The

prevailed, soon slew a man who was as useless | has compelled the artist to take the most extreme to his fellow-man in the convent as ever he or striking examples; and this has given an had been when resident in the world. His exaggerated or forced expression to the faces. confinement in fact was a swift suicide. Poetical people talk of the soul shining through Consumption seized on this poor boy, for he the eyes; in Mr. Woolnoth's specimens the soul is thrusting itself into every feature. In aiming was still but a boy, and his rigid adherence to the severe discipline of the place only aided to fallen too much into the specialty of common life. at exhibiting actual life, the artist has perhaps develop what a little care might easily have "Pride" is exhibited in the head of a dandychecked. His serge gown clove to the carious looking player, or man upon town; Tyranny" bones which pierced through his diseased is the bald, and rather bloated-looking head of skin. The portions of the body on which he the "principal" of some establishment. immovably lay became gangrened, and nothing artist's gallantry may also seem to suffer fron appears to have been done by way of remedy. this necessity of selecting units; it is doubtless He endured all with patience, and looked owing to this that the ladies represent so many forward to death with a not unaccountable ill qualities. Obstinacy,' 'Cunning,' De"Sauciness," "Aflonging. The "infirmier" bade him be less ceit," "Envy," "Spite, eager in pressing forward to the grave. "Ifectation," and "Irritability," all have female will now pray__God," said the nursing representatives; and " Vanity" probably would brother, "that He will be pleased to save also be feminine, but the head is wanting in our you." "And I," said Alexis, "will ask copy-unless it is supplied by the frontispiece, Him not to heed you." which allegorically attributes vanity to all the Further detail is world. One good quality alone is embodied in hardly necessary; suffice it to say, that a female face, and that- Amiability' is Robert Graham died on the 21st May, 1701, rather a temperament than a virtue. Fie, Mr. little more than six months after he had Woolnoth! and engraver to her majesty too! entered the monastery, and at the early age of twenty-two years. The father and brother also died in France and so ended the Cousins of Montrose.

The great virtue inculcated at La Trappe was obedience. The only means whereby to escape Satan was bodily suffering. Salvation was most surely promised to him who suffered most. Of the one great hope common to all Christians the Trappists of course were not destitute; but that hope seemed not to relieve them of their terrible dread of the Prince of Evil, and his power. There is a good moral in Cuvier's dream, which might have profited these poor men had they but known it. Cuvier once saw, in his sleep, the popular representation of Satun advancing towards hin, and threatening to eat him. "Eat me!" exclaimed the philosopher, as he examined the fiend with the eye of a naturalist, and then added-"Horns! hoofs!-graminivorous!!-need n't be afraid of him!" JOHN DORAN.

99 66

The "faces" and the explanations are accompanied by a species of discourse somewhat after the style of Stevens' Lectures on Heads. These discourses are not very scientific, but they exhibit shrewd con amore observation. - Spectator.

FAMINE IN INDIA. We have famines occurring almost decennially, some of which, within our time, have swept their millions away. In 1833, 50,000 persons perished in the month of September in Lucknow; at Khanpoor, 1200 died of want; and 500,000l. sterling were subscribed by the bountiful to relieve the destitute. In Guntoor, 150,000 human beings, 74,000 bullocks, 159,000 milch cattle, and 300,000 sheep and goats, died of starvation. Fifty thousand people perished in Marwar; and in the North-west Provinces, 500,000 human lives are supposed to have been lost. The living preyed upon the dead; mothers devoured their children; and the human imagination could scarcely picture the scenes of horror that pervaded the land. In twenty months' time, 1,500,000 persons must have died of hunger or of its immediate conscquences. The direct pecuniary loss occasioned Facts and Faces; or, the Mutual Connexion to government by this single visitation exceeded a sum which would have between Linear and Mental Portraiture Morally 5,000,000l. sterling. Considered, and Pictorially Illustrated by a Series gone far to avert the calamity from which it arose, of Twenty-four Graphic Heads of all the Disposi-had it been expended in constructing thoroughtions of the Mind, &c. By Thomas Woolmoth, fures to connect the interior with the sen-coast, or districts where scarcity prevailed with those Esq., Engraver in Ordinary to the Queen, &c. Mr. Woolnoth the engraver has been deliver- where human food was to be had in abundance; ing a series of lectures on physiognomy at various or on canals to bear forth to the soil, thirsty and institutions, and has published their substance barren for want of moisture, the unbounded in this volume. The expense, however, has un-supplies our rivers carry to the ocean. fortunately limited his specimens to one repre- bay Times. sentation of each quality, instead of the varied illustrations that accompanied the oral exposition. The selection of the most "graphic heads," to exhibit "all the dispositions of the mind,"

Bom

THE same people who can deny others everything are famous for denying themselves nothing.

From the United Service Magazine.

what is termed, in the language of diplomacy,

THE TURKISH QUESTION, AND ITS CON- a protectorate, when it has for its chief a

NEXION WITH EUROPEAN POLITICS.

BY CAPTAIN SPENCER.

Czar, or a Kaiser; we also know how frequently the peace of the world has been disturbed in consequence of the unjust partition of Poland, and the equally unjust decree of a Vienna Congress, which transferred Italy and various other countries to the rule of foreign despots with whom the people had no syınpathy of race or tradition.

THE Turkish question, which has so long occupied the attention of the political world, seems to have at length resolved itself into one of those entangled difficulties that appear to defy every attempt to unravel; mixed up As it has ever been our aim neither to disas it is in a greater or less degree with the rel-tort nor exaggerate such facts as may be ative position of every country in Europe, in involved in the subjects we discuss, we regret diplomatic parlance, the equitable adjustment that we cannot coincide with some of our of the balance of power is involved in the de- contemporaries in holding up the government cision. Up to the present time, whatever of the Sultan as an example of liberality and promised to renew the spirit of vitality-tolerance to the civilized sovereigns of Europe. to revive the decaying embers of Turkish It is true a material change for the better rule has been tried and failed; and now an has taken place in the administrative system, announcement so startling, and so full of por- and the condition of the Rayah has been tentous meaning, as the impending dissolu- ameliorated wherever the executive possessed tion of the Turkish Empire, has excited no the power of enforcing its measures of reform; inconsiderable degree of alarm. This, how-but, unfortunately for the regeneration of the ever, cannot surprise us, when we remember country, there still exists the same impassathat every government interested in the re- ble gulf between the ruler and the ruled, the sult must see, with undisguised apprehension for the future peace of the world, some of the most favored countries of our hemisphere lying open to the grasp of the first invader who might have the hardihood to seize the tempting prize. Yet, in the ordinary course of things, this event might have been anticipated, as the certain fate of every state too feeble to maintain its own independenceof every ruler whose principles of governing ure antagonistic to the wants and wishes of the people over whom he is called to reign.

same hereditary, never-dying hatred between the Christian and the Mahometan, while the majority of the Turks, even the most civilized, exhibit the same determined hostility to reform and all industrial progress, as their barbarous ancestors, the shepherd warriors of Othman. How hopeless, then, is it to expect that such a people will lead the way in the reformation of a country! and it is equally improbable that Christian and Ma hometan will ever blend together in peaceful concord. We all know the bitterness of secA great deal has been already written upon tarian prejudice, and the evils resulting from the Turkish question, and many different it even in the most civilized countries; but opinions expressed by politicians of every how aggravated is the feeling when ignoparty; some recommending a continuance rance and superstitious zeal combine to fan of the old system of propping up the decayed its fury! With so many obstacles to contend fabric; others advising the more plausible, against, the Sultan may issue hatti-sheriff and, as we believe, the safer way of encour-after hatti-sheriff, he may invest Christian nging the development of civilization the and Mahometan with equal rights, he may desire for free institutions among the numer- build churches and endow schools; still the ous races of Christians that now constitute evil remains - the prejudices of creed and the great majority of the subjects of the Ottoman Porte- with a view that they may bo prepared to take their place among the nations when the imbecile empire of the Osmanli shall fall a prey to its own internal weakness. Whatever may be the final issue of events, it gives us the greatest satisfaction to know that no scheme of spoliation or partition in favor of any foreign power will receive the sanction of Great Britain; her governmentment, at least, has pronounced this decision; and we hope, when the hour of trial is come, that no temporizing influences of a Peace Congress will be found to prevail over a resolution of such paramount importance to the best interests of the empire. We have been taught by experience the true meaning of

caste to frustrate the intentions of the most just and equitable government that ever existed. In addition to all this, it must be remembered that, to increase still further the difficulty, the whole machinery of the government is conducted by Mahometans, while the position allowed to the Christians is that of inere helots. Hence it only requires the slightest change in the spirit of the governa return of the reactionary party to their former power in the councils of the Divan-to see the entire order of things reversed; the Christians again trodden to the earth, their churches again in flames, and the savage fury of Mahometan bigotry let loose against them; for they have no other protection than a weak executive that rules by

expedients, and depends for existence on the | a Kodji-bachis, is sold to the highest bidder, animosity between creeds and races.

We regret that we cannot give a more favorable picture of the state of the Turkish Empire. The crisis may be postponed for a few years, but it must surely come; and, as we have long known this, it would have been a dereliction of duty to our readers, if we did not state what is already familiar to the enemies of Turkey, who, for many years, by means of their agents, have been seeking its overthrow. We therefore trust that the governments of Western Europe, who must be well acquainted with its perils and difficulties, will be prepared to take such active measures as may be deemed necessary to meet the impending evil.

We alluded, in our last number, to the increasing and multiplied difficulties of the Ottoman government, when endeavoring to carry out any salutary work of reform; to the rapid and extraordinary decrease of the Turkish race; to the want of integrity and moral principle in too many of the public employés; to the exhausted state of the treasury; and to the necessity of maintaining large standing armies and garrisons for the fortresses, in a country where an insurrection may break out at any time, either among the non-reforming Mahometans, or the oppressed Christians. All this is most deplorable; the inevitable consequences, as we before observed, of the perpetual hostility of creeds and races-of the decrees of former Sultans, which invested every believer in Mahomet with the power and dignity of a noble, and compelled the unhappy Christian to remain a helot, obliged to submit to spoliation and tyranny, perhaps death, or insure the safety of his head by the payment of a poll-tax.

who, from the moment he is installed in office, has no other thought but how, or by what means, he can enrich himself.

Perhaps it was the difficulty of finding men of incorruptible integrity among the ranks of these travelled Csmanlis, that induced the Sultan to call to his councils the old Mussulman party, prejudiced and ignorant as they are of everything beyond their own contracted world of Islamism, to whose gaucheries in the art of governing may be attributed, in a great measure, the present embarrassments of the Porte; for, however unprincipled and corrupt their predecessors might have been, when money was in the way, they exhibited both tact and skill in their negotiations with the wary politicians of the West. Of this we have convincing proofs in the recent acts of the wilful, ill-judging camarilla now in power, who, after destroying the credit of the country, by ignoring the Turkish loan, despatched an armed force against Montenegro, and that at a time when a spark would have sufficed to arouse the whole Christian population to rebellion. In the one case they excited the enmity of the moneyed interest of Europe (a most dangerous proceeding!), and in the other exposed the nakedness and feebleness of the Turkish Empire to the contemptuous gaze of the whole of Western Europe.

Everything considered, whatever may be the terms upon which the Austro-Montenegro question is settled, we must not delude ourselves with the belief that the storm will be succeeded by a calm; greater perils, we may be assured, will follow, and to provide against them, requires all the sagacity and watchfulness the English statesman can exercise. At the same time, however unwilling we may be In any other country, or under any other to admit the fact, it cannot be denied that government than this, provided the inhabi- Turkey, to all intents and purposes, is polititants were all of the same race, and spoke the cally and morally dead; or at least has only same language, it is possible, in about a cen- so much vitality remaining as may serve to tury, now that a disposition has been shown render her a victim to her powerful and overto reform abuses, that these barbarisms of a bearing neighbors, who might, in her present former age might be remedied; but when we helpless state, extort concessions inconsistent remember that every office, civil or military, with international law and justice, and theredown to the common soldier, is filled by Ma- by compromise the peace of the world. hometans either the half-wild tribes of cannot have forgotten that, only a few years Asia, or the equally savage mountaineers of ago, we were on the eve of a war with France, Bosnia and Albania- we must confess, that respecting Egypt and the Syrian question; we see no hope for the consolidation of the nor that, during the latter years of the reign Turkish Empire, unless the Mahometan is con- of Louis Philippe, we were kept in continual verted to Christianity! or the Rayah becomes alarm by the incessant intrigues of that lover a renegade! Even when the Mahometan has of crooked policy; his aim in Grecce being to received a European education, it is said that carry out his great scheme the foundation it only tends to sharpen his intellect, without of a modern Byzantine empire, and the conimproving his morality, and, when he returns version of the Mediterranean, the Dardanelles, to office, he exhibits a more than ordinary the Bosphorus, and the Adriatic into French degree of rapacity, at the expense of his master and the people committed to his charge. We cannot be surprised at this, as every appointment, from that of Pacha down to

We

lakes! A scheme which nearly turned the heads of the Greeks, and made them, at the time, the most bitter enemies of England.

France has at all times proved herself a

slippery ally, where her own advantage is concerned; and were it not for so many opposing interests in Eastern Europe, we would rather rely, for the preservation of peace, on the prudence and good faith of the Emperor of Russia; knowing, as we do, that in virtue of his character of Slavonian Prince, and Protector of the Greek religion, he could at any time, by encouraging a revolt among the Christians, sweep away the Turks and their Koran from the whole of Eastern Europe, during the course of a summer's campaign. Perhaps he 'bides his time, knowing that if this indolent, incorrigible race are left undis turbed, they will allow him to win his game without opposition; at all events, whatever fate may be reserved for the Christian population of Turkey, no form of government, or ruler, can be worse than that which has for so many centuries oppressed them. But whether it is probable that so many millions of thinking men, with all their prejudices of race, religion, and tradition, will tamely submit to be transferred, like a bale of goods, to the rule of a foreign prince, even though that prince should be the Czar of all the Russias, is a question we shall discuss hereafter.

among the nations, and preserve, each in their proper sphere, the equilibrium of power, indicating to the statesman interested in the result, the line of policy to be pursued in those provinces of Turkey in Europe, where the inhabitants are united by race, religion, and language, and who, were it not for the jealousy of foreign powers, and rival interests, would be certain to work out their redemption from the thraldom of a Mahometan ruler; whereas these powers, in the vain attempt to preserve the integrity of the Turkish Empire, became accessory to the ruin and depopulation of some of the finest countries in Europe.

Perhaps the world never before witnessed an age in which so many cross purposes and conflicting interests were attempted to be reconciled as the present; as if we had entered into a new state of existence, that was to have nothing in common with the past. At what other epoch did the rulers of men pursue a retrograde movement, while the people were, at the same time, voluntarily and vigorously rushing forward, breaking down those barriers that oppose their advance the institutions of the past-and trampling alike on their hereditary chiefs, their priests, and their church, The truth is, Turkey has been long suffer- when adverse to their wishes for a more ening under the protracted agonies of impend- lightened form of government? The same ing dissolution, and although, in a political spirit of innovation on the customs and tradipoint or view, we may regret the vast acquisitions of former ages, now so active among the tions of territory obtained by Russia, in consequence of her various disputes with the Ottoman Porte, humanity compels us to acknowledge that it was a happy change for the people. The same observation is applicable to the other tribes and races, either Servians, Greeks, Moldavians, Wallachians, or Egyptians; who, since their emancipation from the rule of the Porte, have all, whether well or ill governed, made rupid advances in civilization, industry, and commercial prosperity.

How impossible is it to fathom the ways of Providence! England, when she destroyed the naval force of Turkey, at Navarino, and France, when she seized possession of Algeria, were equally instrumental, with Russia, in hastening the downfall of a power that had so long been one of the greatest scourges ever inflicted upon a Christian people. Notwithstanding that, in the one case, the act was most impolitic, with reference to our interests in the Levant, and, in the other, contrary to all justice and international law; subsequent events have proved that the world has been benefited, as new states have been called into existence, whose industry, and the growing wants of the inhabitants, have added to the general welfare of every other country, by giving an impulse to trade and commerce, those great levers of civilization and enlightenment. Besides, young and vigorous communities have been reared up, to take their place

inhabitants of the civilized West, has at length found an entrance into the benighted East, where we find tribes and races, who, little more than half a century ago, were living in a state of semi-barbarism, now pushing resolutely onward in the great march of improvement, everywhere affording unmistakable evidence that the crumbling edifice of timeworn absolutism is approaching its downfall; and if princes will not lead the movement, they must be prepared to meet the violence of the torrent when it has once burst the bounds that confine it. The multitude of political refugees, from every part of Europe, seeking concealment on the mountain-top, or in the secluded glen, detailing their misfortunes, and enlisting the sympathy of their hearers, has been, in a great measure, the cause of this change of feeling; to which may be added the multiplied facilities of railway communication, and the increased intelligence of travellers of all classes, everywhere disseminating their ideas, and rendering the simple villager still more discontented with his lot, and which must increase each succeeding year.

We have a practical illustration of this in the sudden change that has so recently taken place in the minds of the inhabitants of those vast countries of Eastern Europe, peopled by the Slavonian race, so long held in leadingstrings by the Emperor of Russia, who, after spending millions of money in moulding them, as he thought, to his exclusive interests, finds

visions, should ever unite, and be led by an ambitious chieftain, no power either in Europe or Asia could effectually oppose them."

himself, at the moment he expected to realize his ambitious projects, in the same position as the German philosopher that created the demon, trembling before the work of his own hands. Surely Peter I. must have been acquainted This unexpected result has been produced by with this opinion of the learned Greek, when the circumstance, that Panslavisni has become he conceived the project of uniting the whole divided into two hostile camps, the one Rus- race under the banner of Russia; and how sian and despotic in its tendencies, and the well his successors have followed the counsel other federal and democratic; in consequence given to them by their great ancestor, is of which, the balance of power among this shown by the fact that, at the present moment, numerous and energetic race is now oscillating upwards of fifty millions of this race acknowlbetween despotism and civil and religious free-edge the Czar as their only spiritual and temdom; one of those singular and unexpected poral chief. events, which sometimes occur in the political life of a people, and baffle the calculations of the most astute and sagacious politician. Thanks, therefore, to the provident care of Austria and Russia, here we have a people fully and politically educated, to fill up the void which the Turk will indubitably leave in Eastern Europe.

In order to make our readers acquainted with this political movement of young Slavonia, we must conduct them to the home of that section of the Slavonian race subject to the rule of Austria and Turkey, and slightly glance at their political and social condition; and, although the vision of our Western politicians does not usually extend so far, yet, of all the great families of Europe, there is none in the present day more deserving the attention of the diplomatist and the statesman; because, let it be remembered, this race is bound by the same ties of kindred tradition, and, for the most part, religion.

Previous to the French revolution of 1830, the agents of Russia, however active they might have been in performing their Panslavistic missions among their brethren of Austria and Turkey, while pretending to seek for materials to complete the history of the Slavonian race, made but little progress except among the inhabitants of towns and cities. But at a later period, when the republicanism of France and Germany threatened the subversion of monarchy, and the discontent of the Italians and the Poles broke forth into insurrection, and the Hungarians agitated for a more liberal system of government; as a safety-valve from such imminent danger, recommended, we presume, by Russia, the Slavonians were suddenly elevated to great favor with the cabinet of Vienna - a people who form more than one half of the numerical strength of the Austrian empire; and, to show the paternal care of the emperor for their welfare, elementary schools and universities were everywhere established for the education of this long-neglected race, to which was added an intellectual and scientific press, also fostered by imperial care.

According to the accounts of well-informed German Russian writers, the various nationalities of the Slavonian race may be computed, at a moderate calculation, to be about a hundred millions, in different stages of civiliza- Thus flattered and encouraged above every tion; and to unite these under the sceptre of other nationality in the Austrian Empire, the Russia has been the unceasing effort of every Slavonians made rapid strides in civilization, Czar, from the time of the first Peter down to and were not only promoted to some of the the present day. To describe the social life most important offices, both civil and military, of a people who occupy such an immense ex-but, as professors at their universities, became tent of territory, from the Frozen Ocean to central Asia, and subject to different princes, would be scarcely possible; still, however ignorant, however divided from each other, or domiciliated among other nations, the different tribes may be, they preserve their language, traditions, customs, and manners-in short, their national characteristics - so that a Slavonian of Turkey or China immediately recognizes his brother Slavonian, even though a native of the fur-distant regions of the North. Robust and vigorous, brave and enterprising, they form, in the present day, the best soldiers in the armies of Austria, Prussia, and Turkey.

-

famous for their learning, eloquence, and the deep research they displayed in elucidating their own early history, which had been hitherto little known or cared for by their rulers, the Germans and the Hungarians. A host of these fiery zealots, after having been tutored and paid by the state, and animated with all the animosities and jealousies of race, were despatched to all the Slavonian provinces of Hungary, where they might be heard preaching Panslavism, and exciting the hatred of their brethren against their old tyrants and conquerors, the Huns. However much we may feel inclined to condemn the iniquitous policy of the cabinet of Vienna, in exciting "the prejudices of race among nationalities, which for so many centuries had lived in peace, still we must rejoice in the intellectual and moral improvement of so large a portion

If this mighty and numerous people," said Thucydides, possessing in themselves all the elements of greatness and conquest, but now powerless through their mutual di