transactions take place, we constantly see six lectures having begun, on Wednesday, with

Horace and Juvenal. Point, brilliant fancy, and a thoroughly literary tone in both matter and manner, were the characteristics.

All sorts and conditions of men, from the

that something must be sacrificed, or some inconvenience incurred, in order to guard against possible default. Were there, on the contrary, unlimited confidence between man and man, no bargain or barter, great or small, king to the hangman, in turn exercise the satiric tending to mutual advantage and convenience, faculty; which assimilates now to the lightwould ever be prevented; and all such ar- rocket in which the wood is apt to preponderate, ning, now to the nettle or broom, to the warrangements would be conducted on a footing and even to the scintillations struck from flint of the utmost economy. We cannot doubt by the hoof of an ass. Mr. Hannay follows Cathat the general happiness of society would saubon in holding to an indigenous origin thus be greatly increased. Even those tran- among the Romans for satire-both the word scendental blessings which are dreamed of by and the thing; and we are founded in this rethe votaries of Socialism, what is to prevent spect on the Romans; whom we must not retheir being realized but the one little unfor- gard as merely a military nation with a peculiar tunate fact, that men are not yet prepared to conformation of nose. Horace, the first proact upon perfectly upright and unselfish prin- fessed Latin satirist of whom more than fragciples? They require to put all their indus- ments exist, was worldly, self-conscious, rather trial operations into the form of a conflict, too fond of good dinners, and the munditiæ of rendering themselves at the best good-humored and could laugh at a Stoic, with his notion that Pyrrha's hair. He was quite a conservative, enemies to each other, and entailing frightful the virtuous cobbler is the supreme of men. Was misexpenditure of means, simply because no one can entirely trust his fellows. If men were disposed each to do his utmost for the commonwealth, not caring for special benefits to himself, it might quite well be that the -enjoyments of all would be increased, and earth rendered only a lower heaven. But how to bring them to this disposition-and how to keep them at it!

he a poet intrinsically? It would appear that he did not write his Carmina from an impulse of nature; they derive from the Greek. Not to speak disrespectfully, Horace was a miraculous Italian image-boy. Profundity of sentiment is the true test of a poet. Horace was on rather good terms with the society he satirizes, but was perfectly free from cant. He would with the utmost complacency have dined with the NasiAs all the losses, inconveniences, drawbacks, denus whom he ridicules. For all this, he may shortcomings of expected good, and miserable be conjectured to have been a homely little man failures and disappointments experienced in in the main. Juvenal lived in a monstrous life from these causes, are capable of being with a tropical glare and miasma, worthy of period; a period that looms through history viewed in a positive aspect, it does not seem qualities in its satirist much higher than wit. at all unreasonable to speak of them as form- Earnestness and heartiness of scorn belong to ing an Iniquity Tax. There is, it may be Juvenal; he was a brawny fighting-man, the said, an Excise from the happiness of us all, champion of old Rome. Horace was scarcely through the operation of our moral deficiencies ever angry; he saw the ludicrous side of things, and misdoings, although it is not possible to and made society his standard; Juvenal is alstate in any one instance its exact amount. ways looking for something or somebody to lash; It is very hard that the faithful here suffer for as he says of himself, he laughs and hates. He the unfaithful, the wise for the foolish, the is more pictorial; has flashes of fancy, gleams sober for the profligate; but that is only of poetic pathos, wit, manliness, and energy. accordant with the great law of society The qualities of Swift, Hogarth, and Gray, would that we are all more or less compromised for go towards making a Juvenal; those of Addison, each other. The Iniquity Tax may be viewed Chesterfield, Wortley Montague, Campbell, and very much as we view what are called War second was a man of the world, philosophy, and Washington Irving, towards a Horace. Taxes. As these are strong reasons for main-moderation; the first a fiery reformer, whose taining peace, so is the Iniquity Tax a power- words are the genuine utterance of emotion. ful motive for our doing whatever is in our Horace's "nil admirari" doctrine implied that power to improve the national integrity and he could look at the stars with no vulgar dread, advance truthfulness in all things. An im- at common life with no contempt; and was as proved civilization is an improved economy, lofty a principle, perhaps, as a man of the world with increased blessings for us all. can get out of nature. The tone of our existing society is more Horatian than consonant with that of our own Elizabethan ancestors. Juvenal had a deeper laugh than Horace — something of Sa- a prophetic wail, more touching than any polite smile; he possessed a moral superiority. When the time for a base system to fall has come, the handwriting of both these men is on the wall. Spectator, 18 June.

MR. HANNAY ON SATIRIC LITERATURE. tirical literature, from the time of the Romans to our own days, is the theme on which Mr. Hannay addresses his audience at the Institution in Edwards street, Portman Square; the course of

The

CONTENTS.

9. Russia and Turkey England's Interest in their Dispute, Examiner and Spectator, 558 10. Bayle St. John's Turks in Europe,

POETRY: The Infant Kiss-To the Author of "The Plaint of Freedom," 513.

SHORT ARTICLES: The Etymology of Stonehenge, 513; Literary Piracy, 514; The Naturalist Squallanzani, 532; Cowper, 536; Meaning of Worth, 541; Adjustment of our System President Taylor, 549.

NEW BOOKS: Infidelity: its Cause and Cure, 576.

Or to behold a stonage, taste a spaw,
Or with some subtle artist to conferre.
G. Tooke's "Belides," p. 11.

stantive, then the adjectival or qualifying element takes the first place; he would, therefore, have us believe that Stonehenge cannot mean the hanging stone, the pierres pendues of Wace. Further, he says that the Hence we may understand how our older rule above stated admits of one exception, and authorities generally write the name Stonethis is, that when the qualifying element is a henges. Each of the trilithons was, strictly proper name it may take the last place, as speaking, a stonage; and the entire monuPort-Patrick, Fort-William, &c. But here ment might either be called the Stonages, we must remind Mr. Herbert that such com- or, if the word were used in its collective pound terms as Port-Patrick, &c., are in-sense, the Stonage. Stonehengest can only stances of a Norman idiom which affected our sides the word hang-e, there seems to have be a clerical blunder for Stonehenges. Belanguage only from the fourteenth century, been another word which did not take the while Stonehenge is clearly an English com

pound. Its elements are English; it may be final vowel, and from which the Germans traced to the twelfth century; we cannot, got their vor-hang, a curtain, and we the therefore, give to Stonehenge the meaning word Ston-heng in Robert of Gloucester. Mr. Herbert assigns to it. (154.)

Some reviewer in the "Quarterly" of last September "conceives that henge is a mere termination of the genitive or adjectival kind, such as Mr. Kemble has given a list of in one of his papers for the Philological Society," the absurdity of which "conception" is too glaring to need exposure.

Arst was the kyng y heryed, er he myghte come

thero

Withinne the place of the Stonheng, that he lette

rere.

Bee

This word hang is used in Norfolk for, first, a crop of fruit, i. e., that which is pendant The true etymology is the one which tradi- from the boughs; secondly, a declivity. tion has handed down to us. In many of the Forby. It enters into the west of England, Gothic languages words are found closely re- stake-hang; the east (Sussex), herring-hang sembling henge, and signifying something the place in which herrings are hung on suspended, as a shelf, a curtain, an ear-ring, sticks to dry. Hardyng calls the trilithons &c., as brot-hänge, G. shelves to hang bread at Stonehenge, or, perhaps we might more on; quirke hänge, a frame to dry curds and correctly say their imposts, Stonehengles, in cheese upon; thal-hänge, the steep side of a which hengle or hengel is nothing but a derivvalley; òr-hùnge, Sw., an ear-ring. In the ative of hang; and, like its primitive, means south or west of England you may hear in something that is suspended. In some parts any butcher's shop of the "head and hinge" of the north of England the iron bar over the of certain animals the head with some porfire on which the caldron is hung is, with its tions of the animal thence dependent. In appurtenances, called the Hangles. Another the Glossary of the "Exmoor Scolding" we word, scallenge, may be noticed. It is used find "Hange or hanje, the purtenance of any in the west of England for the lych-gate, creature, joined by the gullet to the head, often found at the entrance of our churchand hanging together, viz., the lights, heart, yards. The Dutch call a slate, schalie; in and liver." These are only other applica- our old English dialect we find it called tions of the word which appears in the final skalye; a construction which supported a roof element of Stonehenge, where henge signifies formed of slates may have been called a scallthe impost, which is suspended on the two henge. uprights. And in this signification it is used in our literature. Stukeley tells us he has been informed that in a certain locality in Yorkshire certain natural rocks were called Stonehenge. Again, "Herein they imitated, or rather emulated, the Israelites, who being delivered from the Egyptians, and having trampled the Red Sea and Jordan (opposing them) under their feet, did, by God's command, erect a stonage of twelve stones," &c. (Gibbons. A fool's bolt soon shot at Stonehenge.) Nares gives-"Would not everybody say to him, we know the stonage at Gilgal." (Leslie.)

- As who with skill

And knowingly his journey manage will,
Doth often from the beaten road withdraw,

LITERARY piracy is extending from American publishers to American authors, as Messrs. Ingram and Cooke have learned to their cost. how to get, how to keep, and how to use it," Reprinting an American work entitled "Money; they found themselves pounced upon by the English publisher of Mr. Henry Taylor's works, from which the American writer (?) of the book had filched a quantity of matter, and quietly incorporated it with his own lucubrations. English publishers must be careful how they reprint American books, or they may be becoming receivers of stolen goods. Messrs. Ingram and Cooke have had to cancel the leaves containing the matter stolen from Mr. Taylor, and to make public acknowledgment of the whole transaction. - Critic.

From Chambers' Repository.

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, FOUNDER OF THE
COLONY OF VIRGINIA.

To see bright honor sparkled all in gore,
Would steel a spirit that ne'er fought before;

And that's the height of Fame, when our best blood
Is nobly spilt in actions great and good :
So thou hast taught the world to purchase Fame,
Rearing thy story on a glorious frame;
And such foundation doth thy merits make it,
As all detraction's rage shall never shake it.

BRIAN O'ROURKE.

ONE of the most agreeable duties of literature is that of doing justice to neglected merit. We seem, when thus engaged, to be imitating one of the functions of Providence. History, however, is often unjust; because, while taking care of the reputation of a few favorite characters, and blazoning forth the pomp and pageantry of the world, it refuses to bestow adequate notice on men who deserved perhaps to act a prominent part on the stage of public business, but were condemned by circumstances to consume their energies in an obscure course of action, and among individuals altogether incapable of appreciating their great qualities.

alludes in a copy of verses addressed to the
great adventurer:

Two greatest shires of England did thee bear
Renowned Yorkshire, Gaunt styled Lancashire.

His parents died when he was about thirteen years of age, leaving him in comparatively affluent circumstances, but under the care of guardians, who would appear to have neglected his education, made away with his property, and inspired him with disgust for the tranquillity of a domestic life. The love of roaming, however, and a thirst for the excitement of war, seemed to have pervaded the whole British population. Swarms of restless spirits constantly quitted their homes in search of fortune or glory, and too frequently found obscure graves in distant lands. Recent discoveries appeared to have enlarged the limits of the universe - golden visions of power and fortune dazzled the imagination of the whole civilized world men thought of nothing but the planting of colonies and the founding of empires-everything seemed possible to a strong hand and a sharp sword and it was not until age and experience The career and fate of John Smith very had taught their saddening lessons, that the strikingly illustrate the truth of this observa-intrepid visionaries relinquished their hopes, tion. Few men in any age or country were and returned, perhaps to end their days in ever engaged in more surprising adventures, dreary obscurity by their paternal firesides. or exhibited greater fertility of resources, or Defoe had, in all likelihood, carefully studbore up against evil fortune with a braver ied the history of John Smith before he spirit. Truth in his story is so extraordinary planned his romance of Robinson Crusoe. and startling, that the boldest fiction would At all events, the descendant of the Smiths scarcely dare to imitate it. What happened and the Rickards bore a strong resemblance to him would suffice to impart interest to the to that renowned personage, and at a very lives of a hundred romantic adventurers. early age forined the design of running away Fortune seemed to lavish all her choicest from home, and going, as the phrase is, to caprices in her dealings with him. By land sea. In order to check this disposition, he and sea, in war and peace, in freedom and was, at the age of fifteen, apprenticed to a captivity, in the decaying civilization of the merchant of Lynn; but not finding a tall Old World, in the fresh and fierce savagery stool and a desk at all suited to his taste, of the New, in the depths of poverty, in the John took French leave of his master, and elevation of honor and power he gave proof accompanied Mr. Peregrine Berty to the conof being equal to all conditions. He was an tinent. His youth, probably, stood someEnglishman in the finest sense of the word. what in his way on this occasion. His paNothing could subdue his intrepid courage; trons soon found out, it seems, that they could nothing could corrupt his principles. In make no use of him, and, therefore, in the every situation, he seems to have had the course of a month or six weeks, dismissed glory of his country at heart; and contrived him, very much chop-fallen; but the indeat length, through many dangers and diffi- fatigable John was not to be discouraged. culties, to connect his name with the history He had evidently made his guardians uncom of the United States-a history which, in fortable; and in order to rid themselves of proportion as it is studied and understood, what, no doubt, they considered a nuisance, will be found, in some of its earliest pages, to they had given him at parting, out of his derive lustre from this humble plebeian name. own estate, the magnificent sum of ten shilJohn Smith was born at Willoughby, in lings, with which he resolved to carve his Lincolnshire, in the year 1579. He is care- fortunes in the world. He repaired, accordful, in his autobiography, to inform us, that ingly, to the Low Countries, where, during his father was descended from the ancient the space of four years, he hacked and hewed, Smiths of Crudley, in Lancashire, and his and performed numerous deeds of gallantry, mother from the Rickards of Great Heck, in which history has perversely passed over in Yorkshire. To this circumstance, Bob Brath- silence wait, one of the minor poets of those times,!

Before entering upon this service, Smith

had met in Paris one David Hume an an- and amused himself with lance and ring. cestor, probably, of the historian-who gave His strange manner of life soon rendered him him letters to his friends in Scotland, with an object of great interest to the whole neigha design of recommending the young adven-borhood. The portly squires and fair dames turer to King James. During his first war- spoke, by their firesides, of the wild soldier like fit, this epistolary wealth lay neglected; who had come thither, surrounded by an atbut growing weary of hard knocks, with lit-mosphere of romance, from beyond sea; and tle corresponding profit, our hero took his through their intervention a companion was leave of the Low Countries, and proceeded to found for him, from whom he probably deScotland. Here he met with much hospi- rived much advantage. This was Teodoro tality, indeed, but found the way to court Polaloga, a noble Italian gentleman, and exclosed against him. He returned, therefore, cellent horseman - rider, as he was called, to Willoughby, in Lincolnshire, where he to the Earl of Lincoln. With this foreigner, gave the neighborhood a taste of his humor, Smith was pleased to converse; and in order not at all calculated to augment his reputation to enjoy his society, he abandoned his pafor prudence. England, to be sure, was in vilion of boughs, and went to reside at Tatthose days a half-savage country, abounding tersall. with woods, morasses, and fells, so that things now impossible were then of daily occurrence. John hit upon a scheme of life which, at the present day perhaps, would be thought Quixotic even on the banks of the Ohio or Missouri.

But so peaceful a course of life soon ceased to have any charms. He longed to be engaged in some great theatre of war, in which he could display his knowledge and valor; and, as the Turks were at that time ravaging Hungary, he formed the design of joining the On first arriving at his native place, the Christian army, and rising to distinction by good folks made a lion of him, and glutted exhibiting his prowess against the infidels. him with too much company, in which, he In the prosecution of this plan, however, he says, he took small delight. He therefore soon showed how little he had profited by the yielded to his solitary instincts, and, instead study of Machiavelli. He might, indeed, of taking lodgings at a milliner's in a first have learned how to draw out a squadron in floor at Willoughby, he retired to a little the field; but in the far more difficult art of woody pasture, a good way from any town, divining the characters of men, and defending environed with many hundred acres of forest. himself from their villany, he was still a Here, by a fair brook, he built a pavilion of child. On board a ship bound for France, boughs, where, to avoid all dealings with he fell in with four adventurers, who, seeing upholsterers, he slept in his clothes. His him elegantly attired, immediately formed a grand object at this time was to make pro- scheme for enriching themselves by his plungress in two studies war and morals; der. One, therefore, pretended to be a nothings extremely little inclined to go together. bleman of high distinction, while the other He therefore pored incessantly over Machia- three agreed to act the part of his attendants. velli and Marcus Aurelius; and thus proba- They undertook to introduce Smith to a bly laid the foundation of that brilliant suc- French duchess, whose husband was at the cess in the field, and that stoical integrity in time commander for the emperor in Hungary. all situations, for which John Smith deserves Our unsuspecting countryman fell easily into to be remembered forever. At the same the snare; while his mind was filled with. time, it must not be concealed that his no- gorgeous visions of military success, to be tion of ethics belonged rather to the savage achieved through the patronage of the French than to the civilized state. He looked upon duke aforesaid, the vessel which bore this the earth as a large domain, bestowed indif- new Cæsar and his fortunes arrived through ferently upon all Adam's children, who might, dark and blustering weather in the roads of without blame, make use freely of what they St. Valery-sur-Somme. Here the pretended found in their way. In other words, John nobleman undertook, with his attendants, indulged a little in poaching-not person- and the captain of the vessel, who was in ally, but by proxy; for he had a man with league with him, to convey ashore Smith's him, who, while he was deep in Marcus baggage, with which, as might have been Aurelius' ethics, or Machiavelli's art of war, foreseen, they instantly decamped. On strolled with bag and fowling-piece about the board were several soldiers, who, to their country, brought home venison, and made credit, resented the injury which had been him savory meats, such as John delighted in. done the Englishman; and one of them, a We should do him great injustice, how-gallant and generous fellow, offered to conever, if we imagined that, in this retirement, duct him, at his own expense, to Montague, he was satisfied with books and venison. He in Normandy, where the relatives of the robhad along with him a fine horse, and when bers resided.

tired of turning over the pages of the Floren- In all this part of France, Smith was retine secretary, he mounted this fiery animal,ceived with great hospitality, and might