of Louis XVIII., he returned to France, and for he has since held a seat, and he was a promihis fidelity to the Bourbons, he was rewarded nent, although unsuccessful candidate for the with the title of count, and the place of ambas-presidency, in opposition to Mr. Adams. sador to the United States. He has lately returned to Paris. I JAMIESON, Robert, an eminent mineralogist, and a resident of Edinburgh, where he is a professor of natural history, president of the Wernerian Society, and lecturer in mineralogy. His largest work is a "System of Mineralogy," 3 IRVING, Washington, was born in the city vols. 8vo. Among other works which he has of New-York, about the year 1783, was educated published, is a "Treatise on the external, chymiat Columbia College, and while there he amused cal, and physical character of Minerals;" and the town occasionally by some effusions which" Outlines of the Mineralogy of the Scottish appeared in one of the papers of the time. He Isles." had commenced the study of the law, when in JAY, John, was born in the city of New1805, his studies were interrupted by decaying York, on the 1st of December, old style, in 1745. health; he immediately sailed for Europe, and He was educated at Columbia College, and was at the expiration of two years, having visited afterwards admitted to the bar, where he attainmany of the most important places on the con-ed great and deserved reputation as a lawyer. tinent, he returned through England to his na- He was elected by the citizens of New-York, to tive city. After completing his studies, he was the first American congress, in 1774, and after admitted to the bar; but preferring other pursuits having been re-elected the two succeeding years, to the details of the law, he devoted himself to he was chosen president of congress, in 1776. literature, and in 1807, in connexion with Mr. He was afterwards appointed a member of the Paulding and Mr. Verplanck, the most amusing convention of New-York, and after the organand popular periodical publication of the times, ization of that government, was appointed was produced under the title of "Salmagundi." chief-justice of the state. In 1778, he was In 1810, Mr. Irving published " Knickerbocker's minister plenipotentiary to the court of Spain, History of New-York," and the fame of it and in 1782, was appointed one of the comestablished the reputation of its author. During missioners to negotiate a peace with England, the late war, Mr. Irving was military secretary, and aid-de-camp to the governor of the state of New-York; and in 1815, he went to England, and has since resided in Europe. Since his arrival in England, he has added much to his literary reputation, both there, and in his native country, by several volumes under the titles of "The Sketch Book," "Bracebridge Hall," and "Tales of a Traveller." Mr. Irving is now engaged at Paris, in editing an extensive collection of English and American literature. J and a treaty was signed in Sep. 1784, when he returned to New-York. After this, he was at the head of foreign affairs until the organization of the government, when he was appointed chief-justice of the United States; while in this occupation, he was engaged with Mr. Madison, and colonel Hamilton in writing the Federalist. As envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, he negotiated and signed the treaty which bears his name, and on his return in 1795, he found himself elected governor of the state of NewYork. This office he held until 1807, when declining a re-election, and also the situation of chief-justice of the United States, to which he had been appointed, he retired from public life to his farm at Bedford, N. Y., still the friend of his country, but wholly unambitious of further honours or distinctions. He is one of the most worthy men who were bred in the school of the revolution; and is conspicuous alike for the soundness of his judgment and his legal acquirements. His piety is undoubted, and the wanton malice, and rancorous endeavours to injure his name, he has viewed with the complacency of a Christian.. JACKSON, Andrew, was born in the (then) Wraxaw settlement, South Carolina, in the year 1767, and is of Irish parentage. He enlisted in the service of his country at the age of fourteen, and after fighting bravely, was wounded and taken prisoner. After his release, he studied at a flourishing academy in, the settlement, prepared himself for the bar in Salisbury, in North Carolina, was admitted to it, and settled himself at Nashville, in Tennessee, where he was so successful in his practice, that he was soon appointed attorney-general for the district. JEFFERSON, Thomas, was born in ChesterAt a state convention in 1796, Mr. Jackson was field county, Virginia, on the 2d of October, 1743, much distinguished, and he was that year and was educated at William and Mary College. elected to congress, after being a member of He was a pupil in the office of chancellor Wythe, each house one year, he resigned his seat, and was a distinguished member of the Virginia esteemed for the soundness of his understand-legislature in 1769, where he continued three ing, and the moderation of his demeanour. He years, and afterwards was a delegate, and took was then for a short time a judge of the su- a most conspicuous stand in the congress at preme court of Tennessee. At the commence-Philadelphia. Here he drew up that gigantic ment of the late war he was a major-general of and spirited article, the Declaration of Indepenmilitia in Tennessee, and by an energetic ad- dence. After this, from 1779 to 1781, he was dress to the militia of his division, he drew 2500 governor of Virginia, and it the conclusion of volunteers to his standard. These were dis peace, was appointed, with Dr. Franklin and banded in the spring of 1813. General Jackson's Mr. Adams, minister plenipotentiary to Europe military career since, is well known; in his va- He returned in 1789, and was appointed secre rious campaigns, he has proved himself a most tary of state, which office he resigned in 1790, skilful commander, a vigilant disciplinarian, and and retired to private life. Mr. Jefferson was a dauntless soldier. He was sent by government elected vice-president in 1797, and for the eight to receive the Floridas from Spain, as commis-years succeeding Mr. Adams' administration, he sioner, and afterwards was appointed governor was president of the United States. He then of these provinces. General Jackson was elect-withdrew from public life, and retired to Moned a senator to congres from Tennessee, where ticello. During Mr. Jefferson's political career, he was distinguished as a sound legislator and was born in Wales, in 1775. His wife, Mrs. M. statesman, unyielding in his determination, and T. Kemble, is an actress of considerable ability. a firm patriot. In private life, he is said to be They are both engaged at the Covent Garden benevolent, humane, and affable. He is presi-Theatre, and both have written several plays. dent of the American Philosophical Society, KETT, rev. Henry, was educated at Oxford, and is a member of several literary societies in and is a fellow and tutor of Trinity College, and Europe and America. He published "Notes on one of the king's preachers at Whitehall. He Virginia" in 1781, which has lately been re-has published many works, among which are published: it was also translated in France, "Sermons at the Bampton Lectures;" "Elements and published in 1784. of General Knowledge a translation of ChaJEFFERY, Francis, a celebrated literary and teaubriand's "Beauties of Christianity;" and legal character of Edinburgh, where he was" The Flowers of Wit." born, in 1773. In 1814, he visited the United KING, Rufus, is the son of Richard King, a States, and married a Miss Wilkes, of New-merchant, of Scarborough, in Maine, and was York. Mr. Jeffery is most generally known as born in 1755. He graduated at Harvard College, a literary character, and this reputation he has Cambridge, and completed his studies in the law acquired as editor of the Edinburgh Review. in the office of the late chief-justice Parsons. This office, however, he has declined the present vear (1825.) While a student, he volunteered his services in the cause of his country under general Sullivan, JOHN VÍ., king of Portugal, was born in 1767, who soon appointed him his aid, and served and in 1792 became regent of the kingdom. At with much ardour and alacrity in the enterprise the outset of his administration as regent, he of against the British on Long Island. In 1784, fended both Buonaparte and Spain, and these he was a delegate to the congress then sitting at soon combined to manifest their disaffection. Trenton, and in 1787, bore a conspicuous part in Napoleon made demands of the regent which the general convention at Philadelphia. In 1788, were not complied with, and he then declared Mr. King removed to New-York, and was electthat the house of Braganza had ceased to reign.ed to the legislature in 1789, and also a senator The regent immediately sailed for the Brazils, to congress. He represented the United States and reached Rio Janeiro in safety. In March, 1810, he succeeded his mother, as king of Portugal. Though he had somewhat ameliorated the situation of the Brazilians, the government continued despotic, till, in 1820, he took the oath as constitutional sovereign. In July, 1821, he returned to Portugal, and appears to be on the best terms with the cortes, the people, and the new order of things. at the English court from the last year of president Washington's administration to the year 1803, with much honour to himself and his country, when he returned home. In 1813, he was again chosen senator to congress, which office he continued to fill with undiminished esteem and applause. Mr. King in his public life, has displayed a sound mind, and discriminating judgment, and is a profound statesman, civilian, and orator. He has recently been appointed by president Adams, minister to England. JOURDAN, marshal count, an eminent military commander, was born at Limoges, in 1762. He served in the United States in the regiment KNIAZIEWICZ, general, a native of Poland, of Auxerrois, from the age of 16 to the close of who first distinguished himself in the gallant the revolutionary contest. In 1793 he command-struggles made by the Poles, in 1794, to exed the army of the North, and defeated the pel their Russian tyrants. He commanded, unprince of Saxe Cobourg, and compelled him to der Zajonczek, at the combat of Gulkow; and abandon the blockade of Maubeuge. At the at the fatal battle of Macejorrice, he seconded head of the army of the Moselle, in 1794, he de- Kosciusco with the utmost intrepidity and intelfeated the allies, under Cobourg, and the entire ligence. As second in command of the Polish conquest of the Netherlands was the conse-legions in the French service, he repeatedly disquence. As a member of the council of Five tinguished himself, and afterwards, at the head Hundred, in 1797, he manifested a decidedly re- of the Polish legion on the Rhine, he contributed publican spirit, and was soon chosen president his services to the gaining of the victory of Hoof the council. In July, 1800, he was sent as henlinden. Napoleon, in 1803, sent him the administrator to Piedmont, and by his judicious decoration of a commander of the legion of hogovernment did himself much honour. In 1803, nour, and he has since been a lieutenant-general he was at the head of the army of Italy, and, in in the army of Poland. 1804, was appointed marshal and grand officer KONOVNITZIN, lieutenant-general in the of the legion of honour. After this he was sent Russian service, born in 1764. He was employinto Spain with Joseph Buonaparte, as his ma-ed in the war against Sweden, and, in 1812, jor-general and military counsellor. He assented fought gallantly at Witepsk, at Smolensko, at to the return of the Bourbons, was created a Borodino, and at Krasnoi; and was rewarded knight of St. Louis, and in 1819, became a mem- with the cross of several orders ber of the house of peers. 恶 K LABILLARDIERE, M., a native of Alencon, KEAN, Edmund, an actor, born in London, and eminent as a botanist. His enthusiasm has in 1787. As an actor, Mr. Kean's talents and led him to visit many parts of Europe, Asia, and powers rank him among the first of his profes-America; and on returning from one of his exsion. But a late trial has rendered the infamy peditions abroad, he found himself in possession of his character as conspicuous as are his talents of a herbal of four thousand plants, three-fourths as a performer. It is said, notwithstanding the of which were new discoveries. He has pubdisgrace in which he left the stage in this coun-lished the most ample collection of the plants try, in 1822, that he is about making the United of New Holland, that has appeared States another visit. LABRADOR, Don Pedro Gomez, formerly KEMBLE, Charles, an actor of great merit minister of Charles IV. at the court of Florence. as a tragedian, and one of the first comic actors, By invitation of Ferdinand VII., he accompa nied him to Bayonne, where he held a confer-ots. One is that I may serve in your army, the ence with Champagny relative to the proposals other, that I receive no pay." He was immeoffered by Napoleon for the acceptance of Fer-diately received into the family of Washington, dinand. Don Petro attended Ferdinand in his and congress in July following, tendered him a exile, and on his return to Spain, in 1814, that commission of major-general. Soon after, learnprince nominated him counsellor of state, asing the embarrassments of the army, he gave well as ambassador to France, and his repre- Washington 60,000 francs (about 11000 dollars) sentative at the congress of Vienna; in all which to procure supplies; by which generous act, situations, he distinguished himself by his diplo-Washington was so affected, that he embraced matic talents. Lafayette with tears of joy and affection. At LACEPEDE, count, a distinguished natu- the battle of Brandywine, the marquis exhibited ralist, and a pupil of Daubenton and Buffon. He full evidence of his bravery and military charis also a politician. In 1796, he was appointed acter, and in this bloody contest was wounded. a member of the National Institute, and in 1799, After his recovery he joined general Green, in Napoleon called him to the conservative senate, New-Jersey, and was at the head of 2000 men, of which he became president, in 1801. He whom he had formed, clothed, armed, equipped afterwards was a member of the grand council and disciplined himself. He was afterwards of administration, and was soon chosen presi-actively employed in different parts of the coundent of the senate. He accepted the dignity of try, till 1779, when he returned to France, his peer of France offered to him by Napoleon, object to obtain assistance for his adopted counwhich was confirmed by Louis, in 1819. He bas published many works, among which is an edition of the "Works of Buffon," with notes, a Biography of the Author, and a Discourse on the progress of the Natural Sciences, by himself. LA CHATRE, the duke de, was born in Berry, about 1750. He accompanied Louis XVIII. in his exile from France, and was his particular confidant. In 1805, Louis nominated him his agent at the court of England, where he remained after the restoration of the Bourbons, with the title of French ambassador. The duke returned to France in 1816, and in 1817, was appointed a member of the chamber of peers. LACROIX, M. Sylvester, is considered in all respects, the ablest mathematician in Europe, and his publications are numerous and valuable. In 1782, he was appointed professor of mathematics in the naval academy of Rochefort, and also a member of the French Institute, and of the legion of honour, in 1799. try. In this he succeeded, and in May, 1780, he returned with the joyful intelligence, that a French fleet and army would soon arrive on our coast. He immediately resumed his command, and in the campaigns of 1780 and 1781, he displayed the most consummate generalship in preserving his little army, then opposed to lord Cornwallis, till the siege of that general at Yorktown, where, collected and undismayed, he shared largely in the honours of the day. In November, 1781, the contest in which he had been so nobly engaged, drawing near a completion, Lafayette signified his intention of re turning to his country. After the conclusion of peace, in August, 1784, general Lafayette again visited the United States, and several of the larger cities, in some of which the freedom of the city was presented him; he returned to France, in December following. General Lafayette was a member of the Assembly of Notables at Versailles, in 1787, and LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottier, marquis de, in 1789 he was elected a member of the States was born on the 6th of September, 1757, at the General, made president of that assembly, and Chateau de Chavagnac, in the department of commandant of the national guards. In this Haute Loire, and was the inheritor of a princely capacity, his influence was exerted in favour fortune, and descended from distinguished ances- of lenient measures; and he did much to pretors. At seven years of age, he entered the vent the mob of Paris from running into those College of Louis le Grande, at Paris, and com- horrid excesses, which were afterwards commenced his literary education. Here the lovely mitted. He acted a conspicuous part on the but ill-fated Antoinette, the late queen of France, day the constitution was adopted, and soon after took him under her immediate patronage, and resigned his command. In 1792, he was called at a very early age, he rose to the rank of all again into service; but on that memorable day, commissioned officer in the king's guards. In the 10th of August, when the royal family fled 1774, he married the countess de Noilles. At to the national assembly for safety, he opposed nineteen years of age, he sailed for America, the fury of the mob, was deprived of command, and landed on the shores of South Carolina. a price was set on his head, and he was obliged This illustrious friend had become an advocate to fly his country for safety. He was thrown of the colonies, and felt all that ardour in the into prison by the king of Prussia, and aftercause of liberty, which has not deserted him in wards chained and imprisoned by the emperor maturer years. Lafayette had watched atten- of Austria in the citadel at Olmutz. His estate tively the momentous controversy between was confiscated. In prison, he was subjected Great Britain and her oppressed subjects, and to the most barbarous treatment, and frequently resolved to make any sacrifice in their cause. threatened with an ignominious death. Great He made known his intention to Dr. Franklin, exertions were made to obtain his liberation then our commissioner in France, who laid be-without effect, until, in 1797, in settling terms of fore him the disastrous state of the country. peace with Austria, Buonaparte expressly stipu"The more hopeless your cause," said he, "the lated that Lafayette should be set at liberty, and more occasion is there for my assistance, the in 1799, after the overthrow of the French direcmore honour shall I acquire by bestowing it."tory, he returned to France, and settled at La He immediately equipped a vessel for this en- Grange, about 40 miles from Paris. Previous to terprise at his own expense, and severing the Buonaparte's first abdication, he was elected to ties which would have detained him in his na-the chamber of deputies, and there proposed a tive country, he sailed for the United States. vote of permanent session, which was passed, and Arrived at Philadelphia, he presented himself in consequence, the emperor found himself under before cougress. "I am come," said he, "to the necessity of abdicating the throne. From request two favours of this assemblage of patri-that period to the time of his embarkation for the United States, with the exception of his the popular side at the commencement of the LANCASTER, Joseph, famous as the inventor, and successful promulgator of a new system of instruction. He was born in England, in 1771, was bred and still maintains the habits and manners of a quaker. Disappointed in his expectations in his native country, he left England in disgust, and came to the United States about 1817, where his famne procured him friends, and his industry rendered him useful. He has recently gone to South America, where, under the liberal patronage of Bolivar, his prospects of success are most flattering. LAHARPE, general, was, in the early part of his life, a barrister in his native province, the Pays de Vaud. He was invited to Russia by Paul I., where the emperor Alexander was his pupil. Afterwards, while a resident of LAPLACE, marquis, a geometrician of high France, he was commissioned by the executive celebrity, was born in 1749. He was president directory of Switzerland to prepare that country of the conservative senate in 1803, and in 1814, for a revolution, which he accomplished by gave his vote for the dethronement of Napoleon, means of writings and proclamations, with so for which the king gave him the title of a peer. much zeal and activity, that he was presented M. Laplace, holds the first rank among French with a gold medal by the new government, to mathematicians, and, in his "Exposition of the express the gratitude of the Pays de Vaud. Hap-System of the World," he has powerfully conpening to be at Paris during the eventful year tributed to advance the boundaries of a science 1814, Alexander decorated him with the orders that has so often employed the industry of the of Russia, and gave him the rank of general in most profound geniuses of the world. his army. He is now in retirement in Switzerland. LASCASAS, count de, is descended from an ancient Spanish family, and is distinguished as LALLY TOLLENDAL, marquis, was born the faithful and spirited friend of Napoleon, at Paris, 1751. In 1789, he was one of the whom he accompanied to St. Helena, and who, most popular members of the constituent as-during his reign, loaded Lascasas with favours. sembly, and supported the famous declaration Lascasas has published a Narrative of his Resiof the rights of man, that was proposed by La-dence at St. Helena, and also, under the name fayette. In 1792, he exerted himself with ener-of Lesage, "A Historical and Geographical gy in defence of Louis XVI., and since the re-Atlas." storation, has been a member of the privy LAVALETTE, count, was born in 1769, at council of Louis XVIII.. Paris, of obscure parents. To Baudelocque he LAMARQUE, count, was born at St. Sever, was indebted for a superior education. He was in 1770. At the head of two hundred grenadestined for the church, but, having finished his diers, he marched against Fontarabia, and by a education, he studied the law. But the revolumasterly coup-de-main, he took the place, de- tion interrupted his pursuits. As an officer in fended by eighty pieces of cannon, and made the national guards, in August, 1792, be edeaone thousand eight hundred men prisoners. In voured to defend the palace of the Thuilleries; 1801, he was made general of brigade, and dis afterwards he enrolled himself in the legion of tinguished himself at the battle of Hohenlinden. the Alps, and served in the army of the Rhine, After this, he took the island of Caprea from and that of Italy, with such distinction, that the English, was at the battle of Wagram, Buonaparte made him his aid-de-camp, and enwhere he had four horses killed under him; he trusted him with his secret correspondence. He served in Russia, and in Spain, in 1812, and in gave him madamoiselle Beauharnois, the niece 1814, was created a knight of St. Louis. After of his wife, Josephine, in marriage, to draw the the return of Louis XVIII., he took refuge in ties of attachment closer between them. LavaBrussels, and afterwards passed into Austria. lette accompanied Buonaparte to Egypt, and LAMETH, count, Alexander de, a knight of after the establishment of the consulship, was Malta, was born in France, in 1757, and as aid-appointed postmaster-general and counsellor of de camp to general Rochambeau, served in the state; he was subsequently made a count, and revolutionary war of this country, with great a commander of the legion of honour. For the zeal and energy. In 1789, he was a deputy to extraordinary vigilance and activity of his meadhe States General from Peronne, and embraced sures to accelerate he progress of Napoleon, E on his return from Elba, he was created a peer to the estates of Parma, Placentia,and Guastalla, of France. But on the return of the king, he but obtained only the principality of Lucca, of was brought to trial, as an accomplice of Napo- which she took possession in 1817. M leon, and condemned to death. He, however,| escaped from prison in disguise, by the assistance of his fe, and fled to Munich, where he has since found an asylum and powerful friends. MACANZA, Uon Pedro, a peculating minisMadame Lavalette was cruelly retained some ter, descended from an ancient Irish family, and time in prison, having been accemary to the was born about 1760. He rose rapidly into the escape of her husband; a treatment which dis-favour of Ferdinand, who appointed him miordered her senses, and she has since been anister of grace and justice. To him is attribuconfirmed lunatic. ted the crime of having been the principal LAWRENCE, sir Thomas, the successor of prompter of ine monarch to destroy the liberties sir Benjamin West, as president of the Royal of Spain. He issued the edict prohibiting the Academy at London, is now about fifty-eight extles who espoused the cause of Joseph from years of age, and was born at Bath. He first be-entering the peninsula, and afterwards com came distinguished by his portraits of the Kem-menced the persecution of the patriots. But he ble family, and in a few years he began to ob was soon discovered to have been guilty of the tain the highest patronage, and no exhibition grossest bribery and corruption, and he was was considered complete or interesting, without thrown into prison, from which, after two years, some of his pictures. The personal character he was allowed to retire to an estate in Castile. of sir Thomas Lawrence accords with his pro-where he now lives, despised by all parties. fessional talents, and he possesses much native MADALINSKI, general, the patriotic Pole, modesty, and suavity of manners. He is painter who had the honour of being the first to raise to George IV. the standard of liberty against the Russians, in LEOPOLD, prince of Saxe Cobourg Saalfeld, 1794. He had long held a secret correspondence was born in 1790, and entered into the Austrian with Kosciusco, and, when the order was giv army, where he distinguished himself on seve-en for disbanding the Polish army, he collectral occasions, and attained the rank of lieute-ed his regiment of seven hundred men, denant-colonel. He visited England in 1814, in the feated the scattered Russian detachments, and suite of the sovereigns of Russia and Prussia. succeeded in joining Kosciusco, (who had been The intended marriage between the prince of appointed generalissimo,) at Racow, though pur Orange and the princess of Wales having been sued by seven thousand Russians. He distinbroken off, prince Leopold was the protestant guished himself in several battles, particularly selected to espouse her, and they were married in the defence of Warsaw. He still resides in in 1817. By the preliminaries of their marriage, Poland, beloved and respected by his countrythe prince was entitled to an income of more men. than 266,000 dollars, (beside an outfit to the same MADISON, James. The career of this statesamount,) about 222,000 dollars of which was to man commenced at the close of the revolutiona remain with him in case he survived her. Hery war. When the public mind was chiefly ocwas naturalized by an act of parliament pre-cupied with the formation of a national convious to his marriage, and was appointed a stitution, Mr. Madison vigorously co-operated colonel and field-marshal. The death of the with the principal men of the country, and in princess Charlotte has reduced him to the rank the meeting at Annapolis, and the convention of a commoner, in England. in Philadelphia, he ranked high among the lumi LESLIE, professor of the university of Edin-uaries of the day. He participated in the disburgh, is a native of Scotland, and a profound cussions relative to the constitution, and furnishmathematician and chymist. He has invented ed many able papers for the "Federalist." Afseveral valuable philosophical instruments, has terwards, Mr. Madison was a member of the published several scientific works, and is a con-legislature of Virginia, and subsequently was tributor to the Edinburgh Review. elected to congress, and in both these bodies he LOCKHART, John G., a native of Scotland, was an able advocate for the people. He was was born about the year 1792; he is a lawyer, appointed secretary of state by Mr. Jefferson, and resides at Edinburgh. He is a popular au- and in this capacity displayed much talent as a thor, and is supposed to have written Peter's statesman and logician. Mr. Madison was electLetters, and also a leading writer for Black-ed president in 1809, and was re-elected in 1813. wood's Magazine. Among his best perform-In affairs of state his reserve was habitual; he ances, is Reginald Dalton. About four years seldom yielded to expediency, and his honesty since he married the eldest daughter of sir as a statesman, it is believed, was never doubtWalter Scott. His works, which are numerous, ed. Mr. Madison is a native of Virginia, where are distinguished for masculine and original he now resides, and is about seventy years of talent; but are deficient in elegance and refine-age. ment. He is, however, one of the most eminent MAHMOUD II., sultan or emperor of the writers of the day. Turks, was born in 1784, and succeeded his broLUCCA, the dutchess of, formerly Maria Loui-ther, Mustapha IV., in 1808. At the time he besa, of Bourbon, infanta of Spain, was born at came emperor, troubles and dangers the most Madrid, in 1782. She married Don Louis de appalling,existed in the interior of his dominions, Bourbon, eldest son of the duke of Parma, and while a war with Russia and the Servians, in 1801, by political events, they were called to threatened the dissolution of his empire. He reign over the kingdom of Etruria. In 1803, was compelled to submit to a burdensome peace her husband's death left her regent of that king-with Russia, but by his prudence and energy, dom. Her court became by degrees one of the and the wisdom of his policy, he successively most brilliant in Europe. But, in 1807, the king reduced to obedience the pachas of Romelia of Spain having ceded her kingdom to Napoleon, Widdin, Bagdad, Damascus, and the beys of she retired to the court of her father. She as-Egypt; released the city of Mecca from the Waserted before the congress of Vienna, her rights habees, and conquered the Servians. But his |