The following is a list of the principal conjunc tions:

The Copulative.-And, that, both, for, therefore, if, then, since, because, wherefore.

The Disjunctive.--But, than, though, either, or, as, unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding. INTERJECTION.

Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express the passion or emotions of the speaker; as, "O! I have alienated my friend; Alas! I fear for life;" "O virtue, how amiable thou art!”

The following are some of the Interjections: O pish! heigh! lo! behold! ah! tush! fie! hush hail!

OF DERIVATION.

Words are derived from one another in various ways, viz. —

1. Substantives are derived from verbs: as, from "to love," comes "lover."

2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs: as, from 'salt,' comes to salt,' from 'warm,' comes to warm,' from forward,' comes to forward.'

3. Adjectives are derived from substantives: as, from "health," comes "healthy."

4. Substantives are derived from adjectives: as, from "white," comes "whiteness."

5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as, from base," comes basely."

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SYNTAX.

The third part of Grammar is SYNTAX, which treats of the agreement and construction of words in a sentence.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, forming a complete sense

Sentences are of two kinds, Simple and Compound.

A simple sentence has in it but one subject, and one finite verb; as, "Life is short."

A compound sentence contains two or more simple sentences, joined together by one or more connective words; as, "Life is short, and art is long."

A phrase is two or more words rightly put together, making sometimes part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence.

The principal parts of a simple sentence are, the subject, the attribute, and the object.

The subject is the thing chiefly spoken of; the attribute is the thing or action affirmed, or denied of it; and the object is the thing affected by such action.

The nominative denotes the subject, and usually goes before the verb, or attributé; and the word or phrase denoting the object, follows the verb: as, "A wise man governs his passions." Here a wise man is the subject; governs the attribute, or thing affirmed; and his passions, the object.

Syntax principally consists of two parts, Concord and Government.

Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case or person

Government is that power which one part of speech has aver another, in directing its mood, tense or case.

RULE I.

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A verb must agree with its nominative oase, in number and person; as, "I learn;""Thou art improved;""The birds sing."

RULE II.

Two or more nouns, &c. in the singular number, joined together by one or more copulative conJunctions, have verbs, nouns, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural number; as, "Socrates and Plato were wise; they were the most eminent philosophers of Greece;" "The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superintending power.

RULE III.

The conjunction disjunctive has an effect con

trary to that of the conjunction copulative; for as the verb, noun, or pronoun is referred to the preceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number; as, "Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake;" "John, o James, or Joseph intends to accompany me." "There is in many minds, neither knowledge nor understanding."

RULE IV.

A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural numbe, yet not without regard to the import of the word, as conveying uaity or plurality of idea; as, "The meeting was large; "The Parliament is dissolved;" "The nation is powerful;" "My people do not consider; they have not known me;" "The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure, as their chief good;" "The council were divided in thear sentiments."

RULE V.

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Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number; as, "This is the friend whom I love" "That is the vice which I hate." King and the Queen had put on their robes."The moon appears and she shines, but the light is not her own. 99

The relative is of the same person as the antecedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly; as, "Thou who lovest wisdom;" "I who speak from experience."

RULE VI.

The relative is the nominative case to the verb, when no nominative comes between it and the verb; as, "The master who taught us;" "The trees which are planted."

When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member of the sentence; as, "He who preseves me, to whom I owe my being, whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal.

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RULE VII.

When the relative is preceded by two nominatives of different persons, the relative and verb may agree in person with either, according to the sense; as, "I am the man who command you,” or, am the man who commands you."

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RULE VIII.

Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, belongs to a substantive, expressed or understood: He is a good, as well as a wise man ;" "Few are happy;" that is, "persons," "This is a pleasant walk; that is, "This walk is," &c.

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Adjective pronouns must agree in number with their substantive; as, "This book, these books, that sort, those sorts; another road, other roads."

RULE IX.

The article u or an agrees with nouns in the singular number only, individually or collectively; as, "A Christian, an Infidel, a score, a thousand." The definite article the may agree with nouns in the singular or plural number; as, "the garden, the houses, the stars."

The articles are often properly omittted; when used, they should be justly applied, according to the distinct nature; as, "Gold is corrupting; the sca is green; a lion is bold."

RULE X.

One substantive governs another signifying a different thing, in the possessive or genitive case; as, 26 My father's house ;"" Man's happiness ;” “ Virtne's reward."

RULE XI.

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Active verbs govern the objective case; "Truth ennobles her;" She comforts me; "They support us ;" "Virtue rewards her follow

ers."

RULE XII.

One verb governs another that follows it, or depends upon it, in the infinitive mood; as, "Cease to do evil; learn to do well;" "We should be prepared to render an account of our actions."

The préposition to, though generally used before the latter verb, is sometimes properly omitted; as, "I heard him say it ;" instead of "to say it."

RULE XIII,

In the use of words and phrases, which, in point of time, relate to each other, a due regard to that relation should be observed. Instead of saying, "The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away" we should say; "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away." Instead of "I remember the family more than twenty years;" it should be, "I have remembered the family more than twenty years."

RULE XIV.

Participles have the same government as the verbs have from which they are derived; as, “I am weary with hearing him," "She is instructing us;""The tutor is admonishing Charles."

RULE XV.

Adverbs, though they have no government of case, tense, &c. require an appropriate situation in the sentence, viz. for the most part before adjectives, after verbs active or neuter, and frequently between the auxiliary and the verb; as, "He made, a very sensible discourse; he spake unaffectedly and forcibly; and was attentively heard by the whole assembly."

RULE XVI.

Two negatives in English, destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative; as, "Nor did they not perceive him;" that is, "they did perceive him." "His language, though inelegant, is not ungrammatical," that is, "it is grammatical."

RULE XVII.

Prepositions govern the, objective case; as, “I have heard a good character of her;" "From him that is needy turn not away;" "A word to the wise is sufficient for them" "We may be good and happy, without riches."

RULE XVIII.

Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pronouns ; as,

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