starved in the mouth of the Channel, and Before the seventeenth century had closalmost all the cattle famisht. The fish ed, Winstanley had erected the first lightleft the coast almost five moneths." In house on the Eddystone, that most dangerhis long imprisonment Lambert amused ous rock off the entrance to the Sound, himself by painting flowers; for he had "where the carcasses of many a tall ship been a great gardener, and had cultivated lie buried." This was swept away in 1703, at Wimbledon "the finest tulips and gilli- and very soon afterwards the terrible disflowers that could be got for love or aster at the Scilly Islands (October 1707,) money." Myles Halhead, a member of in which three line-of-battle ships perished the Society of Friends, has given in his with all on board, including the Admiral, Sufferings and Passages a curious account Sir Cloudesley Shovel, drew fresh attenof an interview with Lambert at Plymouth. tion to the necessity of affording to these He found the soldiers "very quiet and stormy coasts such protection as might be moderate;" and Lambert himself bore practicable. The body of Sir Cloudesley with patience a very severe reprimand Shovel was brought to Plymouth in the "for having made laws, and consented to Salisbury, and was lodged in the citadel. the making of laws, against the Lord's It was embalmed, and was then conveyed people." The place of Lambert's inter- to Westminster, where the monument ment is not known. A fellow-prisoner with raised above it is conspicuous for the "eterhim for some time was James Harington, nal buckle" of the rough sailor's periwig. author of the once famous Oceana. He Rudyard was at the same time busy with suffered greatly on the island from bad the second lighthouse on the Eddystone, water and want of exercise; and at last which was burnt. The present structure, was allowed to remove into the town of seen from the Hoe as a faint line against Plymouth, certain of his relations giving a the horizon, was not begun until 1757. It bond for 5,000l. that he would not escape. was completed in two years, during which We are advancing towards compara- Smeaton anxiously watched its progress, tively modern times. The fleet of 400 often climbing to the Hoe in the dim grey ships which brought the Prince of Orange of the morning, and peering through his to Torbay, after he had landed at Brix- telescope "till he could see a white pillar ham, passed round the Start, and wintered of spray shot up into the air." Then he at Plymouth. In the spring of 1689 two knew that the building, so far as it had adregiments were sent here to embark for vanced, was safe; "and could proceed to Ireland; so that the town was crowded his workshops, his mind relieved for the with soldiers and sailors, "greate infection day." happened, and above 1,000 people were The lighthouse was still a novel wonder buried in three months." The garrison when it was "watched from the Hoe" and was in no good humour. Its governor was was examined more closely by a visitor of Lord Lansdowne, son of the Earl of Bath, whom Plymouth might well be proud. In one of the Grenvilles who had given their 1762 Dr. Johnson arrived at the town in lives for King Charles; and although he company with Sir Joshua Reynolds, and did not oppose the new order of things, he was received with much distinction by all did not greatly care to restrain the ex- (they were perhaps not many) who could cesses of his men.. Accordingly, they dis- appreciate his learning and his conversaturbed the rejoicings at the coronation of tion. "The magnificence of the navy," William and Mary. There was a fight, says Boswell, "the ship-building and all and one of the townsmen was killed in the its circumstances, afforded him a grand fray. From such bickerings, however, subject of contemplation." The Commisthey were speedily recalled by an appear- sioner of the Dockyard (which had been ance of danger from without. The great established in the reign of William III.) French fleet under Tourville was seen to conveyed Johnson and Sir Joshua to the pass before the harbour, sailing eastward. Eddystone in his yacht; but the sea was The beacons were fired, and all Devonshire so rough that they could not land. It is was roused. Tourville burned Teign- much to be regretted that more anecdotes mouth; but did little more harm, although of this visit, from which Johnson declared there was considerable fear lest he should that he had derived a great "accession of attack Plymouth, and the "town was kept new ideas," have not been preserved. A in arms with good watching." But the great struggle was at the time in progress French were too busy elsewhere. between Plymouth and Dock (Devonport) regarding the right claimed by the latter

Idle of events, remains in MS. in the library of the to be supplied from Sir Francis Drake's Athenæum at Plymouth.

water leat. "I hate a Docker," said John

From The Spectator.

PRINCE BISMARCK'S JEREMIAD.

son, setting himself vehemently on the Breakwater, makes a grand foreground to side of the older town. "No, no, I am the distant landscape, watched over aud against the Dockers. I am a Plymouth guarded by the purple Dartmoor hills, and man. Rogues, let them die of thirst; they dignified by its protecting fortifications, shall not have a drop." We may suppose which afford - recently constructed as that party spirit in Plymouth ran high; many of them are - the latest testimony but we are not told whether the duty of to the wealth and national importance of neighbourly charity was the subject of a modern Plymouth. discourse to which the great Doctor lisRICHARD JOHN KING. tened in St. Andrew's Church, and which was composed for his special edification by the Vicar, Doctor Zachary Mudge, a man, says Johnson (who wrote his epitaph in return for his sermon), "equally eminent for his virtues and abilities; at once beloved as a companion and reverenced as a pastor." This Doctor Mudge is the subject of a ghost story told in Sir Walter Scott's Demonology. He was known to be actually dying when he made his appearance at a club in Plymouth of which he had long been a member. He did not speak; but saluting the assembled company, drank to them, and retired. They sent at once to his house, and found that he had just expired. Many years afterwards his nurse confessed that she had left the room for a short time, and, to her horror, found the bed empty on her return. Doctor Mudge had remembered that it was the evening for the assembling of the club, and had visited it accordingly. He came back and died.

THE very curious and interesting speech delivered by Prince Bismarck, on the Prus siau Premiership, its heavy responsibilities and its exceedingly limited powers, with his incidental remarks on the British Parliamentary system, has excited exceedingly little notice in England, perhaps because a good deal of the speech was delivered in a style of considerable involution, and frank as it was in many respects, was at first not a little misunderstood in the Chamber, and is certainly in parts, except to accomplished German scholars, not very easy reading. Either the Prince was under some embar rassment as to what he should say and what he should suppress, or his recent illness had made his never very fluent style rather more halting than usual. We do In these days of George the Third, the not doubt that the first cause had more or life of Old Plymouth may be said to end. less influence. He denied, indeed, in the The great changes which have so rapidly second instalment of his speech, when rebuilt up the new town did not indeed be- plying to Herr Virchow, that there had gin until the opening of the present cen- been any disagreements in the Cabinet "in tury. The Breakwater, begun in 1812, the usual sense of the term (was man but not finished until 1840, had made, long darunter gewöhnlich versteht "). before its completion, the great basin of greements of a kind to give occasion to the Sound a comparatively safe harbour. my resignation," he said, "absolutely never This was, of course, greatly to the advan- occurred. In regard to all Cabinet ques tage of the town. But we are dealing tions brought to decision by a vote, I have, with "Old" Plymouth, and cannot here I believe, on every occasion been in the attempt to follow the development which, majority; and it is not the ground of my since the early part of the century, and action that I was ever out-voted, that reso most conspicuously during the last thirty lutions were arrived at which were utterly years, has gradually extended the town unpalatable to me, but perhaps it rather over the surrounding heights and valleys, was, that I cannot carry through all I wish, until "Vapouring Hill" itself has become -I am perhaps in these respects too sancovered with buildings, and the outposts guine and too hasty, or at least that I of Stonehouse and Devonport, extending cannot do so with such expenditure of their arms in like manner, have united energy as alone remains at my disposal themselves closely with Plymouth. Such when my other work is done." And this have been the growth and the changes very remarkable admission that the Prince since the days when "Sutton juxta Plym- had not sufficient power as Prime Minister mouthe" lay, a little fishing hamlet, under the rule of the Augustinian Prior. If "it could not be seen from the sea" when the Grand Duke Cosmo landed at the Barbican, it now, from the Sound or from the

Disa

of the Prussian Cabinet to carry through his own views on matters of the greatest importance without an amount of wear and tear, of discussion, of note-writing, and of minute urgency which was far too much

for his failing strength, runs through the minish my responsibilies, I could not, after speech. He was never out-voted perhaps my ten years' experience, doubt that the because he never was able to propose what post of Prussian Prime Minister was the he wished in the way of internal reforms one which made the greatest drain on my with a chance of success. He had not the power of work. On the whole, it is not the time and strength to get through the enor- work which wears us by the corporeal fricmous preliminary conditions of persuasion, tion in the midst of which we, in Parliawhich he describes with the graphic force mentary States, live, but it is the continuof a man of strong will who half despised ous pressure of great affairs and interests and half enjoyed the work so long as he which touch us as intimately as our own, had vital energy enough left for it, but and which are also the interests of 25 or who felt when the time came that he had 40 millions of men. If one may compare no longer spare energy for such a task, that small and insignificant things with great, it must be given up, and his work limited a responsible statesman at the head of a to fields of labour in which his authority State is in the same kind of situation as was final. He complains that the Prime he who on the Exchange is always making Minister of Prussia has no power, like the himself responsible for transactions far Prime Minister of England, of bringing to beyond his means, the losses in which, if his aid colleagues who may really take he loses, he could never replace, and in their cue from him, by appointing them to regard to which he hazards on the cast of nominal offices, like the Privy Seal or the a die not only the chance of direct mateDuchy of Lancaster, and who by the very rial loss, but honour, fame, and the indefact that they have no heavy departmental pendence of his country." This the Prince labours have a much larger amount of dis- would not face, when he felt that the posable energy for the work of converting powers annexed to such vast responsibili their colleagues than the departmental ties were so inadequate, and he chose Ministers. Prince Bismarck evidently therefore the office where his authority greatly envies the English Prime Minister was more commensurate with his responthis constitutional resource, and would be glad to see such offices invented in Prussia if the Prussian Prime Minister might have the nomination to them, so as to reduplicate in some degree his own influence. "It is the peculiarity of our case," he said despondently, "that the President of the Cabinet has no greater influence on the collective action of the Administration than any other of his colleagues, unless he wins it for himself by hard fighting; our constitutional law gives him none. If he would win this influence for himself, he must do it by requests, by persuasion, by efforts made at the Cabinet meetings,-in short, by fighting for it in a way that taxes to the utmost his powers of work. The means at his disposal are small, the task is great, and the weight to be moved, if you have to bring over a colleague to your own mind, will often not yield to request and persuasion alone."

sibility,- that of Chancellor of the Empire. In relation to his duties as Chancellor, he says that he has far more really direct power in that capacity than he ever had as Prussian Prime Minister to remove obstacles out of the way of any policy he considers essential. In the conduct of the foreign policy of the Empire he can choose his own agents, and on any matter of importance can say, "This I will not have, and I can make specific demands which have to be complied with." Having a very strong conviction that "far more than half his work arose out of his duties of Prime Minister of Prussia," and evidently, in his own estimation, far less than half his influence, assuredly far less than half of all such influence as he had not to earn daily, as it were, by the sweat of his brow, - Prince Bismarck very naturally gave up the office of much work and small influence, to retain that of comparatively What Prince Bismarck has had to en- little work and great influence. And he counter in the way of passive department- did it evidently with the less concern, .al opposition to his views he describes because in handing over the office of Pruswith dolorous vivacity. “If,” he said, sian Prime Minister to so aged a statesman "within any special office, a passive resist- as Herr Von Roon, he knew,- and this he ance against the Prime Minister's views expressly hints, that the Prime Ministerdevelops itself,- a resistance in which the ship would become nothing more than subordinates of that office participate,-it a nominal office, - i.c., would not be turned is my experience that one simply wears into a powerful lever in the hands of oneself out in the effort, and comes to another which might one day be used recognize one's impotence. When, then, I against himself. The conviction running had to elect in what method I would di- through the whole of Prince Bismarck's

This confession of Prince Bismarck's is remarkable. It is the confession that as yet a reforming Prince Minister in Prussia,

speech is this, that as regards not merely | marck asserts. But he not only does not foreign affairs, properly so called, but the deny, but really affirms that there was relation of Prussia to the rest of the Ger- much in the way of internal reform which man Empire, he has in his present double he wished to do, and could not do for the office, that of German Chancellor and effort it would have cost him to get it ac that of Prussian Minister for Foreign cepted by his colleagues and the very conAffairs, ample security for complete con- servative departments they controlled. In trol, and for complete control without foreign affairs and in those affairs which the "unfruitful" toil, as he himself calls connect Prussia with the rest of the Ger it, of persuading, arguing, entreating, man Empire, he can have his own way and overbearing the opposition of de- without all this dust and trouble. To that, parmental colleagues conservatively in- therefore, he limits his energies for the clined. As regards, however, internal future, only assuring the Lower Chamber Prussian reforms, he indicates not obscure- that there is no danger of any reversal of ly that he never had near as much of the policy of the past, that all they have power as he was supposed to have of to fear is that any difficult undertakings responsibility; and that what power he to which he himself personally may be inhad, he obtained not chiefly by his official clined will not be attempted by his sucposition as Prime Minister, but by moving cessor. The anti-Romanist policy,-or heaven and earth to gain personal influ- rather, the subjugation of all religion by ence. He did not see his way to get the State, is to be earnestly pursued. greater control by leaning on the support But other changes to which he might be of the popular majority in the Chamber,- favourable, changes less closely connected first because he did not think any party with the external relations of Prussia and had enough of a permanent and clear ma- of Germany, will be allowed to drop. jority to lean upon absolutely,- next because he did not sufficiently trust the disinterested feeling of all parties for the good of the Empire, to rely on combina- with anything like what we regard as a tions intended to sustain national as Prime Minister's influence, is impossible distinguished from party interests. He in relation to purely internal affairs. It is thought the internal strength of our Brit- impossible, because the King, who is the ish Government had been seriously centre of the Administration, gives the weakened by the necessity of playing for Prussian Prime Minister no real advantage the adhesion of several conflicting sections over his colleagues. He must convince of Parliament, and he was not disposed to them, talk them over, if he is to do any run the same risk for Prussia. He was thing; and even then the King may and persuaded that the Emperor-King must probably will disapprove, and it will be all remain the true centre of influence for the wasted labour. It is quite impossible. in Administration, since he alone stands the Prince's estimation, to lean on a Libabove all parties. There is nothing in the eral majority in Parliament for such a task. speech which is not in perfect accordance The time may come when Prussia will be with the assumption that Prince Bismarck able to send up such a_Parliament, but it earnestly wished for a complete recon- is as yet far distant. Internal reform in stitution of the Upper House, but found Prussia has but one chance, the conver that, partly owing to his Majesty's disin- sion of the King, and the free use of the clination for it, partly owing to the enor- royal influence. Were a King without the mous effort it would cost him to get such old Conservative leanings to ascend the a measure accepted by the Cabinet, it was throne, we might see Prince Bismarck requite useless to propose it formally to his suming his old place, and trying to gain colleagues. No speech ever confessed for the Crown that reputation of enlightenmore candidly the density of the resisting ment and progressiveness which he is so medium against the steady pressure of reluctant to let the chiefs of any Parliawhich all changes disapproved by the ex-mentary majority earn for themselves. isting departments, and not warmly sup- Prince Bismarck is still a royalist reformer. ported by the King, would have to be car- He wishes for reform, but he wishes the ried. That the policy of the Ministry is King to be the medium by whose agency likely to be quite in sympathy with his it is granted to the people. own in all that he has achieved Prince Bis

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POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. numbers extends from Syracuse to BufTHE Washington correspondent of the falo. Here their density is from six to fifNew York Tribune gives from the returns teen to the square mile. There is also an of the recent census some very interesting extensive district in Northern Illinois, information respecting the distribution of and another in North-Eastern Ohio, where the foreign element in the United States they number from three to six to the and the composition of the native-born square mile. The Germans, whose aggrepopulation. It appears that of the 38,500,- gate number is 1,690,410, show a fondness 000 in the States 5,500,000, or just one in for cities as well as the Írish.' They are seven report themselves foreign born. Of numerous in New York City, but not in the natives as many as 9,734,845 were born the State; in central New Jersey they are of parents both of whom were foreign; also in large numbers, but they have_cu10,521,233 were born of a foreign father riously avoided every part of New Engand a native mother; and 10,105,626 of a land, except western Connecticut. Their foreign mother and a native father. Thus chief settlements are between the Dela20,626,859 have one parent foreign, while ware and Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, on only about 3,000,000 of the present popu- both sides of the Ohio around Cincinnati, lation of the United States, or less than along Lake Michigan, on the west bank of one in thirteen, were born of parents both the Mississippi near Dubuque, around St. of whom were themselves born in the Louis, and in Missouri. In these settleStates. With respect to the distribution ments their density varies from 3 to as of the foreign immigration the correspond- many as 15 to the square mile, or about ent says: "It groups itself densely in the same as the Irish where they congrethe commercial centres and the manufac-gate. The English immigrants, who numturing and mining districts of the east, ber as many as 550,904, and the Welsh, follows the chief lines of railroad through who amount to 74,533, are chiefly found the middle States, spreads itself pretty in and around the great cities, such as evenly throughout the peopled region of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, and the West, with a marked preference, how- wherever there are coalfields and ironever, for the vicinity of great rivers and works. Their principal agricultural setlakes. It does not take kindly to moun- tlements are in western and central New tain districts or to soils of small fertility, York and in Wisconsin. The Swedes and and prefers a forest to a prairie. Thus Norwegians together number 211,574, and, the heavily timbered regions of Michigan of course, some of them are to be found in and Wisconsin have a larger foreign popu- New York, a few also in Massachusetts lation than the prairies of Indiana and Il- and Pennsylvania, but nearly three-fourths linois." The above extract states the law of them are settled in Minnesota, Wisconof the distribution of the entire foreign sin and Illinois. Chicago is their favourite element, but each separate nationality city. The immigrants from the British shows a preference for certain districts provinces, as many as 493,434, are princiover others. Thus the Irish, who are re-pally found along the border line, but they turned as numbering 1,855,827, "are are pretty numerous also in the manufacmassed in greatest numbers in Massachu- turing districts of Massachusetts and Betts, Connecticut, and in the vicinity of Rhode Island and in the great cities. The New York City." The reason is obvious Chinese are returned as no more than enough. The Irish in the first years of 62,674; far less numerous, that is, than the emigration were flying from famine, the Welsh, and they are scattered over and were, speaking generally, in the low- California and Nevada. Their numbers est state of poverty. It was absolutely elsewhere are unimportant. Lastly, we are necessary for them, therefore, to get em- told that the immigrants of the so called ployment at once upon landing, and the Latin races, including Mexicans and South friends to whom they sent remittances to Americans, do not equal those from the litcome out after them naturally settled as tle kingdom of Bavaria alone. The Spannear as possible to those who had helped iards do not exceed 3,701, and a third of them out. But they are not confined to these live in New Orleans; the Italians are towns, though in them they are most nu- only 17,149. But the French muster a "The largest stretch of country larger contingent; they number 116,240. which they have peopled in considerable

merous.