princess felt little more for him, and still less famous La Rochefoucauld. This lady wrote the memoirs of the princess from materials furnished by her royal highness, and thus she portrays the delicate position of Louis le Grand and Henrietta d'Angleterre : "Madame entered into close intimacy with the Countess of Soissons, and no longer thought of pleasing the king, but as a sister-in-law. I think, however, that she pleased him after another fashion; but I imagine that she fancied that the king himself was agreeable to her merely as a brother-in-law, when he was probably something more; but, however, as they were both infinitely amiable, and both born with dispositions inclined to gallantry, and that they met daily for purposes of amusement and festivity, it was clear to everybody that they felt for one another that sentiment which is generally the forerunner of passionate love." The fugitive princess had scarcely reached Paris when Henrietta Maria resolved to undo what Dr. Burnet had so well done at Exeter, and to convert Henrietta Anne to Romanism. Father Gamache attempted the same with Lady Morton, but as the latter, though she listened, would not yield, the logical Jesuit pronounced her death by fever, many years subsequently, to be the award of Heaven for Madame," as she was now called, became her obduracy! He found metal far more the idol of a court that loved wit and beauty, ductile in the youthful daughter of the King and was not particular on the score of moralof England. For her especial use he wrote ity. All the men adored her; and the king, to three heavy octavo volumes, entitled "Exer- the scandal of his mother (Anne of Austria), cises d'une Ame Royale,' and probably was chief among the worshippers. Her thought that the desired conversion was ac- nemoirs have been briefly and rapidly written complished less by the bonbons of the court by her intimate friend, Madame de La Fayette.' than the reasoning of the confessor. The latter was an authoress of repute, and the The royal exiles lived in a splendid misery." ami de cœur," to use a soft term, of the They were so magnificently lodged and so pitiably cared for, that they are said to have often lain together in bed at the Louvre during a winter's day, in order to keep themselves warm; no fuel having been provided for them, and they lacking money to procure it. They experienced more comfort in the asylum afforded them in the convent of St. Maria de Chaillot. Here Henrietta Anne grew up a graceful child, the delight of every one save Louis XIV., who hated her mortally, until the time came when he could only love her criminally. Mother and daughter visited England in the autumn of the year of the Restoration. Pepys has left a graphic outline of both. "The queen a very little, plain old woman, and nothing more in her presence, in any respect, nor garbe, than any ordinary woman. The Princess Henrietta is very pretty, but much below my expectation; and her dressing of herself, with her haire frized short up to her eares, did make her seem so much the less to me. But my wife standing near her with two or three black patches on, and well-dressed, did seem to me much handsomer than she." Death, as I have before stated, marred the festivities. Love mingled with both and Buckingham, who had been sighing at the feet of Mary, Princess of Orange, now stood pouring unutterable nothings into the ear of her sister, Henrietta Anne. When the latter, with her mother, embarked at Calais on this royal visit to England, they spent two days in reaching Dover. On their return they went on board at Portsmouth, but storms drove them back to port, and the princess was attacked by measles while on the sea. Buckingham, in his character of lover, attended her to Havre, displaying an outrageous extravagance of grief. Philippe, the handsome, effeminate, and unprincipled Duke of Orleans, her affianced husband, met her at the last-named port, and tended her with as inuch or as little assiduity as man could show who never knew what it was to feel a pure affection for any woman in the world. The two "Monsieur," became jealous, the queen-mothers censorious, the court delighted spectators, and the lovers perplexed. To conceal the criminal fact, the poor La Valière was selected that the king might make love to the latter, and so give rise to the belief that in the new love the old had been forgotten.t But Louis fell in love with La Valière too, after his fashion, and soon visited her in state, preceded by drums and trumpets. "Madame" was piqued, and took revenge or consolation in receiving the aspirations of the Count de Guiche. "Monsieur" quarrelled with the latter, confusion ensued, and the ancient queens by their intrigues made the confusion worse confounded. Not that they were re A new and highly improved edition of these Memoirs has just appeared in Paris. It bears the title of "Histoire de Madame Henrietto d'Angleterro, premiere femme de Philippe de France, Duc d'Orleans." Par Madame de La Fayette. Publiée par Feu A. Bazin. It is a most amusing piece of "caquet.' rietta to conceal his passion for La Valière; but, + Burnet says that the king made love to Henconsidering how he paid court to the latter, this is not very likely. 66 sponsible for all the confusion. How could referring to himself and Henrietta, which was they be, since they only misruled in an im- probably only invented to exasperate the husbroglio wherein the king loved La Valière, the band of the latter against her. There is probaMarquis de Marsillac loved Madame, Madame bly more truth in the report that the young loved the Count de Guiche, Monsieur affected Duke of Monmouth gazed on her with a gallant to love Madame de Valentinois, who loved M. assurance that met no rebuke. A few days de Peguilon, and Madame de Soissons, beloved afterwards, on the 29th June, 1670, she was by the king, loved the Marquis de Vardes, well and joyous with Philippe, no participator whom, however, she readily surrendered to in her joy, at St. Cloud. In the evening she Madame," in exchange for, or as auxiliary showed some symptoms of faintness, but the to, Monsieur de Guiche? and this chain of heat was intense; a glass of chicory water loves is, after all, only a few links in a net- was offered to her, of which she drank; and work that would require a volume to unravel, she immediately complained of being grievously and even then would not be worth the trouble ill. Her conviction was that she was poisoned, expended on it. They who would learn the and very little was done either to persuade her erotic history of the day, may consult the of the contrary, or to cure her. The agony memoirs by Madame de La Fayette. The she suffered would have slain a giant. Amid story is like a Spanish comedy, full of intrigue, it all she gently reproached her husband for deception, stilted sentiment, and the smallest his want of affection for her, and deposed to possible quantity of principle. There are her own fidelity! The court gathered round dark passages, stolen meetings, unblushing her bed; Louis came and talked religiously; avowals, angry husbands who are not a jot his consort also came, accompanied by a poor better than the seducers against whom their guard of honor, and the royal concubines came righteous indignation is directed, and compla- too escorted by little armies! Burnet says cent priests who utter a low "Oh, fie!" and that her last words were, "Adieu Treville," absolve magnificent sinners who may help addressed to an old lover, who was so affected them to scarlet hats and the dignity of Emi- by them that he turned monk- for a short nence. The chaos of immorality seemed come time. Bossuet received her last breath, and again. "Madame" changed her adorers, and made her funeral oration; of the speaker and was continually renewing the jealousy of of the oration in question, Vinet says: "Since "Monsieur;" but she in some sort pacified him this great man was obliged to flatter, I am by deiguing to receive at her table the very glad that he has done it here with so "ladies" whom he mostly delighted to honor. little art, that we may be allowed to think The lives of the whole parties were passed in that adulation was not natural to his bold and the unlimited indulgence of pleasant sins, and vigorous genius." The oration could do as in gayly paying for their absolution from the little good to her reputation, as the dedication consequences! Old lovers were occasionally to her, by Racine, of his "Andromaque,' exiled to make room for new ones, or out of could do to her glory. As to her ultimate vengeance, but the "commerce d'amour" fate, it was difficult even at the time to prove never ceased in the brilliant court of Louis le that she was poisoned. The chicory water Grand. was thrown away, and the vessel which contained it had been cleansed before it could be examined. There were deponents ready to swear that the body betrayed evidences of poison, and others that no traces of it were to be discovered. All present protested innocence, while one is said to have confidentially confessed to the king, on promise of pardon, that he had been expressly engaged in compassing the catastrophe. No wonder, amid the conflicting testimony, that Temple, who had been dispatched from London to inquire into the affair, could only oracularly resolve that there There was scarcely an individual in that court who might not, when dying, have said what Lord Muskerry said, as that exemplary individual lay on his death-bed "Well, I have nothing wherewith to reproach myself, for I never denied myself anything!" At length, in 1670, Henrietta once more visited England. It was against the consent of her husband. She had that of the king; and her mission was to arrange matters with her brother, Charles II., to establish Romanism in England, and to induce him to become the pensioned ally of France! To further her purpose she brought in her train the beautiful Louise de Querouaille. This was a "vrai trait de génie." Charles took the lady and the money, and doubly sold himself and country to France. He made a Duchess (of Portsmouth) of the French concubine, and Louis added a Gallic title to heighten the splendor of her infamy, and that of the mon: arch who, for her and filthy lucre, had sold his very soul. There was some horrible story * The funeral oration contained the following gions (he was speaking of the royal vaults at St. passage: "She must descend to those gloomy reDenis), with those annihilated kings and princes among whom we can scarcely find room to place her, so crowded are the ranks." When the body of the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV., was deposited in these vaults, in 1778, it was remarked with a Sermon sous Louis XIV.," that the royal vault vague terror," as Bungener says in his "Un. was entirely full. There was literally no place for Louis XVI. in the tomb of his ancestors. was more in the matter than he cared to talk about, and that at all events Charles had better be silent, as he was too powerless to resent the alleged crime. And so ended the last of the daughters of Charles Stuart, all of whom died young, or died suddenly and none but the infant Anne happily. At the hour of the death of Henrietta there stood weeping by her side her fair young daughter, Maria Louisa. The child was eight years of age, and Montague, on that very day, had been painting her portrait. In the year 1688, that child, who had risen to the dignity of Queen of Spain, and was renowned for her beauty, wit, and vivacity, was presented by an attendant with a cup of milk. She drank the draught and died. Thus was extinguished the female line descended from Charles. Their mother, Henrietta Maria, left her heart to the Nuns of the Visitation, to whose good-keeping James II. left his own, and confided that of his daughter, Louisa Maria. The heart of the king was finally transferred to the chapel of the English Benedictines in the Faubourg St. Jacques. During the Revolution, the insurrectionists of the day shivered to pieces the urn in which it was contained, and trod the heart into dust upon the floor of the chapel. They did as much to the royal hearts enshrined at the "Visitation." The very dust of the sons and the daughters of Stuart was again an abomination in the eyes of democracy. J. DORAN. From the Economist. PLEURO-PNEUMONIA: INOCULATION. THE numerous and disastrous losses which the keepers of neat stock have sustained within the last ten years from the comparatively modern disease, pleuro-pneumonia, have induced great efforts towards the discovery of prevention and cure. Hitherto the disease Again, the too rapid feeding of beasts put up in low condition has frequently been deemed the original cause of its appearance. But, however first induced, this much appears to be certain, that it always goes through a yard, even early and great precaution to separate the diseased animals from the rest commonly proving ineffectual. But merely wet weather does not seem to produce it, for, notwithstanding the fearful quantity of rain which has fallen during the past autumn and winter and the current spring, the cattle in all our rural districts are reported to have been unusually free from pleuro-pneumonia. On the continent the disease is more prevalent than in this country, where it is generally regarded as an importation. Recently, Dr. Willems, a Belgian physician, has announced that he has discovered the means of greatly reducing the mortality from pleuro-pneumonia, if not of entirely arresting its progress, by inoculating healthy animals with matter from the lungs of one that has died of the disease; and very extensive experiments have been made to test the reality of the remedy. Professor Simonds, of the Veterinary College, having been deputed by the Royal Agricultural Society to investigate the supposed discovery, and having visited Belgium and made extensive inquiries on the subject, has made his report, from which it appears that the prevention of pleuro-pneumonia by inoculation is, to say the least, doubtful. He thus states some experiments he saw in Belgium: At the Veterinary School of Brussels I found eight cows under experiment, they having been inoculated fifteen days prior to my visit with some serous fluid taken from the lung of an animal which had died of pleuro-pneumonia. The operation, which had been performed by Dr. Willems, was undertaken by the direction of the government, who had sent the animals to the school that the effects of the inoculation might be daily watched by the professors. The puncoculation) presented a very healthy condition, tures made in their tail (the usual place of inand it was evident that a few more days would suffice to complete the healing process. mals were feeding well; and, with one exception, a cow having a sloughing ulcer of about three inches diameter on the ischium, they appeared to be in health. This ulcer was described to be an effect of the inoculation in the tail, the system of the animal being thereby impregnated with morbific matter, and which, in numerous instances, I may here remark, produces far more serious results than were observed in this particular case. These animals, when reported to The ani has proved very intractable, the cases of cure from a serious attack being comparatively rare. The symptoms are, for the most part, similar to those of violent inflammation of the lungs; but bleeding, the ordinary remedy for inflammatory attacks, seems to be in pleuropneumonia worse than useless, generally inducing a speedy and fatal termination. General opinion regards the disease as infectious, and most cattle-keepers who have suffered from its ravages trace its introduction into their herds and yards to some recently purchased and apparently infected animal. In other instances damp and ill-be in a fit state, were to be sent to various parts ventilated yards and houses would seem, in under the disease in its different stages. From of the country and mingled with others laboring certain states of the atmosphere, to have Brussels I proceeded to Hasselt, and had an ingenerated this plague; while over-driving terview with Dr. Willems. The town, which is and exposure in fair or market have, probably, the capital of the province of Limborough, is been the predisposing causes in many cases. situated on the confines of the great marshy dis from the disease; and while inoculated animals placed amongst a diseased herd are stated to have escaped, there have also been others, non-inoculated cattle, in the same situation, which have been equally exempt. Dr. Willems does not admit a single failure of inoculation, but from other persons Mr. Simonds received very contradictory accounts. To himself, none of the operations ho wit nessed appeared to be satisfactory. trict of Holland. The land around it is remark- it must be regarded as a new fact in mediably flat, and on one side only is under the cine.' And he mentions that in 1757, Dr. plough, being on the other divided by ditches Layard, a celebrated physician of that day, into meadow and pasture grounds. During the wrote an essay recommending the inoculation last sixteen years it is said never to have been of cattle to prevent deaths from a destructive free from pleuro-pneumonia, and in this time malady which then prevailed in this country. hundreds of animals have died within it. It is a Some distillers in Hasselt who objected to place full of distilleries, and contains from 1,400 to 1,500 cattle in the summer, and upwards of inoculation had their cattle sheds quite free 2,000 in the winter; the animals being fed on the refuse grains, &c., and, when fat, sent to the market. From the situation, want of drainage, and accumulation of the filth of the town itself, added to the system of feeding the cattle, the kinds of food, neglect of ventilation of the sheds, and removal of the dung, &c., Hasselt may be considered as the very centre and focus of a disease like pleuro-pneumonia. The cattle also of the farmers in the neighborhood are, in general, very poor and badly provided for, and the sheds they inhabit dirty in the extreme thus secondary causes, as predisponents to the disease, are in full operation, both within and without the town. The malady is believed to have had its origin from some peculiar contamination of the atmosphere, and to have extended from Germany to Holland and Belgium in 1828. Its introduction, however, into Hasselt in 1836 is ascribed by Dr. Willems to some diseased animals purchased by a cattle-dealer in Flanders, and which subsequently came into the possession of his father and also of M. Platel, distillers in the town. With regard to the local indications of a successful inoculation, although I witnessed many operations performed by Dr. Willems, and inspected the parts at different intervals afterwards, I saw none which, to me, were satisfactory. Unhealthy inflammation, ulceration, sloughing, and gangrene, were far too frequently the results of the operation. The punctures are made very deep, with a double-edged scalpel, which is thrust through the skin, and moved from side to side to allow the two or three drops of fluid used for the inoculation to penetrate to the bottom of the wound. Surgical and scientific principles certainly did not rule in these operaDr. Willems' father keeps about 80 cows mode of procedure I am unable to say, but to tions. What the effects may be of a different and oxen in the summer and from 100 to 120 establish the value of inoculation further experiin the winter, tied up in sheds and fed on ments should be adopted. Another point of the grains, &c., the refuse of the distillery. When first consequence is susceptibility to reinoculefat, the animals are sold and their places tion. It is said, by the advocates of the system, supplied by new purchases; and, since 1836, that susceptibility is entirely destroyed by the he estimates his annual loss from pleuro- first inoculation; and among other animals which pneumonia at fully ten per cent. In 1850, I was shown by Dr. Willems were two cows beDr. Willems having failed to arrest the longing to his father, that had been operated upon disease by medical treatment, tried inocula- fifteen months, and which, he assured me, he tion as an experiment, and has convinced had reïnoculated three or four times, and in each himself of its success. The practice, too, is instance without success. Capability of transbecoming general throughout the kingdom. mitting "the virus" from animal to animal, by A Dr. De Saive has also been extensively en- original source of the inoculating material, is what is technically called removes from the gaged in inoculating cattle in Rhenish Prussia, also another very important question. The lymph but with such ill-success that the Prussian of the vaccine disease, small pox, &c., is made government has ordered inoculation to be milder and safer for use by these removes; and discontinued. The Belgian government, how-supposing the truth of the system of inoculating ever, takes a lively interest in the subject, cattle, as a preventive of pleuro-pneumonia, to and has instituted a series of experiments, be established, it is of the first importance that which probably ere long will decide the question as to the value of the practice of inoculation. The disease produced by inoculation is said to be local only, and not to affect the lungs, the seat of the natural distemper. About two per cent.," says Mr. Simonds, "of the inoculated animals die, while a far greater proportion suffer from ulcerative and gangrenous inflammation of their tails, not withstanding which the lungs, the local seat of the natural disease, we are assured, never suffer. If experience proves this to be true, a safe as well as an efficacious material should be employed. We are told that these problems are solved, and that experience has confirmed the truth of the conclusions; but, at the least, I can tice of the inoculators does not bear out their affirm from my own observations that the pracassertions, nor is it conducted as though these things were known. Dr. Willems says he has carried "the virus" through five removes, and that no deaths and fewer casualties arise from the operations made with the product of such inoculations; and yet, strange as it may appear, he unhesitatingly as serts that he prefers the original exudations from the diseased lung. Nay, of this I had plenty of proof, as upwards of thirty newly-purchased animals were allowed to remain uninoculated for upwards of a week, until he could obtain some fluid directly from the affected lungs of an aniinal destroyed by the malady. Another instance of the same kind was afforded me two days before leaving Belgium, when I accompanied M. Willems from Hasselt to the Veterinary School of Brussels, where eight cows sent by the government, in addition to those before mentioned, were waiting his operations. On the morning of our arrival a cow had died of pleuro-pneumonia, from which he inoculated these animals, and reïnoculated two of those I had seen at my first visit. I have spoken of the tail as the part selected for the introduction of the virus; it is necessary to add that the extremity of the organ is chosen, so that amputation may be resorted to in those cases where mortification supervenes upon the inoculation - thus affording the animal a chance of recovery at the expense of this member of its body. It is, however, by no means unfrequent that amputation fails to arrest the progress of mortification. The matter employed in inoculation does not exceed two or three drops, and the serious consequences often ensuing are very remarkable. Mr. Simonds says: From the Economist. HORSE AND OX LABOR. THE discussion of the comparative efficiency of horse or ox labor in agricultural work has lately been revived by a writer in the North British Agriculturist. Practically, the farmers in all the improved districts have decided the question in favor of horses. They are recommended by their superior activity, especially for carting and road work. But it is by no means clear that, upon heavy soils, where the farmer wants in certain seasons and at some periods of the year to command a much larger motive power than he requires to keep constantly in use, ox labor might not, to a certain extent at all events, be advantageously employed. Besides, in the districts where ox labor is most employed, the ox has scarcely fair play given him when put in competition with the horse, for he is usually scantily fed while at work and sold off to be fattened almost as soon as he arrives at mature age. An experienced English agriculturist, who has lately returned from a two years' sojourn in South Australia, tells us that nothing there struck him more than the magnificent ox-teams of most of the opulent settlers. He says that he never before had The material is evidently morbific in the ex-formed any adequate notion of the immense treme, and probably is either dead or possesses power of oxen when well fed, and kept exso small an amount of vitality when used that it clusively with a view to their working power. soon dies, and as such gives rise to chemical action, ending in the speedy destruction of the They are kept there in work as long as they tissues, more particularly in so lowly an organ-horses in this country, and they usually conare fit for labor, just as we keep our farm ized part as the tail. In very many cases, even when ulceration or mortification does not occur, the inflammatory action runs so high and the tail enlarges so much, that deep incisions, some three or four inches long, have to be made to give relief to the engorged tissues. These untoward results do not probably occur in more than twelve or fifteen cases in every hundred, but they show how important it is to adopt means to procure a milder and safer material for inoculation than that obtained directly from the lungs. Cases of this kind invariably produce great constitutional disturbance and consequent emaciation, and call for long-continued medical treatment. At the commencement of these experiments some persons inoculated in the dewlap, and the effects were far more destructive than those I have described. In one instance in particular, the exudations of a gangrenous lung being employed on eighteen animals, twelve out of the number died. tinue to be worked until the age of 15 or 16 years. At from 7 to 12 years of age they are in their prime, and the size and power of such animals is such as we have no conception of from any ox-teams we see in England. Our informant says, that, when in the neighborhood of Adelaide, he has often stood and gazed with surprise and admiration at the ox-teams of some wealthy settler bringing in from the country districts enormous loads of wool for exportation. Their high condition, great size, often varied colors-though red is the prevalent color-and prodigious horns, form altogether a spectacle of rural power and beauty not to be surpassed. And this we believe to be the right method of using ox labor in this country, viz., to treat him solely as a working beast; for by the ordinary system of working oxen for a few years, and then just With the aid of several members of the when they have become useful and powerful Royal Agricultural Society, Mr. Simonds is workers to feed them for the butcher, is a about to undertake experiments in this coun- costly plan of making beef, and an ineffective try, in order to test the value of inoculation mode of executing furm work. In fact, before as a preventive of pleuro-pneumonia. Ap- an ox attains the age of five years, when he pended to the report is a series of questions just begins to be useful as a working beast, he to be circulated amongst agriculturists with ought, if the shambles be his destiny, to have a view to collect facts relating to this disease been converted into beef at least one or two and the circumstances of its occurrence. years. To produce meat profitably the ox |