVI. 529; XVIII. 270; XXII. 123. ITELM, people, Kamchatka, Asia, XIII. 832. ITHACA, island, Greece, XIII. 517, 205. IVAN II., of Moscow, XIII. 519; XXI. | JABALLAH, king of Ghassan, Arabia, 91. III., the Great, of Moscow, XIII. 519; XXI. 91. IV., the Terrible, first czar of Russia, XIII. 519; XXI. 92; his massacre of the Novgorodians, XVII. 608. V., of Russia, XIII. 519; XXI. 97. VI., of Russia, XIII. 519; XXI. 98. IVANCICA, Mount, Croatia, VI. 591. IVANOVO, or Ivanovo-Voznesensk, town, Russia, XIII. 520; XXI. 849; population, XXIV. 271. IVICA, or Iviza, one of the Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea, III. 278. IVORY, XIII. 520; carving of, V. 167; Japanese, XIII. 591; supply of, VIII. 124; XV. 349. XVII. 481. his JABALPUR, district, Central India, XIII. JACCETANI, ancient tribe, Spain, XIII. 531. JACINTH, or Hyacinth, gem, X. 141. or Hyacinth, plant, XII. 419. Vegetable, XIII. 524; XVII. 664. James, Scottish mathematician, | JACKAL, carnivorous mammal, XIII. 532; XIII. 525. XV. 438; its relation to the dog, vII. 324; emblem of the god Anubis, II. 146. COAST, West Africa, XIII. 525; I. 269. IVREA, town, Italy, XIII. 525. IXEUTICA, Oppian's poem, XVII. 797. town, New York, U.S.A., XIII. 517; Cornell University at, XXIII. 857. ITHACIUS, bishop of Ossonuba, XIX. 746. ITHNA-ASHARIYA, Mohammedan sect, IYEMITSU, Shrine of, at Nikko, Japan, xxII. 664. XVII. 503. ITHOBAL (Ethbaal), king of Tyre, XVIII. IYEYASU, shogun, Japan, XIII. 583; 807. II., of Tyre, XVIII. 808. ITHOMEA, festival, Greece, XVI. 52. ITHON, river, Wales, XX. 217. ITIL, ancient town of the Khazars, XIV. 59. ITINERARIUM, Roman road-book, XIII. 517; Antonine's, XVIII. 437. SEPTENTRIONALE, Gordon's, X. 782. ITIUS PORTUS, Cæsar's point of embarkation for Britain, XIII. 517. ITSMIADSIN (Etchmiadzin), town, Russia, VIII. 566. IT'S NEVER TOO LATE TO MEND, ITURUP, one of the Kurile Islands, Asia, XIV. 160. ITZEHOE, town, Holstein, Germany, XIII. 518. ITZLI, Mexican obsidian, XVII. 717. IVAN I., grand-duke of Moscow, XIII. 519; XXI. 91. tomb of, at Nikko, XVII. 503. IYNX, genus of birds, XXIV. 698. IYRCÆ, ancient nomadic race, Russia, XXI. 575. IZABAL, lake, Guatemala, XI. 239. IZALCO, volcano, Central America, XXI. 268. IZAMAL, Pyramid of, Yucatan, XXIV. 759. IZGAUR, town, Russia, XVI. 437. IZHEVSK, town, Russia, XXIV. 303. IZHUATLAN (Orizaba), town, Mexico, XVII. 845. IZIASLAFF, prince of Kieff, Russia, XXI. 89. IZYUM, town, Russia, XIV. 57. BAR SALIBI, bishop of Marash, Syriac writer, XXII. 851. BAR SHAKKO, bishop of Mar Matthew, Syriac writer, XXII. 852. JACOBA, countess of Holland, XII. 72. JACOBABAD, town, India, XIII. 536; XXIII. 860. JACOBI, Friedrich Heinrich, German philosopher, XIII. 536; X. 541; his relation to rationalism, XX. 290. JACOBI, Karl Gustav Jacob, German | JAGIC, Ignaz V., Bohemian philologist, Stephen Ludwig, discoverer of artificial fish-breeding, XIX. 127. JACOBIANS, class of determinants, XIII. 31. JACOBINA, department, Brazil, XXIV. 227. JACOBIN CLUB, of French Revolution, JACOBITES, in Scottish history, XIII. 561; XXI. 526. XXI. 691; XXII. 153. JAGIELLO, prince of Lithuania, XIX. JAGST, division, Würtemberg, XXIV. JAGUAR, carnivorous mammal, XIII. JAM, conserve of fruit, XIII. 564. PEPPER, XIX. 97. TOWN, Long Island, New York, U.S.A., XIV. 866. JAMAL BARIZ, mountains, Persia, XVIII. JAGUARON, town, Paraguay, XVIII. JAMB, in architecture, II. 466. JAH (Jehovah, q.v.), of Scripture, XIII. JAMES, St, the Lord's brother, XIII. 552. JAHAN, Shah, Mogul emperor, XII. 795; XX. III. JAHANABAD, town, India, XIII. 542. JACOBS, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm, JAHANGIRPUR, or Jangipur, town, India, German scholar, XIII. 539. JACOBSITE, mineral, XVI. 386. JACOBSON, Louis L., on birds, XVIII. 20. JACOPO DE' BARBARI, Venetian artist, JACOPONE (Jacopo dei Benedetti), Italian poet, XIII. 500. JACOTOT, Joseph, French educationist, carpet machine, V. 130; his loom, JACQUELIN, countess of Holland, XII. JACQUERIE, revolt of peasantry, in JAILS, XIX. 747; Mrs Fry's reforms of, JAIPAL, raja of Lahore, India, xv. 286. JACQUIER, François, on magnetism, XV. JAISALMIR, Rajput state, India, XIII. JADE, precious stone, XIII. 539; XVI. JADEITE, mineral, XIII. 540; XVI. 420. JAFAR KHAN, governor of Bengal, vi. JAFFIER ALI KHAN, or Jafar Khan, XIII. 541. 545- Therese A. L. von (Talvj), author- JAKOBSHAVN, district, Greenland, XI. JALALABAD, town, Afghanistan, I. 230. RUMI, Persian poet, XXI. 59. JAFFRAY, Alexander, Scottish Quaker, JALAP, drug, XIII. 546. son of Zebedee, XIII. 552. II., of Aragon, XXII. 323. I., king of England (VI. of Scotland), XIII. 577; VIII. 341, 343; XXI. 507; his patronage of Bacon, III. 204; his relations with Buckingham, IV. 417; Coke's opposition to, VI. 120; his rule in Ireland, XIII. 265; parliament under, XVIII. 307; suppression of Presbyterianism in Scotland by, XIX. 682; his relations with Raleigh, XX. 263; his writings, XXI. 542. II., of England, XIII. 559; VIII. 350; the Popish Plot under, XVII. 697; his relations with Ireland, XIII. 268; with Scotland, XXI. 517; with Penn, XVIII. 496; with William of Orange, XXIV. 579; a refugee in France, Ix. 579. I., king of Scotland, XIII. 555; VIII. 413; XXI. 491; as poet, XXI. 540. II., of Scotland, XIII. 556; XXI. CITY, Virginia, U.S.A., XXIV. 260. JAMESON, Anna, English writer, XIII. 562. or Jamesone, George, Scottish painter, XIII. 563. Robert, Scottish naturalist, XIII. 563. JAMESTOWN, town, New York, U.S.A., JAMESTOWN, town, St Helena, Atlantic | JANSONIUS, Jacobus, Dutch theologian, | JARROW-ON-TYNE, town, Ocean, XXI. 171. JAMES TOWN, Virginia, Founding of (1607), XXII. 175; XXIII. 729; first English settlement, XXIV. 260. JAMESTOWN WEED, plant, XVII. 231. JAMI, Nuruddin Abdurrahman ibn Ahmed, Persian poet, XIII. 563; XVIII. 659. JAMIESON, John, Scottish lexicographer, XIII. 563. JAMNIA, town, Palestine, XIII. 563. JAMNITZER, Wenzel, German metal worker, XIX. 184. JAMRUD, fort, Punjab, India, XIII. 564. XIV. IO. XIII. 566. JANSSEN, or Jansen, Cornelius, Dutch painter, XIII. 567. JANSSENS, or Jansens, Victor Honorius, Flemish painter, XIII. 568. VAN NUYSSEN, Abraham, Flemish painter, XIII. 568. England, XIII. 593; monastery of, III. 481. JARSON, John de (Gerson), chancellor of university of Paris, X. 549. JASCHI (Jassy), town, Roumania, XIII. 596; XXI. 16. JASHAR, Donaldson's work, VII. 358. JANTHINA, genus of Mollusca, xXVI. JASHPUR, state, India, XIII. 594; V. 651. JASMIN, Jacques, French poet, XIII. 594. JASMUND, district, Rügen, Prussia, XXI. JASNO GURA, Poland, Monastery of, VI. 754. JUNIUS (John Toland), English JASON, of Greek mythology, XIII. 596; deist, XXIII. 434. II. 496; XV. 776; romances concerning, XX. 640. JAMUNA (Jumna), river, India, XIII. JAPAN, country, Asia, XIII. 569; 11. 687; 773; XX. 261. JAN, G., his classification of snakes, XX. 440. JANE EYRE, Charlotte Bronte's novel, IV. 365. JANESVILLE, town, Wisconsin, U.S.A., XIII. 564; population, XXIV. 617. JANGIPUR, town, India, XIII. 564. JANIBEG KHAN, Mongol chief, XVI. 747. JANICKI, Clement, Polish Latin poet, XIX. 300. JANICULAN HILL, Rome, XX. 807. JANIK, province, Asiatic Turkey, XXIII. 653. JANIN, Jules Gabriel, French critic, XIII. 564; IX. 678, 679. JANINA, town, Albania, Turkey, XIII. 565; XXIII. 653. JANISSARIES, Ottoman troops, II. 617; XI. 120, 123; XXIII. 641, 642, 644, 645; revolt of, XXIII. 648, 650; suppression of, XXIII. 650. JAN MAYEN ISLAND, Norwegian Sea, XVII. 592; seal fisheries of, XXI. 582. JANNÆUS, Alexander, Jewish high priest, XIII. 423. JANNART, Jacques, friend of La Fontaine, XIV. 204. invasion of China by, v. 649; of Corea by (1597), VI. 394; Siebold's explorations of, XXII. 36; coins of, XVII. 661; forests, IX. 405; language, XXIV. 3; libraries, XIV. 534, 549; mines, XVI. 469; Christian missions to, XVI. 517; Jesuit missions to, XIII. 652; Xavier's mission to, XXIV. 717; national debt, XVII. 247; pilgrimages in, XIX. 92; pottery and porcelain, XIX. 635; railways, XX. 252; religion, XX. 363; Roman Catholic Church in, XIX. 810; silk culture, XXII. 56; weights and measures, XXIV. 490. JASPER, precious stone, XIII. 596; xvi. 389. JASSY, town, Roumania, XIII. 596; XXI. 16. JASZ-BERENY, town, Hungary, XIII. 597. JÁTIVA, town, Spain, XIII. 597. 235; XII. 746, 789; identification of, with the Gipsies, X. 617; JAUBERT, Pierre Amédée Émilien Probe, French Orientalist, XIII. 597. JAUER, town, Prussia, XIII. 598. JAUHARY, Arabic lexicographer, XIII. 598. Kaempfer's History of, XIII. 816. Sea of, XVIII. 116. JAULNA (Jalna), town, India, XIII. 548. JAPANESE ART, XIII. 588. JAUNDICE, disease, XIII. 598; as resultJAPANESE DRAMA, VII. 402. ing from vaccination, XXIV. 26. JAPANESE LACQUER WORK, XIV. 194; JAUNPUR, district, India, XIII. 599; varnish, XXIV. 92. JAPANESE LANGUAGE, XIII. 585; XXIV. JARAHI, river, Persia, XVIII. 620. JANOFF, town, Russian Poland, XXII. JARALES, bush-growing regions, Spain, JANSEN, Cornelius, Dutch theologian, JARAMA, affluent of Tagus, Spain, XXIII. or Janssen, Cornelius, Dutch painter, XIII. 567. Kristoffer, Norwegian poet and novelist, XVII. 591. Zacharias, his relation to invention of the telescope, XXIII. 136. JANSENISM, religious movement in France, XIII. 566; XIX. 507; relations of the Pascal family to, XVIII. 334. JANSENISTS, of Port Royal, IX. 573, 578; XIV. 867; XIX. 533; as educationists, VII. 675; their influence on French literature, IX. 661. 22. JAR-CONNAUGHT, district, Galway, Ireland, X. 55. JARDIN DES PLANTES, Paris, XVIII. 281. JARDINE, Sir William, his illustrations JANSENIUS (Jansen), Cornelius, Dutch JARRING, Effects of, on magnetization, theologian, XIII. 565. XV. 268. JAY'S TREATY (1794), XXIII. 755- JEANNE D'ARC (Joan of Arc), Maid of JEBAL, or Jibal (Irak Adjemi), province, JEBEIL, ancient town, Syria, XIII. 613. JEBEL, Bahr al, headwaters of the Nile, Africa, XVII. 505, 507. XXIII. 83; Baxter's encounter with, III. 456. JEHOL, town, China, XIII. 619. JEHOVAH, divine name, XIII. 619, 397, 409; I. 53; XIX. 815; in the Psalms, XX. 30; worship of, III. 634. Servant of, in Isaiah, XIII. 382. JEHOVISTIC NARRATIVE, in the Pentateuch, 1. 53; III. 637; xvIII. 506. JEHU, king of Israel, XIII. 407. JEJEEBHOY, Sir Jamsetjee, Parsee, XIII. 619; XVIII. 326. Indian JERBA, island, North Africa, X. 442; JERBOA, rodent mammal, XIII. 625; XV. Lamentations of, XIV. 240. JEREMY, Epistle of, in Apocrypha, III. 405. JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA, town, Spain, XIII. 629; wine of, XXIV. 607. AKHDAR, mountains, Arabia, II. JEJUNUM, Anatomy of the, VII. 226; JEREZ DE LOS CABALLEROS, town, 238, 255. AKRA, mountain, Syria, XXII. 821. AL-AKHDAR, district, Tripoli, North Africa, XXIII. 575. AL-TUR, the Sinai group of mountains, XXII. 88. 393. 88. ASEER, mountain, Arabia, 11. 253. EL-TIH, mountain, Arabia, XXII. ES-SODA, mountains, Fezzan, Africa, IX. 128. XVII. 668. JELAL-ED-DIN RUMI, Persian poet, XIII. JELLACHICH, Joseph, governor or ban as conserve of fruit, XIII. 564. JELLY-FISH, Phosphorescence of, XVIII. 814. JELÖEN, island, Norway, xvII. 576. mountain, Palestine, JEMEZ, hot springs, New Mexico, U.S.A., JERMAK, mountain, XVIII. 171. - JUDI, mountain, Kurdistan, XIV. 156. NEBI BARUH, mountain, Syria, XIV. 394. TEIR, island, Red Sea, XX. 316. ZUGUR, island, Red Sea, XX. 316. JEBU ODE, town, West Africa, XXIV. 754 JEDBURGH, town, Scotland, XIII. 613; XXI. 34. JEDDAH, or Jiddah, town, Arabia, XIII. 691; XX. 316. JEDRZEJEWICZ, Dr, his observatory, at Plonsk, Poland, XVII. 714. JEENS, English line-engraver, VIII. 443. JEFFERSON, mountain, Oregon, U.S.A., XVII. 822; XXIII. 800. -, Thomas, president of the United States, XIII. 613; XXIII. 756; drafts Declaration of Independence, XXIII. 743; his political school, XXIII. 755; as author, I. 721. CITY, town, Missouri, U.S.A., XIII. 616; XVI. 526. JEFFERSONITE, mineral, XVI. 416. Indiana, U.S.A., XIII. 616; XV. 23. JEFFREY, Francis, Scottish lawyer and critic, XIII. 616; on beauty, 1. 223. Sarah, John Milton's mother, XVI. 324. JEFFREYS, Lord, English judge, XIII. 618; his bloody assize at Taunton, XVII. 400. JEMGALA, tribe, Lithuania, XIV. 702. JEMMAPES, town, Belgium, XIII. 620; XVI. 761; battle of (1792), IX. 605. JEMTLAND, district, Sweden, XXII. 741. JENA, town, Germany, XIII. 620; XXI. 349; battle of (1806), XVII. 210; university of, XXIII. 845 Spain, XIII. 629. JERFALCON, bird, IX. 3. JERICHAU, Jens Adolf, Danish sculptor, JERICHO, town, Palestine, XIII. 629. II., of Israel, XIII. 408. JEROME, St, early Christian writer, XIII. 630; on the canon of Scripture, V. 11; on the Catacombs, V. 207; his connexion with monachism, XVI. 702. of Prague, Reformer and martyr, XIII. 631; XX. 322. JERROLD, Douglas William, English humorist, XIII. 632. JERSEY, Channel Islands, England, XIII. 634; newspapers of, XVII. 423. CATTLE, I. 389. CITY, town, New Jersey, U.S.A., XIII. 635; XVII. 397; population, XXIII. 822. 589. JENATSCH, Georg, Swiss leader, XXIV. JERUBBAAL (Gideon), of Scripture, x. JENKINSON, Anthony, English envoy to Persia, XVIII. 636; resident in Russia, XXI. 93. Charles, first earl of Liverpool, XIV. 717. Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool, XIV. 718. JENKINS'S EAR, War of, between England and Spain, XXII. 339. JENNAH, village, Arabia, XVII. 773. JENNER, Edward, English physician, XIII. 622; XV. 815; his experiments in vaccination, XXIV. 23. JENNINGS, Sarah, duchess of Marlborough, XV. 553. JERUN, island, Persian Gulf, XVII. 856. JERUSALEM, town, Palestine, XIII. 636; under David, XIII. 404; siege and destruction of, by Titus, XIII. 428; XXIII. 420; capture of, by the crusaders, VI. 626; Knights of St John in, XXI. 174; Knights Templars driven out of, XXIII. 161; establishment of bishopric of, IV. 523; Holy Sepulchre at, XXI. 670; mosques, XVI. 865, Christian pilgrimages to, VI. 622; XIX. 93; temple of, XXIII. 166; Nehemiah's walls, XIII. 640. JENSEN, Christen, Norse writer, XVII. JERVAULX ABBEY, Yorkshire, England, 589. XXIV. 749. Peter Andreas, Norwegian poet JERVIS, John, Earl St Vincent, English JENSON, Nicolas, early German printer, JESI, town, Italy, XIII. 644. JENYNS, Soame, English writer, XIII. 625. JESSAMINE, or Jasmine, plant, XIII. 594 JESSE, of Scripture, vi. 837. JESSELMERE (Jaisalmir), state, India, JESSE TREE, Wood-carving, XXIV. 646. JESTERS, IX. 366. 712. JESUITS, or Company of Jesus, XIII. 645; institution of the order, XVIII. 430; casuistry of the, V. 204; VIII. 595; XIII. 651; as educationists, VII. 674; in relation to Jansenism, XIII. 566; contests with La Chalotais, XIV. 192; their influence on the popedom, XIX. 504; interference in Tong-King, XXIII. 440; colleges of, in France, XXIII. 846; missions of, XVI. 513; XIX. 811; missions to China, XX. 536; under Pope Pius VI., XIX. 154; in Asia, II. 701; in Ireland, XIII. 263; in Spain, XXII. 341, 345; suppression of, by Pope Clement XIV., v. 823; XIX. 507; suppression of, in France, IX. 593. Rome, XIX. 488; xx. 727; their archi- | JIZAK, town, Syr-Daria, Asia, XXII. 821. tecture, II. 392; coins, XVII. 650. JMUD, tribe, Lithuania, XIV. 702. I. and II., electors of Brandenburg, XX. 4. George, Tyrolese scholar, XX. 508 FREDERICK, elector of Brandenburg, XX. 5. JEWS, Modern, XIII. 679; acclimatization | JO, image of Buddha, Tibet, XIV. 499. JEW'S HARP, or Jew's Trump, musical JEYPORE, state, India, XIII. 688; xx. JESUITS' BARK, or Cinchona Bark (q.r.), JEZREEL, town, Palestine, XIII. 689; v. 781. JESUITS' TEA, or Maté, xv. 627; IV. 227. Company of, or Jesuits (q.v.), XIII. 645. JETSAM, in English law, IX. 342. JETTISON, maritime term, III. 146. plain, XVIII. 171. JHAJJAR, town, India, XX. 623. JOACHIMSTHAL, town, Bohemia, XIII. of Arc, maid of Orleans, XIII. 695; VIII. 321; IX. 550; her connexion with Orleans, XVII. 849; at the siege of Paris (1429), XVIII. 290; tried for witchcraft, XXIV. 623. of Naples and Provence, XIX. 878. JOANES, or Juanes, Vicente, Spanish painter, XIII. 757 JOANNA II., queen of Naples, xx. 805. wife of Philip I. of Spain, XVIII. 743; XXII. 327. HENRIQUEZ, wife of John II. of Aragon, XXII. 324. LA BELTRANEJA, daughter of Henry IV. of Castile, XXII. 321, 325. JOANNES, Presbyter, or Prester John, XIX. 714; 1. 65; XVI. 745. of Epiphaneia, Byzantine historian, IV. 613. MASSILIENSIS, monk, v. 182. JOANNINA (Janina), town, Albania, 1. 448; XIII. 565. JHELUM, or Jhilam, district, India, XIII. JOANNITIUS, Arabian physician, XV. 690; town, XIII. 691. river, India, XIV. 10; XX. 107; XXI. JHIND, state, India, XIII. 691. 689; XX. 109; town, XIII. 690. JEW, The Wandering, XIII. 673. JEWISH CHURCH, History of, by Stanley, JEWISH LAW, Mishnah, XVI. 502; Tal- JEWISH PHILOSOPHY, in the Alex- -, mining machine, XVI. 464. JIHLAVA (Iglau), town, Moravia, XII. 700. JIHUN, river, Asia Minor, 11. 708; v. 777. JILOLO, island, Indian Archipelago, XIII. JILOLO, island, Indian Archipelago, XIII. 692. JIMAMAYLAN, town, Philippine Islands, XVIII. 752. JIMENES, or Ximenes, Francisco, Spanish cardinal and statesman, XIII. 693. JIND (Jhind), state, India, XIII. 691. JITOMIR (Zhitomir), town, Russia, XXIV. 805. João, or John (q.v.), kings of Portugal, XIII. 714. JOASH, king of Judah, XIII. 412. JOB'S TEARS, plant and seeds, XIII. 703. 220. JOHANNESBURG, town, Transvaal, South |