would be useful to them for fuel. The tents of the emirs | Indies, also, nothing is more common than for thieves to dig and sovereigns of the East are both large and magnificent, or break through these mud walls, while the unsuspecting and furnished with costly hangings. Those of the Turco- inhabitants are overcome by sleep, and to plunder them. To mans are said to be black; and those of the Turks green: similar depredations Jesus Christ appears to allude, when he but, according to D'Arvieux, Dr. Shaw, and M. Volney, the exhorts his disciples not to lay up their treasure where tents of the Bedouins, or Arabs of the Desert, are univer-thieves BREAK THROUGH and steal. (Matt. vi. 19, 20.) Job also sally black,2 or of a very dusky brown. To these the bride seems to refer to the same practice. (xxiv. 16.) In the holes in the Canticles compares herself (i. 5.)—I am black (or, and chinks of these walls serpents sometimes concealed tawney) as the tents of Kedar, but comely, or beautiful as the themselves. (Amos v. 19.) In Egypt, it appears from Exod. curtains of Solomon. In the East, those who lead a pastoral v. 7. that straw anciently entered into the composition of life frequently sit (as Abraham did) in the tent-door in the bricks; and some expositors have imagined that it was used heat of the day. (Gen. xviii. 1.) The Arabian tents are of (as with us) merely for burning them; but this notion is unan oblong figure, supported according to their size, some founded. The Egyptian bricks were a mixture of clay, mud, with one pillar, others with two or three, while a curtain or and straw, slightly blended and kneaded together, and aftercarpet, occasionally let down from each of these divisions, wards baked in the sun. Philo, in his life of Moses, says, converts the whole into so many separate apartments. These that they used straw to bind their bricks.8 The straw still tents are kept firm and steady by bracing or stretching down preserves its original colour, and is a proof that these bricks their eaves with cords, tied to hooked wooden pins, well were never burnt in stacks or kilns.9 Part of the bricks of pointed, which they drive into the ground with a mallet: the celebrated tower of Babel (or of Belus, as the Greeks one of these pins answering to the nail, as the mallet does termed it) were made of clay mixed with chopped straw, or to the hammer, which Jael used in fastening the temples of broken reeds, to compact it, and then dried in the sun. Their Sisera to the ground. (Judg. iv. 21.) In these dwellings solidity is equal to that of the hardest stone.10 Among the the Arabian shepherds and their families repose upon the ruins discovered on the site of ancient Nineveh, are houses, bare ground, or with only a mat or carpet beneath them. built of sun-dried bricks, cemented with mud; and similarly Those who are married have each of them a portion of the constructed dwellings were observed by Mr. Buckingham in tent to themselves separated by a curtain.3 The more opu- the village of Karagoosh, near Mousul in Mesopotamia." At lent Arabs, however, always have two tents, one for them- this day the town of Busheher (or Bushire), like most of the selves, and another for their wives, besides others for their towns in Persia, is built with sun-dried bricks and mud,12 servants; in like manner, a particular tent was allotted to There is an allusion to this mode of building in Nahum Sarah. (Gen. xxiv. 67.) When travelling, they were care-iii. 14. ful to pitch their tents near some river, fountain, or well. (1 Sam. xxix. 1. xxx. 21.) In countries subject to violent tempests as well as to intolerable heat, a portable tent is a necessary part of a traveller's baggage, both for defence and shelter. To this the prophet Isaiah appears to allude. (iv. 6.)4

III. In progress of time men erected HOUSES for their habitations: those of the rich were formed of stone or bricks, but the dwellings of the poor were formed of wood, or more frequently of mud, as they are to this day in the East Indies;5 which material is but ill calculated to resist the effects of the impetuous torrents, that descended from the mountains of Palestine. Our Lord alludes to this circumstance at the close of his sermon on the mount. (Matt. vii. 26, 27.) In the

1 Emerson's Letters from the Ægean, vol. i. p. 192.

From Hit, a town on the banks of the Euphrates, to Hilla, the site of ancient Babylon, "the black tent of the Bedouin, formed of strong cloth made of goat's hair and wool mixed, supported by low poles, is almost the only kind of habitation met with." (Capt. Chesney's Reports on the Navigation of the Euphrates, p. 3. London, 1833. folio.) The Illyauts, a wandering tribe of Arabs, have black tents. (Hon. Capt. Keppel's Narrative of Travels from India to England, vol. i. p. 100.)

3 Shaw's Travels, vol. i. pp. 398, 399. The description given by the intelligent traveller Mr. Buckingham of the tent of the Sheik Barak, who was at the head of a tribe of Turcomans, wandering in the vicinity of Aleppo, will enable us to form some idea of the shape and arrangement of the tent of the patriarch, Abraham. "The tent occupied a space of about thirty feet square, and was formed by one large awning, supported by twenty-four small poles in four rows of six each, the ends of the awning being drawn out by cords fastened to pegs in the ground. Each of these poles giving a pointed form to the part of the awning, which it supported, the outside looked like a number of umbrella tops, or small Chinese spires. The half of this square was open in front and at the sides, having two rows of poles clear, and the third was closed by a reeded partition, behind which was the apartment for females, surrounded entirely by the same kind of matting." .."When the three angels are said to have appeared in the plains of Mamre, he is represented as sitting in the tent-door in the heat of the day." (Gen. xviii. 1-10.) "And when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent-door, and bowed himself towards the ground.... And Abraham hastened into the tent unto Sarah, and said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes upon the hearth. And he took butter, and milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them, and he stood by them, under the tree, and they did eat. When inquiry was made after his wife, he replied, 'Behold, she is in the tent. And when it was promised him that Sarah should have a son, it is said, 'And Sarah heard in the tent-door which was behind him.'...... The form of Abraham's tent, as thus described, seems to have been exactly like the one in which we sit: for in both there was a shaded open front in which he could sit in the heat of the day, and yet be seen from afar off; and the apartment of the females, where Sarah was, when he stated her to be within the tent, was immediately behind this, wherein she prepared the meal for the guests, and from whence she listened to their prophetic declaration." Travels in Mesopotamia, vol. i. pp. 30. 33, 34. Bp. Lowth on Isaiah iv. 6. Pareau, Antiq. Hebr. pp. 353-356. Bruning, Antiq. Hebr. p. 273. Jahn et Ackermann, Archæol. Biblica, §§ 26-31. In Bengal and Ceylon, as well as in Egypt, houses are constructed with this frail material. Dr. Davy's Account of the Interior of Ceylon, p. 256. See also Harmer's Observations, vol. i. pp. 265. 285. The houses at Mousul "are mostly constructed of small unhewn stones, cemented by mortar, and plastered over with mud, though some are built of burnt and unburnt bricks." Buckingham's Travels in Mesopotamia, vol. ii. p. 28.

See instances of the frailty of these tenements in Dr. Shaw's Travels, vol. i. p. 250. Belzoni's Researches in Egypt, p. 299., and Ward's View of the History, &c. of the Hindoos, vol. ii. p. 335.

At first, houses were small; afterwards they were larger, especially in extensive cities, the capitals of empires. The art of multiplying stories in a building is very ancient, as we may conclude from the construction of Noah's ark and the tower of Babel. The houses in Babylon, according to Herodotus,13 were three and four stories high; and those in Thebes or Diospolis,14 in Egypt, were four or five stories. In Palestine they appear to have been low, during the time of Joshua; an upper story, though it may have existed, is not mentioned till a more recent age. The houses of the rich and powerful in Palestine, in the time of Christ, were splendid, and were built according to the rules of Grecian architecture.15

Of all modern travellers, no one has so happily described the form and structure of the eastern buildings as Dr. Shaw, from whose account the following particulars are derived, which admirably elucidate several interesting passages of Holy Writ.

"The streets of the cities, the better to shade them from

Ward's History, &c. of the Hindoos, vol. ii. p. 325.

8 Philonis Opera, tom. ii. p. 86. (edit. Mangey.)

Shaw's Travels, vol. i. p. 250. Mr. Belzoni, in his Researches in Egypt, found similar bricks in an ancient arch which he discovered at Thebes, and which he has engraved among the plates illustrative of his Researches in Egypt, Nubia, &c. Plate xliv. No. 2. In and near the ruins of the ancient Tentyra, Dr. Richardson also found huts built of sun-dried brick, made of straw and clay. (Travels, vol. i. pp. 185. 259.) They are thus described by the Rev. Mr. Jowett, as they appeared in February, 1819.-Speaking of the remains of ancient buildings in that part of Egypt, he says, "These magnificent edifices, while they display the grandeur of former times, exhibit no less the meanness of the present. This temple, built of massive stone, with a portico of twenty-four pillars, adorned with innumerable hieroglyph ics, and painted with beautiful colours, the brightness of which in many parts remains to this day, is choked up with dusty earth. Village after village, built of unburnt brick, crumbling into ruins, and giving place to new habitations, have raised the earth, in some parts, nearly to the level of the summit of the temple; and fragments of the walls of these mud huts appear even on the roof of the temple. In every part of Egypt, we find the towns built in this manner, upon the ruins, or rather the rubbish, of the former habitation. The expression in Jeremiah xxx. 18. literally applies to Egypt in the very meanest sense-The city shall be builded upon her own heap; and the expression in Job xv. 28. might be illustrated by many of these deserted hovels-Ile dwelleth in desolate cities, and in houses which no man inhabiteth, which are ready to become heaps. Still more touching is the allusion in Job iv. 19.; where the perishing generations of men are fitly compared to habitations of the frailest materials, built upon the heap of similar dwelling places, now reduced to rubbish-How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust!"-(Jowett's Researches in the Mediterranean, pp. 131, 132.)-In one place, says the same intelligent traveller, "the people were making bricks, with straw cut into small pieces, and mingled with the clay to bind it. Hence it is, that, when villages built of these bricks fall into rubbish, which is often the case, the roads are full of small particles of straws extremely offensive to the eyes in a high wind. They were, in short, engaged exactly as the Israelites used to be, making bricks with straw; and for a similar purpose-to build extensive granaries for the bashaw; treasure-cities for Pharaoh." Exod. i. 11. (Ibid. p. 167.)

10 Sir R. K. Porter's Travels in Georgia, Persia, Babylonia, &c. vol. ii. pp. 329, 330. 11 Buckingham's Travels in Mesopotamia, vol. ii. p. 71. 13 Price's Journal of the British Embassy to Persia, part i. p. 6. Lond 1825. folio. 14 Diod. Sic. lib. i. c. 45.

13 Herodot. lib. i. c. 180.

15 Jahn et Ackermann, Archæol. Bibl. § 33.

against the eastern houses that were ceiled with cedar, and illustrate the prophet Isaiah's comparison of the Assyrians painted with vermilion. The floors are laid with painted to the grass upon the house-tops. (Isa. xxxvii. 27.) When tiles, or plaster of terrace. But as these people make little any of these cities are built upon level ground, one may pass or no use of chairs (either sitting cross-legged or lying at along the tops of houses from one end of them to the other, length), they always cover and spread them over with car-without coming down into the street." In the mountainous pets, which, for the most part, are of the richest materials. parts of modern Palestine these terraces are composed of Along the sides of the wall or floor, a range of narrow beds earth, spread evenly on the roof of the house, and rolled hard or mattresses is often placed upon these carpets and for and flat. On the top of every house a large stone roller is their farther case and convenience, several velvet or damask kept, for the purpose of hardening and flattening this layer bolsters are placed upon these carpets or mattresses; indul- of rude soil, to prevent the rain from penetrating; but upon gences which seem to be alluded to by their stretching them- this surface, as may be supposed, grass and weeds grow selves upon couches, and by the sewing of pillows to the arm- freely. Similar terraces appear to have been anciently conholes, as we have it expressed in Amos vi. 4. and Ezek. xiii. structed in that country: it is to such grass that the Psalmist 18. At one end of the chamber there is a little gallery, alludes as useless and bad-Let them be as the grass upon the raised three, four, or five feet above the floor, with a balus-house-tops, which withereth afore it groweth up. (Psal. cxxix. trade in the front of it, with a few steps likewise leading up 6.) These low and flat-roofed houses afford opportunities to to it. Here they place their beds; a situation frequently speak to many on the house as well as to many in the courtalluded to in the Holy Scriptures; which may likewise illus- yard below: this circumstance will illustrate the meaning trate the circumstance of Hezekiah's turning his face when he of our Lord's command to his apostles, What ye hear in the prayed towards the wall, i. e. from his attendants (2 Kings ear, that preach ye upon the house-tops. (Matt. x. 27.) On xx. 2.), that the fervency of his devotion might be the less these terraces incense was anciently burnt (Jer. xix. 13. taken notice of and observed. The like is related of Ahab xxxii. 29.), and the host of heaven was worshipped. (Zeph. (1 Kings xxi. 4.), though probably not upon a religious ac- i. 5.) count, but in order to conceal from his attendants the anguish he felt for his late disappointments. The stairs are sometimes placed in the porch, sometimes at the entrance into the court. When there is one or more stories, they are afterwards continued through one corner or other of the gallery to the top of the house, whither they conduct us through a door that is constantly kept shut to prevent their domestic animals from daubing the terrace, and thereby spoiling the water which falls from thence into the cisterns below the court. This door, like most others we meet with in these countries, is hung, not with hinges, but by having the jamb formed at each end into an axle-tree or pivot, whereof the uppermost, which is the longest, is to be received into a correspondent socket in the lintel, while the other falls into a cavity of the same fashion in the threshold." Anciently, it was the custom to secure the door of a house, by a cross-bar or bolt, which by night was fastened by a little button or pin: in the upper part of the door was left a round hole, through which any person from without might thrust his arm, and remove the bar, unless this additional security were superadded. To such a mode of fastening the bride alludes in Cant. v. 4.2

"The top of the house, which is always flat, is covered with a strong plaster of terrace, whence in the Frank language it has obtained the name of the terrace. This is usually surrounded by two walls, the outermost whereof is partly built over the street, and partly makes the partition with the contiguous houses, being frequently so low that one may easily climb over it. The other, which may be called the parapet wall, hangs immediately over the court, being always breast high, and answers to the npyn, or lorica, Deut. xxii. 8., which we render the battlements. Instead of this parapet wall, some terraces are guarded, like the galleries, with balustrades only, or latticed work; in which fashion, probably, as the name seems to import, was the , or net, or lattice, as we render it, that Ahaziah (2 Kings i. 2.) might be carelessly leaning over, when he fell down from thence into the court. For upon those terraces several offices of the family are performed, such as the drying of linen and flax (Josh ii. 6.), the preparing of figs or raisins, where likewise they enjoy the cool refreshing breezes of the evening, converse with one another, and offer up their devotions. At Tiberias, we are informed that the parapet is commonly made of wicker-work and sometimes of green branches; which mode of constructing booths seems to be as ancient as the days of Nehemiah, when the people went forth, at the feast of tabernacles, and brought branches and made themselves booths, every one upon the top of his house. (Neh. viii. 16.)5"As these terraces are thus frequently used and trampled upon, not to mention the solidity of the materials with which they are made, they will not easily permit any vegetable substances to take root or thrive upon them; which perhaps may

1 Dr. Shaw's Travels in Barbary, vol. i. pp. 374–379. 2 Bp. Percy's Translation of Solomon's Song, p. 76. On these terraces, the inhabitants of the East sleep in the open air during the hot season. See instances, illustrating various passages of the Scriptures, in the Travels of Ali Bey, vol. ii. p. 293. Mr. Kinneir's Travels in Armenia, &c. p. 134. Mr. Morier's Second Journey in Persia, p. 230., where a wood-cut is given explanatory of this practice; and Mr. Ward's

History, &c. of the Hindoos, vol. ii. p. 323.

4 Thus we read that Samuel communed with Saul upon the house-top (1 Sam. ix. 25.); David walked upon the roof of the king's house (2 Sam. xi. 2.); and Peter went up upon the house-top to pray. (Acts x. 9.) Madden's Travels in Turkey Egypt, &c. vol. ii. p. 314. VOL. II.

U

In Barbary, the hills and valleys in the vicinity of Algiers are beautified with numerous country seats and gardens, whither the opulent resort during the intense heats of summer. In all probability, the summer-houses of the Jews, mentioned by the prophet Amos (iii. 15.), were of this description; though these have been supposed to mean different apartments of the same house, the one exposed to a northern and the other to a southern aspect.

During the Rev. Mr. Jowett's residence at Haivali, in May, 1818, he relates that the house, in which he abode, gave him a correct idea of the scene of Eutychus's falling from the upper loft, while Paul was preaching at Troas. (Acts xx. 6-12.) "According to our idea of houses," he remarks, "the scene of Eutychus's falling from the upper loft is very far from intelligible; and, besides this, the circumstance of preaching generally leaves on the mind of cursory readers the notion of a church. To describe this house, which is not many miles distant from the Troad, and perhaps, from the unchanging character of oriental customs, nearly resembles the houses then built, will fully illustrate the narrative.

"On entering my host's door, we find the ground floor entirely used as a store: it is filled with large barrels of oil, the produce of the rich country for many miles round: this space, so far from being habitable, is sometimes so dirty with the dripping of the oil, that it is difficult to pick out a clean footing from the door to the first step of the staircase. On ascending, we find the first floor, consisting of a humble suite of rooms, not very high; these are occupied by the family, for their daily use. It is on the next story that all their expense is lavished: here, my courteous host has appointed my lodging: beautiful curtains, and mats, and cushions to the divan, display the respect with which they mean to receive their guest: here, likewise, their splendour, being at the top of the house, is enjoyed, by the poor Greeks, with more retirement and less chance of molestation from the intrusion of Turks: here, when the Professors of the College waited upon me to pay their respects, they were received in ceremony and sat at the window. The room is both higher and also larger than those below: it has two projecting windows; and the whole floor is so much extended in front beyond the lower part of the building, that the projecting windows considerably overhang the street. In such an upper room-secluded, spacious, and commodious-Paul was invited to preach his parting discourse. The divan, or raised seat, with mats or cushions, encircles the interior of each projecting window and I have remarked, that when company is numerous, they sometimes place large cushions behind the company seated on the divan; so that a second tier of company, with their feet upon the seat of the divan, are sitting behind, higher than the front row. Eutychus, thus sitting, would be on a level with the open window; and, being overcome with sleep, he would easily fall out from the third loft of the house into the street, and be almost certain, from such a height, to lose his life. Thither St. Paul went down; and comforted the alarmed company, by bringing up Eutychus alive. It is noted, that there were many lights in the upper chamber. The very great plenty of oil in this neighbourhood would enable them to afford many lamps: the heat of these

This is particularly the case at Aleppo. Irby's and Mangle's Travels, p. 238. Shaw's Travels, vol. i. pp. 380, 381.

Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, &c. pp. 89. 95.

and so much company would cause the drowsiness of Euty- ble to one who came behind the couch, as in the annexed chus at that late hour, and be the occasion, likewise, of the diagram:windows being open."

tion.3

twenty years before, the Rev. Dr. E. D. Clarke, while explor-| V. In progress of time, as men increased upon the earth, ing the ruins of Cana in Galilee, saw several large massy and found themselves less safe in their detached tents, they stone water-pots, answering the description given of the began to live in society, and fortified their simple dwellings ancient vessels of the country (John ii. 6.); not preserved nor by surrounding them with a ditch, and a rude breastwork, exhibited as relics, but lying about, disregarded by the pre- or wall, whence they could hurl stones against their enemies. sent inhabitants as antiquities with whose original use they Hence arose villages, towns, and CITIES, of which Cain is were acquainted. From their appearance, and the number of said to have been the first builder. In the time of Moses, them, it was quite evident that the practice of keeping water the cities of the Canaanites were both numerous and strongly in large stone pots, each holding from eighteen to twenty-fortified. (Num. xiii. 28.) In the time of David, when the seven gallons, was once common in the country. In the later number of the Israelites was greatly increased, their cities times of the Jewish polity, BASKETS formed a necessary article must have proportionably increased; and the vast population of furniture to the Jews; who, when travelling either among which (we have already seen) Palestine maintained in the the Gentiles or the Samaritans, were accustomed to carry time of the Romans is a proof both of the size and number their provisions with them in xcowo, baskets, in order to avoid of their cities. The principal strength of the cities in Palesdefilement by eating with strangers. Large sacks are still, tine consisted in their situation: they were for the most part as they anciently were (John ix. 11. Gen. xliv. 1-3.), em- erected on mountains or other eminences which were diffiployed for carrying provisions and baggage of every descrip- cult of access; and the weakest places were strengthened by fortifications and walls of extraordinary thickness. Bowls, cups, and drinking vessels of gold and silver, it The streets in the Asiatic cities do not exceed from two to appears from 1 Kings x. 21. were used in the courts of four cubits in breadth, in order that the rays of the sun may princes; but the modern Arabs, as the Jewish people an- be kept off; but it is evident that they must have formerly ciently did, keep their water, milk, wine, and other liquors, been wider, from the fact that carriages were driven through in BOTTLES made of skins, which are chiefly of a red colour them, which are now very seldom, if ever, to be seen in the (Exod. xxv. 5.); and their mouths are closed by slips of East. The houses, however, rarely stand together, and wood, that they may contain milk or other liquids.4 These most of them have spacious gardens annexed to them. It is bottles, when old, are frequently rent, but are capable of be- not to be supposed that the almost incredible tract of land, ing repaired, by being bound up or pieced in various ways. which Nineveh and Babylon are said to have covered, could Of this description were the wine bottles of the Gibeonites, old have been filled with houses closely standing together: an and rent, and bound up. (Josh. ix. 4.) As new wine was cient writers, indeed, testify that almost a third part of Baby liable to ferment, and, consequently, would burst the old lon was occupied by fields and gardens. skins, all prudent persons would put it into new skins. To this usage our Lord alludes in Matt. ix. 17. Mark ii. 22. and Luke v. 37, 38. Bottles of skin, it is well known, are still in use in Spain, where they are called Borrachas.5 As the Arabs make fires in their tents, which have no chimneys, they must be greatly incommoded by the smoke, which blackens all their utensils and taints their skins. David, when driven from the court of Saul, compares himself to a bottle in the smoke. (Psal. cxix. 83.) He must have felt acutely, when he was driven from the vessels of gold and silver in the palace of Saul, to live like an Arab, and drink out of a smoky leathern bottle. His language is, as if he had said," My present appearance is as different from what it was when I dwelt at court, as the furniture of a palace differs from that of a poor Arab's tent." Apartments were lighted by means of LAMPS, which were fed with olive oil, and were commonly placed upon elevated stands. (Matt. v. 15.) The lamps of Gideon's soldiers (Judg. vii. 16.), and those of the wise and foolish virgins (Matt. xxv. 1-10.), were of a different sort. They were a kind of torches or flambeaux made of iron or earthenware, wrapped about with old linen, moistened from time to time with oil.

In the early ages of the world the MARKETS were held at or near the Gates of the Cities (which, we have already seen, were the seats of justice), generally within the walls, though sometimes without them. Here commodities were exposed to sale, either in the open air or in tents (2 Kings vii. 18. 2 Chron. xviii. 9. Job xxix. 7.): but in the time of Christ, as we learn from Josephus, the markets were enclosed in the same manner as the modern eastern bazars, which are shut at night, and where the traders' shops are disposed in rows or streets; and (in large towns) the dealers in particular commodities are confined to particular streets.

The GATES of the Cities, and the vacant places next adjacent to them, must have been of considerable size; for we read that Ahab king of Israel assembled four hundred false prophets before himself and Jehoshaphat king of Judah, in the Gate of Samaria. (1 Kings xxii. 10.) And besides these prophets, we may readily conclude that each of these monarchs had numerous attendants in waiting. Over or by the side of many gates there were towers, in which watchmen were stationed to observe what was going on at a distance. (2 Sam. xviii. 24. 33.)s

CHAPTER II.

ON THE DRESS OF THE JEWS.9

1. Dress in the early Ages.-II. Tunic.-III. Upper Garment.-Other Articles of Apparel.-IV. Coverings for the Head.Mode of dressing the Hair.-V. Sandals.-Vİ. Seals or Signets, and Rings.-VII. Some Articles of Pemale Apparel elucidated. Complexion of the Women.-VIII. Rending of Garments, a Sign of Mourning.—IX. Numerous Changes of Apparel deemed a necessary Part of their Treasure.

I. IN the early ages, the dress of mankind was very sim- wards fine linen, and silk, dyed with purple, scarlet, and ple. Skins of animals furnished the first materials (Gen. crimson, became the usual apparel of the more opulent. iii. 21. Heb. xi. 37.),10 which, as men increased in numbers (2 Sam. i. 24. Prov. xxxi. 22. Luke xvi. 19.) In the more and civilization, were exchanged for more costly articles, early ages, garments of various colours were in great esteem: made of wool and flax, of which they manufactured woollen such was Joseph's robe, of which his envious brethren stripand linen garments (Lev. xiii. 47. Prov. xxxi. 13.); after-ped him, when they resolved to sell him." (Gen. xxxvii. 23.)

Lamps.

the

2 Kuinöel, on Matt. xiv. 19. drinking vessels anciently also vol. ii. pp. 135-138. for Calmet's Dictionary, voce

See p. 54. supra. 313-315. Jahn et Ackermann, Archæol. Bibl. $41. Pareau, Ant. Hebr. pp. 367-371.

Bruning, Antiq. Hebr. pp. 279–281. Calmet, Dissertations, tom. i. pp.

The principal authorities for this chapter are Calmet's Dissertation sur les Habits des Hebreux, Dissert. tom. i. pp. 337-371.; and Pareau, Antiquitas Hebraica, pp. 371-385.

10 Mr. Rae Wilson met with some Arabs, residing near the (so called) village of Jeremiah, who were clothed in sheep and goat skins, open at the neck. Travels in the Holy Land, &c. vol. I. p. 189 3d edition.

Robes of various colours were likewise appropriated to the virgin daughters of kings (2 Sam. xiii. 18.), who also wore that the Jewish garments were worn pretty long; for it is richly embroidered vests. (Psal. xlv. 13, 14.)12 It appears mentioned as an aggravation of the affront done to David's ambassadors by the king of Ammon, that he cut off their garments in the middle, even to their buttocks. (2 Sam. x. 4.) The dress of the Jews, in the ordinary ranks of life, was simple and nearly uniform. John the Baptist had his raiment 11 A coat of many colours is as much esteemed in some parts of Palestine at this day as it was in the time of Jacob, and of Sisera. Buckingham's Travels among the Arab Tribes, p. 31. Emerson's Letters from the Egean, vol. ii. p. 31.

12 Jahn et Ackermann, §§ 118, 119.