for Barillon wrote to Louis XIV. that he had in exile, and, rudely driving before him the received all manner of civility and good treat-eight Irish and French squadrons placed to ment wherever he passed.

Prussia and generalissimo of its armies; in England a duke and peer, and knight of the garter. He everywhere justified the confidence he inspired by the most irreproachable loyalty, by the rare constancy of his opinions, by his courage and military skill, and by all those chivalrous qualities which our modern civilization daily effaces and has not yet replaced.

defend the passage, routed them and formed During the early period of Schomberg's in order of battle. William, witnessing this emigration, passed at Berlin, the Elector had brilliant action, took his army across the river, done everything in his power to attach him to and the combat became general. • Allons, his service. He had named him governor- mes amis,' cried Schomberg, addressing the general of Prussia, minister of state, member refugees, bear in mind your courage und of the privy council in which the princes of your resentment; yonder are your persecutors!' the blood sat, and generalissmo of the Branden- Animated by these words, they impetuously burg troops. Schomberg preferred the great charged and broke the French regiments under interests of Protestantism to these honors and the command of the Duke of Lauzun. But, advantages, and accompanied William of in the heat of pursuit, Schomberg, fighting at Orange to England, to find a glorious death the head of his men, was suddenly surrounded by the waters of Boyne. In Ireland, he by Tyrconnel's guards, and received two proved at once his devotion to the cause he sabre-cuts and a carbine wound. The venerhad embraced and his own disinterestedness. able hero fell, mortally struck, but, with his When the army was in arrear, and no money dying eyes, he looked upon the flight of James forthcoming," Je n'oserais me vanter de rien,' II.'s soldiers. He was eighty-two years of he wrote to the king; but if I had in my age when he thus fell in the flush of victory. hands the hundred thousand pounds sterling Few men have attained, during their lives, to your majesty has done me the grace to bestow greater honors and more flattering distincupon me, I would deliver them, by the person tions. He was Marshal of France; Duke and you might appoint, for the payment of your Grandee in Portugal; Governor-General of army. This sum, which Parliament had voted to him, but which he delicately attributed to royal munificence, was actually employed to pay the troops, and he contented himself with a pension. What wonder that French refugees flocked from all parts of Europe to fight under his glorious banner?" In Ireland, the marshal found himself in much the same position in which Wellington was placed in the Peninsula - compelled to manoeuvre, with inferior forces, in front of a formidable enemy, double his own strength; to avoid a battle, which would have been certain destruction, and patiently to prepare the way for future triumph. a mark, the while, for the attacks of fireside civilians in The Marquis de Ruvigny rendered brilliant England. William's courtiers accused him services, both as a military man and a diploof weakness and indecision. He energetically matist, and William conferred upon him the defended himself. "I confess," he wrote to rank of lieutenant-general and the title of William, "that, but for my profound submis- Earl of Galloway. Whilst his brother found sion to your majesty's orders, I should prefer a glorious death at the Boyne, he fought and the honor of being tolerated near your person, triumphed at Aghrim. "At the battle of to the command of an army in Ireland such Nerwinde, he and his regiment kept at bay, as that I had under my orders in the last almost unsupported, the entire force of the campaign. Had I risked a battle, I should French cavalry. He was made prisoner for a perhaps have lost all you possess in this king- month, but the French officers let him go dom, to say nothing of the consequences in their chiefs affecting not to perceive it, and Scotland, and even in England." The numer- he continued to cover the retreat of the Engous refugees in his army seconded him with lish, fighting like a hero. In 1705, at the greatest vigor. On the banks of the the siege of Badajoz, he lost his right arm, Boyne, at sight of the foe, their ardor was which a cannon-ball carried off as he raised unrestrainable. The following sketch of their it to show General Fagel the spot he intended exploits in that celebrated fight is as spirited to attack. On the 26th June, 1706, he and stirring as if the writer had himself worn entered Madrid at the head of the English basnet and brandished sabre before he donned and Portuguese troops, and proclaimed the professor's gown and ascended the rostrum at the Lycée Bonaparte.

"Count Ménard de Schomberg, son of the Marshal, passed the Boyne, accompanied by his father and by the élite of his companions

"In this same battle La Caillemotte Ruvigny, younger brother of the Marquis of Ruvigny, was mortally wounded. To glory, my children, to glory!' he shouted to his countrymen, as he was carried, covered with blood, past the French Protestant regiments, then marching against the enemy."

Charles III., whilst Philip V. fled before his victorious army. Medals struck at Madrid called the Austrian pretender Catholic King by favor of the heretics." St. Simon reproaches Ruvigny with fighting against his country,

and Louis XIV., after repeatedly notifying minister, was indignant at his obstinacy. his displeasure, which the marquis utterly How could he refuse the honor of being the disregarded, confiscated his property. proselyte of so great a sovereign? Let him In his first book, entitled "The Protestants but adjure, and there was a pension for his in France," Mr. Weiss records, to the honor father, the rank of major-general for himself. of his nation and of humanity, the disinter-" Do you suppose,' added the minister, ested and noble conduct of the French" that the king's religion can be fulse? Would Catholics, who, after aiding the escape of God bless him as he does?""Monseig their persecuted countrymen, became depos- neur,” replied Cavalier, "Mahometanism itaries of their fortune, and faithfully trans- has possessed a great part of the earth. I do mitted it to them in their exile. In London, not judge the designs of God.". "I see that in Amsterdam, in Berlin, many refugees, you are an obstinate Huguenot!" said the when telling the tale of their disasters, spoke minister, and dismissed him. He was sent with deep emotion of those of their fellow- to the fortress of Brissach, in Alsatia. Fearcitizens whose probity and charity had thus ing that it was intended to confine him there, been proof against the prevalent fanaticism. he resolved to quit France, and, on arriving From such probity there were occasional pain- in a wooded country, about three leagues ful and glaring deviations. "Old Ruvigny" from the frontiers, he escaped with a number (the father of the two we have spoken of), of companions, and reached Switzerland, enys St. Simon, in a passage cited by Mr. where he was joined by his principal lieuWeiss," was a friend of Harlay, then attorney- tenants, and by a great many of his former general and afterwards first president, and, followers. He stopped at Lausanne, and confident in his fidelity, he left a deposit in busied himself with the organization of a his hands. Harlay kept it as long as he regiment of volunteers, with which he incould not abuse the trust; but when he saw tended to enter the service of the Duke of the éclat" (the confiscation of young de Savoy, to penetrate into Languedoc, and Ruvigny's property), "he found himself cover the landing of a body of troops from a modestly embarrassed between his friend's Dutch fleet. The French ambassador to the son and his master, to whom he humbly re- Swiss Diet remonstrated, and gave in a vealed his trouble; he pretended that the diplomatic note- very different in style from king already knew of it, and that it was the former imperious mandates of the French Barbezieux who had found it out and told king to foreign powers. Marlborough's vichis majesty. I will not investigate this tories had singularly abated the prestige of secret, but the fact is that he told it himself, the Fourteenth Louis. The Diet, without and that, as a recompense, the king gave deciding anything, handed the note to the him the deposit as conficcated property; and council of Berne, which pretended to expel that this hypocrite of justice, and virtue, and the chiefs of the refugees, most of whom, disinterestedness, did not blush to take it, however, remained hidden in the Canton of and to shut his eyes and cars to the noise his Vaud. Cavalier and his best officers went to perfidy made." Holland, and took service in the Anglo-Dutch army. He received the rank of colonel, and his former soldiers, the famous Camisards, flocked to form his regiment. An unforeseen difficulty then arose. The Anglo-Dutch commissioners required that all the companies should be commanded by gentlemen, whilst Cavalier insisted on selecting his own officers. The commissioners were fain to come to terms with the shepherd of the Gardon, who at last consented that one-half of the officers should be men of noble birth. Thus the captain and lieutenant of each company were taken alternately from amongst the gentlemen and the Camisards. his staff Cavalier admitted none but his mountain warriors, of whose obedience and enthusiasm he was sure, and who had already won him so many triumphs.

Mr. Weiss' book teems with facts that are little known, with characteristic details, and with anecdotes that cannot fail to interest and attract all classes of readers. Before laying aside the chapter relating to England, to take such brief glances as we can permit ourselves at the fate of the refugees in other countries, we may say a few words of a remarkable man, the peasant leader of a Protestant insurrection, which some of the best generals in France were long unable to quell. We speak of Jean Cavalier, the hero of the Cevennes. When Marshal Villars, summoned from Flanders for the purpose, at last brought him to terms, the guerilla chief went to Paris, where the eagerness of the mob to behold him impeded his horse's progress through the streets and scandalized St. Simon. Admitted to the king's presence, the peasant's son dared to justify the insurrection, alleging the cruelties of Montrevel, and claiming the performance of Marshal Villars' promises. The king himself condescended to exhort him to conversion, but in vain. Chamillard, the

"After serving for some time in Italy, Cavalier was sent to Spain. At the memorable battle of Almanza-where Berwick, born English, and become French by a revolution, was opposed to the Marquis of Ruvigny, born a Frenchman, and converted into an

Englishman by persecution - Cavalier's regi- | whose qualities were those of a sailor rather

ment, composed entirely of Protestant refugees, found itself opposed to a Catholic regiment, which had perhaps shared in the pitiless war of the Cevennes. As soon as the two French corps recognized each other, they charged with the bayonet, disdaining to fire, and slew each other with such fury, that, according to Berwick's testimony, not more than three hundred men survived. Cavalier's regiment was but seven hundred strong; and if, as is probable, the Catholic regiment was complete, its almost total destruction was a bloody glorification of Cévenol valor. Marshal Berwick, who had witnessed so many fierce encounters, never spoke of this tragical event without visible emotion.

Notwithstanding the loss of the battle of Almanza, Cavalier received promotion in the English army. He reached the rank of general, was subsequently appointed governor of the island of Jersey, and died at Chelsea in 1740. The valley of Dublin still contains a cometery formerly devoted to the refugees. It was there that were interred his remains, which, by a strange fatality, repose near one of those military colonies founded by William III. upon the soil of Catholic Ireland."

6

than of a soldier. Instead of reconstructing the fort built by his predecessor, and which could not but have revived painful associations in the breasts of the new colonists. he built another near the mouth of the river St. John, and called it Fort Caroline. But, in the following year, the Spaniards seized this Protestant colony, which gave them umbrage; and their chief, Pedro Melendez, having made prisoners of most of the French, huug them to trees, with this inscription: Hung as heretics, and not as Frenchmen.' This tragical event, which was the first act of hostility between two European nations in the New World, excited the liveliest indignation in France. Dominic de Gourgues, a gentleman of Mont-de-Marsan, was so incensed at it that he vowed signal vengeance. He had once been taken prisoner by the Spaniards, when fighting against them in Italy, and had been condemned to the galleys, as a punishment for the obstinate valor with which he had refused to surrender. He was on his way to Spain, when the vessel that bore him was captured by an Algerine corsair. But a ship, manned by knights of Malta, bore down upon the pirate, and the captives, who were about to be reduced to slavery, were restored About the middle of the sixteenth century, to liberty. Since that day, the outraged gentleAdmiral Coligny, in presence of the disfavor man had turned sea-rover, and had largely shown to the Huguenots, and with a pre- compensated himself, at the cost of the sentiment, perhaps, of coming catastrophes, Spaniards, for his losses and injuries. On conceived the bold idea of forming a vast his return to his native country, he learned Protestant colony in America, which would the crime perpetrated by Melendez. serve as a refuge for the persecuted members of the reformed church. In 1555, a knight of Malta, Durand de Villegagnon, sailed from Havre, by Coligny's directions, in command of two vessels full of emigrants. They reached the coast of Brazil, ascended to the Rio Janeiro and built a fort. But disunion grew up amongst them; they had gone out insufficiently provided; they dispersed; some perished, others returned to France. A second attempt, also under Coligny's auspices; to found a Protestant colony-this time in Florida had no better result. A fort was built, called Fort Charles, in honor of the King of France, and garrisoned by a Captain Albert and twenty-five soldiers. It was the first citadel in North America over which the flag of a civilized nation had floated, and it was the scene of a mutiny, provoked by Captain Albert's despotism. That officer was killed, and the colony was broken up and abandoned.

He

instantly sold his patrimony, and, assisted by two of his friends, he equipped three vessels in the port of Bordeaux, enlisted two hundred men, and sailed for America in 1567. Upon his arrival at his destination, he won, by costly presents, the good-will of the Indians, and prevailed on them to join him against the Spaniards, whom he attacked by surprise, making a great slaughter of them. Then, using cruel reprisals, he hung his prisoners, affixing to them the inscription:

Hung as assassins, and not as Spaniards.' This revenge taken, he returned to France, where a price had just been set upon his head by his Catholic Majesty, with the courteous permission of the most Christian king; and the noble gentleman, who had sacrificed his fortune and exposed his life to revenge the insult offered to his country, was long compelled to concealment to avoid the scaffold."

Although the French Protestants failed in establishing a refuge in America, they largely "These two checks did not discourage Co- availed themselves, a century later, of that ligny. Taking advantage of the reestablish- presented to them by the twelve flourishing ment of peace in France, and of a temporary colonies which the English had then founded return of royal favor, he again solicited in the New World. Some years before the Charles IX., and obtained from him three revocation of the Edict of Nantes, numerous ships, whose command he gave to René Lau-fugitives, chiefly from the western provinces donnière, a man of rare intelligence, but of France, sought an asylum in English

sary for Bossuet; of Jurieu, ardent, fiery, and energetic; and of Jacques Saurin. This last, the most brilliant orator of the Refuge,* was of a generation subsequent to the others, and belonged to the second period of the emigration. Born at Nismes, in 1677, he followed his father to Geneva, and quitted his studies, at the age of fifteen, to enter a regiment raised by the Marquis de Ruvigny, for the service of the Duke of Savoy. When that prince detached himself from the coalition against Louis XIV., Saurin returned to Geneva, completed his studies, and had scarcely taken orders when he was named minister of the French Protestant church in London. He took Tillotson for his model, and, by so doing, perfected the admirable talents nature had bestowed upon him. In 1705, he went to the Hague, where he preached with immense success at the church of the French nobles, to which he had been appointed. The Dutch, as well as the French, flocked to hear him. Mr. Weiss quotes passages from some of his discourses masterpieces of fervid eloquence. We will translate a short extract from one-a magnificent and exulting invective levelled at Louis XIV., then humbled and bowed down by the disasters of Blenheim and Ramillies. The style is Latin rather than French, and its vividness and power lose nothing by that.

waters, or hewn down by the swords of our soldiers, or trampled by the feet of our horses, or loaded with our chains. Here are whole provinces submitted to our obedience. Here our generous warriors covered with the most beauteous laurels that ever met our view. Here is this fatal power which had risen to the sky-behold, it totters, it fails! My brethren, let these events teach us wisdom. Let us not estimate by our ideas the conduct of God, but learn to respect the profoundness of His providence."

"One cannot read," remarks Mr. Weiss, "without a feeling of bitter sadness, this eloquent invective of a Frenchman alienated from his native land, and rejoicing in its reverses. The sadness, doubtless, for the hard lot of the persecuted Protestants; the bitterness and indignation for the tyranny that had extinguished in their breasts the last spark of patriotism.

We draw to a close. In the short concluding chapter, already referred to and quoted from, Mr. Weiss takes a general view of the influence exercised by the refugees in foreign countries, and of the consequences to France of the edict of revocation amongst which he especially dwells upon the weakening of the kingdom and the progress of scepticism. Bayle, addressing himself, in 1685, to the persecuting party, told them that their tri"I see him at first," said Saurin, "equal- umphs were those of deism rather than of ling-what do I say?-surpassing the superb- the true faith, and that the cruelties and vioest potentates, arrived at a point of elevation lence committed during six or seven hundred which astonishes the universal world, numer-years, in the name of the Catholic church, ous in his family, victorious in his armies, had led men to infidelity. "As Bayle had extended in his limits. I see places con- predicted, sceptics and scoffers gathered all quered, battles won, all the blows aimed at the fruits of the apparent victory of Catholihis throne serving but to strengthen it. I see cism. The eighteenth century behield the an idolatrous court exalting him above men, growth of a generation which rejected Chrisabove heroes, and equalling him with God tianity because it hated intolerance, and himself. I see all parts of the universe over-recognized no authority but that of reason. run by his troops, our frontiers menaced, re- Protestants, whom dragoons had dragged to ligion tottering, and the Protestant world at the term of its ruin. At sight of these storms, I await but the last blow that shall upset the church, and I exclaim -0, skiff beaten by the tempest! art thou about to be swallowed up by the waves?

"Behold the Divinity, who discovers the arm of His holiness,t who comes forth from the bosom of chaos, who confounds us by the miracles of His love, after having confounded us by the darkness of His providence. Here, in the space of two campaigns, are more than one hundred thousand enemies buried in the

"The word Refuge, applied to the whole body of the refugees in the various countries which served them as an asylum, is not, we are aware, a French word. We borrow it from those expatriated writers whom a new position more than once compelled to create new words." Note by Mr. Weiss. Preface, vol. i., p. x.

† Isaiah lii. 10.

the altar, revenged themselves thus, perhaps, for their compelled submission. Strange to say, the two brothers Condillac and Mably, who so powerfully contributed to shake a despotic church and monarchy, were grandsons of a gentleman of Dauphiny, converted by the soldiers of St. Ruth. Reviving philosophical and social theories which the seventeenth century had left in the shade, and placing, the first, intelligence in matter, the second, all sovereignty in the people, they sapped the bases of religion and royalty. These principles, popularized by Diderot and Rousseau, triumphed upon the day appointed by divine wrath. The throne was upset, the altar broken, and society disappeared in a frightful tempest. Who shall say that the Revolution of 1789 might not have taken another course, and have remained pure of the greater part of the crimes and excesses that sullied it, had France possessed the nu