entity, unanimous, an ice, a nice, an ocean, a notion, an oyster, an uncle, an aunt, a niece, an ink-bottle, a numbskull,-When lightning and dread thunder rend stubborn rocks asunder, and monarchs die with wonder-What news do you know?

ng in gang, king, length, bank, being, bringing, robin, robbing, chapping, chopping, anguish, concourse, banquet, anxiety, reading, writing, dancing and singing,-Being all deserving of strong consideration.

1 in all, marl, earl, love, isle, loins, lively, lovely, helm, castle, axle, grovel, able, liberty, looming,-We cast one longing, lingering look behind-Explain, exclaim and explode-The heavily-laden load loomed up.

y in yawn, yell, he, hear, ye, year, you, use, youthful, useful, million, Asia, studios,-Also u in duke, tune, new, Tuesday,―The new tune suits the duke-Youth with ill-humor is odious.

r in raw, wrap, fry, bray, pray, grope, dray, tray, shrill, shriek, throw, raiment, rampart, wrestle, christian, rural, around, erect, rebel, dreading, dredging, memorandum, remuneration, repetition,The grunting groom groaned grossly at the glittering robe-Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear-The armed rhinoceros Rend with tremendous sound your ears asunder, with gun, drum, trumpet, blunderbus and thunder.

r in fir, cur, nor, bur, err, hire, core, pure, terse, force, marsh, scarf, dark, card, garb, learn, pearl, hearth, swerve, pardon, mercy, virtue, mortgage, commerce, debar, appear, expire, demure,-What man dare I dare-I hear thee near, I start and fear.

b in bab, barb, babe, bib, bulb, embark, babboon, abrogate, fabulous, ebony, liberty, barbarous, barbican.

p in pap, pate, pet, pipe, pope, pippin, proper, topple, puritan, papacy, populous.

b and p in Where boundless rest that borders boundless love abides in bliss of bounty absolute-The north-sea bubble put the public in a hubbub-Here piles of pins extend their shining rows, puffs, powders, patches, bibles, billet-doux-Abuse the city's best good men in meter, and laugh at peers that put their trust in Peter. v or ph, f, in vat. vain, pave, weave, hive, void, ravel, heaven, even, given, vivid, votive, Stephen, twelve, of.

f or ph, gh, in far, for, fry, deaf, calf, laugh, tough, phrase, phial, profit, deafen, roughen, soften, epitaph, phaeton, phonetic.

v and f in The vile vagabond ventured to vilify the venerable voter-Down in the vale where the leaves of the grove wave over the graves-He filled the draught and freely quaffed, and puffed the fragrant fume and laughed -The flaming fire flashed full in his face.

d in dad, did, dead, aid, made, longed, hedged, saved, writhed, walled, ebbed, damaged, modest, pedant, udder, deadly, adjourned. t in tat, tight, debt, laced, danced, chafed, laughed, wrecked, matter, totter, titter, testament, titillate, destitute, taciturn, testator, attainment, intestate.

d and t in Down in the deep dungeon he did delve-He discovered naught but deserts and despair-And of those demons that are found in fire, air, flood, or under ground-To inhabit a mansion

remote from the clatter of swift prancing steeds-A tell-tale, tattling, termagant that troubles all the town-He talked and stamped and chafed till all were shocked.

j in jam, gem, gin, June, joke, judge, jot, jut, Julius, disgorge, allege, jolly, jogged, regiment, This generous jolting gave us general joy-Jaded he joked and jumped a jig-The jailbird nudged the jovial judge, then jerked away.

ch in chat, chant, latch, itch, choose, chaplain, charmer, checkmate, chirping,-The chosen church a changeless challenge madeThe wretch chastised would fetch the matches.

g hard in gag, egg, gig, gog, good, guide, ragged, cragged, gimlet, ghastly.

k (or c, ch, qu) in car, cake, coke, keen, chord, quay, clear, comic, conquer, collocate, calico, cucumber, vaccinate,-He gave a guinea and he got a groat-A giddy, giggling girl her kind folks plague, her manners vulgar and her converse vague-A black coat of curious qulity-With the cold caution of a coward's spleen, which fears not guilt, but always craves a screen-The expectant will execrate this exceedingly expensive expedition-He will accept the command except of the navy, and expects to come back a conqueror.

w in way, one, woo (who), wain (vane), wine (vine), wood, woos (ooze, whose), swoon, quake, choir, thwart, forward, wormwood, quorum, froward.

wh in what, why, while, whether, whim, whom, whiffle, wherewithal, whithersoever, whales (wales), whirlwind,-A wight well versed in waggery-We wandered where the way wound through the winding wood-When wheels whizz whirring round, and whirlwinds whistling sound-While the white swelling tide is turned aside.

th in booth, with, wreath, bathe, oaths, breathe, tithe, these, those, their, either, heathen, northern, father, hither, thither, inwreathe.

th in bath, path, oath, mouth, width, truths, thwart, thesis, hundre lth, amethyst, mathematics, orthodox.

th in Through the smooth paths-They wreathe about the thicket-Thrust three thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb — From nature's chain whatever link you strike, tenth or tenthousandth, breaks the chain alike.

z in blaze, as, is, was, views, moves, baths, bathes, balls, pains, commas, prizes, houses, scissors, brazen, cousin, puzzle, observes, exert, exempt, sacrifice, mechanism, anxiety.

s in mass, dose, laughs, mouths, verse, dupes, packs, lax, hosts, fists, soil, cell, scene, schism, apsis, thesis, schedule, preside, desists, design, dissuade, vaccinate, The prices of his dramas render the disposal of them, as is usually his usage, easy-When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw-He bares his fists with strangest boasts, and still insists he sees the ghosts.

z in azure, leisure, treasure.

sh in ash, shore, marsh, sure, sugar, censure, pension, nation, showy, luxury, crucifixion. adventitious-The shade he sought and shunned the sunshine-The weak-eyed bat with short, shrill shriek

flits by on leathern wing-The string let fly twanged short and sharp like the shrill swallow's cry.

EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE.

At first practice only § 7: e; §§ 8 and 10.

7. Stand erect with shoulders back; look straight ahead; hold chin in; rest on one leg, with both straight, and feet four inches apart, so placed that a straight line drawn through one foot from toe to heel will pass through the heel of the other. (See §§ 156-162).

a. Alternating Passive and Active Chest.-Without breathing or moving shoulders, repeatedly lift the chest from that which is its ordinary (passive) condition to the slightly raised and expanded (active) condition in which the shoulders seem to be back and down. When practicing the vocal exercises always hold the chest in this active position.

b. Waist Movements.-Bend the body backward and forward, from side to side, and, without moving the hips, twist it, i.e. turn shoulders from side to side.

c. Arm Movements.-After acquiring the mode of breathing (see § 8)

I. Do the following, all slowly and gently: While filling the chest lift the arms (without bending elbows) outward till the two together form a straight line parallel to the floor. When chest is filled, strike it gently with the hands; alternately move the arms slowly about the chest upward and downward, and backward and forward; hold the arms up, and, bending the elbows, alternately elevate the hands and touch the cheeks with the backs of the fingers.

II. Do the following vigorously: Draw back the elbows with hands near the shoulders, fists clinched and palms up; take and hold a full breath; push forward the hands, on a line level with the shoulders, at the same time unclasping the fingers; then, keeping the arms as near to the sides as possible, so as not to strain the lungs, and clinching the fingers, draw the fists against the shoulders and as far back as you can. Place each fist near its own shoulder, fill lungs, and, keeping the elbows near the body, touch them in front, and behind if you can.

d. Neck Movements.-Bend the head backward and forward, from side to side, and twist it.

e. Throat Movements.-To accustom different parts of the back of the mouth and throat to open and allow vowel sounds to come forward—

I. Keep putting tip of tongue behind upper front teeth, and carrying it, as if about to swallow it, along roof of mouth.

II. Keep lifting the soft palate (something like gaping); look into a mirror and make the uvula (i.e. the membrane hanging from the back of the roof of the mouth) disappear.

III. Alternately gape and make a movement as if about to

swallow.

IV. Put three fingers' breadth between the upper and lower teeth, and keep moving the lips backward and forward.

f. Time for Vocal Practice.-Begin from one to five hours after eating, and practice from fifteen to thirty minutes.

I. If any one exercise fatigues or irritates the organs, pass on

to another.

II. If out of practice, go over the exercises daily for three or four days before public speaking.

Always inhaling through nostrilsI. Expand, first, abdomen, then lower side ribs, then lift chest, then contract abdomen and side ribs, and last drop the chest. (§ 7: a.)

In the following, if a beginner, place the arms akimbo, with fingers pointing forward, then throw shoulders (not body) forward so as to keep the chest down, and with fingers gently drawing apart the lower ribs below the breast bone

II. Expand, first, lower side ribs, then (throwing shoulders back) the abdomen, and lift chest, then contract the lower ribs and abdomen, and last drop the chest. (§ 7: a.)

After a few weeks, see to it also that the muscles at side and back of the waist expand as you draw in the air.

* In holding the breath, or letting it out, never allow yourself to feel that there is contraction or force expended in the throat. Keep the throat open: make the waist muscles do all the work. (§ 3.)

RATE.

According to each mode, practice

I. Effusive or tranquil breathing: i.e. inhale slowly, and exhale with a prolonged whispered sound of h.

II. Expulsive: i. c. inhale more rapidly and expel, by contracting the abdomen, repeated whispers (a second or two long), of h—h, h-h, etc.

III. Explosive or abrupt: 1. e. inhale more rapidly (or inhale slowly); expel, by contracting the abdomen, suddenly and forcibly, one or any number of whispered sounds of h. In this way cough, yawn, sob and laugh out the whispers.

To develop full respiration, strong utterance and clear articulation, practice the exercises in § 11, or read anything in a whisper. Never prolong this exercise for more than two or three minutes. Never practice breathing or whispering after you feel giddy.

9. Vocal Cords.-I. Holding the breath, repeat as rapidly as possible a soft, short sound, between that of u in up and oo in coowhispered-then softly vocal- and up and down the scale. Make it in the forward part of the mouth, rather than in the throat, and never after it begins to irritate the organs.

II. If you have a voice of a breathing quality, occasionally, for a few seconds, hold the breath and force it against the vocal cords so

as to grate them together, emitting a half-vocalized, constantly interrupted sound.

10. Elementary Vowel Sounds. (See §§ 3, 4.)

a. Practice the sound of oo in coo, but much less than aw in jaw, oh in woe, and ah in father.

b. It is best to practice aw between about f and b, 00 quality of aw for a note or two above this; then oh

an

on

the highest (speaking) notes; ah is best for the lowest notes. Tenors and sopranos should practice most between f and b (as above), bassos and contraltos between d and g. Avoid practicing too high.

RATE.

Practice oo, but especially oh, aw, and later, ah.

I.Effusively. Walking slowly, with arms akimbo, sound, as long as possible, but not after you lack in breath, a soft, low o0.

II. Expulsively. Utter, by contracting the abdomen, with moderate force, repeated sounds (a second or two long) of o-h! a-w! etc.

III. Explosively. Utter, by contracting the abdomen, short, sharp, ringing tones, oh! ah! etc.

When rightly given, a match held in front of the mouth will not be blown out by the breath.

In this way cough, yawn, sob and laugh out the sounds.

MODE.

Inhaling through nostrils as in breathing exercises, expelling breath by contracting the abdomen, and allowing none to escape before vocalizing it, repeat over slowlyI. woo, woo, etc.

After a few repetitions, lowering the chin and bringing it forward slightly, and retaining the oo quality of the tone, pass on to woe; thus: woo, woo, woe, woe, etc.

After a few repetitions drop the w, yet keep the vowel where it was with the w before it; thus: woe, woe, ch, oh, etc.

Practice oh, on a comparatively high key, for five or ten minutes.

When aw can be made properly, as indicated below, bringing forward the chin, lowering the chin and pitch, and retaining the oh quality of the tone, pass to aw, aw, etc., and from aw, drawing the chin back and down a little, to ah, ah, etc.

II. Keeping the tongue as flat as possible behind, with its tip against the lower front gums, push forward the lower jaw, open mouth wide, draw in the breath as if about to yawn, and with the mouth in this position utter from abdomen, at a medium pitch, for five or ten minutes, haw, haw, etc., aw, aw, etc.

Aspirate slightly, and drop h when sure that the sound is made from the abdomen. After a few days pass from haw, aw, down the scale to hah, ah, and up the scale to ho, oh, as indicated in the last exercise.

c. To keep the mouth open, place part of a match-stick between upper and lower teeth, one to one and a half inches long for aw, shorter for oh, longer for ah.

It will take the beginner many weeks to learn to make these sounds properly, and he must always continue to practice them.