After his death there were found in his private cabinet, a bloody difcipline, and three rials, which was all his treasure. In 1576, his body was brought to Portugal, and laid in the church of the Dominicans, on a hill not far from Lisbon. He is painted crowned with palm branches, and clothed in red. He was a great linguift, and well fkilled in mathematics. He was the fourteenth in the number of governors, and may be accounted the fourth vice-roy. His death is faid to have been accelerated by the bad conduct of fome gentlemen in an expedition a little before; and thus died a good governor and a brave officer. (Concluded.) Voyages of the English to Guinea and the Eaft Indies. HE fucceffes of the Portuguese in their African and Eaft Indian expeditions, raifed a fpirit of emulation among other nations. The Spaniards had endeavoured to come in for a fhare of the advantages; and the English failed not to follow their example. The designs of our countrymen in this refpect, appear to have been fupported by the Spaniards, and were fuppreffed upon the remonftrances of the Portuguefe.-It appears however that the English frequently traded to the Canary Islands, and even eftablished factors in thofe parts. About the middle of the fixteenth century, the English fpirit for trade exerting itself, and meeting with a favourable conjuncture, they began to push it to the south as well as north, about the year 1551. Capt. Thomas Windham, in the fhip Lion, failed to Morocco, whither he carried back two Moors of the royal family. This was the firit voyage we meet with to the western coaft of Africa; and thefe are all the particulars to be found relating to it, excepting, that one James Alday, a fervant to Sebaltian Cabato, in a letter to Mr. Michael Locke, in 1552, reprefents himself as being the first promoter of this Barbary traffic: he alfo obferves, that he fhould have performed this voyage, himself, and have had the whole command of hip and goods, but that Sir John Lutterel, John Fletcher, Henry Oftrich, and others, with whom he had joined, died of the fweating fickness: and he himself, after efcaping that difeafe, had been seized with a violent fever. But before he recovered, the fhip being at Portsmouth, Thomas Windham had her away from thence, by whom he loft eighty pounds Next year, 1552, Windham performed a fecond voyage to Zafin and Santa Cruz, thout the Streights, where he had been the year before. This gave great offence to the Portuguese, who threatened to treat the English as enemies, if they met with them in those parts.-Notwithstanding these menaces, the year following, the fame Windham, and Antonio Anas Pinteado a Portuguese, the promoter of this attempt, undertook a voyage to Guinea, in three fhips, with 140 men, and traded for gold along the coaft; after which they failed for Benin, to load pepper: but both the commanders, and most of the men dying of fickness, occafioned by the climate; the reft, being but forty, returned to Plymouth, with only one fhip (having burnt the others for want of hands to work them) and no great riches.In 1554, Mr. John Locke made a voyage with three fhips, and trading along that coaft, brought away a confideraed no farther. These voyages were wcble quantity of gold and ivory, but proceedceeded by others almoft every year. At length, upon application to Queen Eliza beth by certain merchants, two patents were granted, one in 1585, for the Barbary or Morocco trade; the other, in 1588, for the Guinea trade, between the rivers Senega, and Gambra, or Gambia; and in 1592, a third was obtained by others, taking in the coaft from the river Nonnia, to the fouth of Sierra Leona, the space of 100 leagues, which patents gave rise to the African company. The views of the English extending with their success, and finding the discovery of the N. E. and N. W. paffages, had been long attempted in vain, they refolved to push their voyage round Africa, by the Portuguese courfe. In 1591, three large ships undertook that voyage for the firft time, under the command of captain Raymond: and in 1996, another fleet of three ships, com manded by captain Wood, fet out on the fame defign, but with ill fuccefs. Mean time, feveral navigators were employed to difcover this way to the East Indies, and the Portuguese poffeffions there. At length, in 1600, a hody of gentlemen, merchants, and others, (to the number of 216) with George Earl of Cumberland at the head of them, obtained a charter from queen Elizabeth, for carrying on a trade to the Eaft Indies, under the denomination of The Company of Merchants Adventurers. From this time forward, ships were fent regularly every two or three years, to thofe parts of the world. And thus was laid the foundation of the Eaft India Commerce, which fubfifts at prefent. The voyage to Barbary, in 1552, by Captain Thomas Windham, was projected by Sir Thomas Worth, Melirs. Francis Lambert, Cole, and feveral other merchants. The fhips that went on this voyage, were three. First, the Lion, of London, the admiral's fhip, about 150 tons, Thomas Windham, 1788. A Voyage to Guinea and Benin. Windham, captain, and part ower, a Norfolk gentleman, who lived at Marshfield Park, Somerfetfhire: fecond, the Buttolfe, about 80 tons and the third, a caraval, bought of fome Portuguefe, at Newport in Wales, and freighted for this voyage, of 60 tons: the number of men in the feet were one hundred and twenty: the mafter of the Lion was one John Kerry, of Somerset thire; and his mate was David Landman.This fleet departed out of King-road, near Bristol, on Monday morning, the beginning of May, 1552, and Monday fortnight, in the evening came to anchor in the road of Zafia, on the coast of Barbary, in 32 degrees of latitude, which was the firft port they were bound to, and there landed part of their merchandize, to be conveyed to the city of Morocco. After this, having refrefhed themfelves with victuals and water, they went to the fecond port, called Santa Cruz, where they difcharged the reft of their goods, being linen and woollen cloth, coral, amber, jet, and divers other things, efteemed by the Moors; here they found a French fhip, which not knowing whether war or peace fubfifted between England and France, drew as near the town as he could, craving protection, if need were; infomuch, that obferving the English fill to advance, a piece was hot from the walls, which flew between the main and foremaft of the Admiral; whereupon, cafting anchor, there presently came a pinnace aboard to know what they were, who understanding that they had been there before, and came with confent of their king, were fully fatisfied, and gave them leave to land their goods. They had not been long here before the viceroy, whofe name was Sibill Manache, came to vifit them with great civility: but by one delay or other, they ípent very near three months before they could get in their lading, which was fugar, dates, almonds, and molaffes.- Yet although they were here in the heat of the fummer, none of the company died by sickness. When the ships were laden, they put to fea, expecting a wefterly wind; but as they were fetting for ward for England, the Lion fprung a leak, fo that they were driven to Lancerote, on the fide towards Fortuventura, where they landed out of her 70 chefts of fugar, with 12 or fixteen of the company. The inhabitants fuppofing the caraval had been feized by them, fuddenly came with force, and took them prifoners, and fpoiled the fugars. This being perceived from the fhips, they manned three boats to rescue them, and put the Spaniards to flight, of whom they flew 18, and took the governor of the ifland prifoner, who was about 70 years of age, but chating the enemy too far, and being in want of powder and arrows, the Spaniards per 627 ceiving this, returned and flew fix of them A Voyage to Guinea and Benin, by Thomas N the 13th of Auguft there failed from Portfimouth two fine fhips, the Primrofe and Lion, with a pinnace called the Moon, furnished with 140 able-bodied men, ordnance and victuals. They were commanded by two captains; the one a Portuguete, called Antonic Anes Pindeado, the fon of Juan Anes born in a town named, The port of Portugal, a wife, difcreet and He was an expert pilot as well fober man. as a prudent captain; and for his skill in navigation had been in great favour with the king of Portugal, who committed to his care the coafts of Brazil and Guinea, against the infults of the French, to whom he was a terror in thofe feas. He was likewise a gentleman of the king's household: but falling afterwards into difgrace, through the infinuations of fome who envied his good fortune, was forced by his majefty to come to England. The other captain's name was Windham, a perfon of very different qualities, and endowed with little virtue.He began to fhew his evil difpofition at Portfmouth, by turning out of his thip a kinfman of one of the principal merchants concerned in the voyages; although it proved very happy for the young man, and others wifhed he had ferved their fons in the fame manner. Setting out on their voyage, they came to the island of Madeira, where they took in wines for the ufe of their ships. At thefe Kkkk 2 itlands iflands they met with a great galleon of the king of Portugal's, full of men and ordnance, fent out on purpose to prevent fhips of other nations from trading in thofe feas, and particularly to fruftrate this voyage of the English, although they could not have done it in cafe they had attempted it. It feems the king of Portugal had been fecretly informed that our fhips were defigned againft his caftle of Mina, although nothing less was intended. Hitherto Windham behaved in a feemingly very good natured friendly manner to Pinteado, but after they had left Madeira, he began to change his carriage: he took upon him the fole command, fetting nought by Captain Pinteado, and the factor; and procceding even to vile language and menaces. He took from him the fervice of the boys, and certain marines, that were af figned him by the orders and directions of the merchants, and left him as a common feaman; this was a fenfible mortification to that worthy commander, because nothing can ict a Portuguese or Spaniard more, than to be deprived of their honours. Sailing forward, and paffing by the Canaries, they came to the island of St. Nicholas, where they victualled with the flesh of wild goats, which is very plentiful there, though fearce any thing elfe is to be met with. From hence they purfued their course; yet, to avoid arriving too foon at Guinea, on account of the heats, they ftaid by the way at the Defert lifles, but being under an arbitrary direction, from whence no good can proceed, tarried too long. At length they fell in with the great river of Seftos, on the coaft of Guinea, where they might have laden their fhips with the fruit of that country; which is very hot, and much like a fig, as it grows on the tree, being full of grains, which are loofe within the cod, having a hole through the middle. This kind of spice is very much ufed in cold countries, and may be fold to great advantage, in exchange for other wares: but the men, by the perfuafion, or rather compulfion, of this tragical captain, fetting light by that commodity, in comparifon of the fine gold they thirfted after, failed roo leagues further, till they came to the Golden Lands, where, without attempt ing to approach the king of Portugal's caftle, fituate on the river Mina, they fold their wares on this fide, and beyond it, for the gold of that country, to the quantity of 150 pounds weight; and might have had gold in exchange for their whole cargo, if Pinteado's advice could have taken place. But Windham, though there was gold enough where he was, would needs go farther, and commanded Pinteado (for fo he took upon him) to carry the fhips to Benin, 150 leagues beyond, under the line, where he propofed to have them laden with pep per; Pinteado confidering the late time of the year, advised him not to go elsewhere, but to ftay and difpofe of the remainder of the goods for gold; but Windham refused.* Pinteado's view was to preferve the men, well knowing their lives would be in great danger, either if they got thither too late, or too foon, they were to meet with the Rofia, which is their winter, not for cold, but for smothering heat, with close and cloudy air, and ftormy weather, of fuch purifying quality, that it rotted the very clothes on their backs. If they arrived too foon, thea they were to fear the fcorching heat of the fun, which was the reafon of their lingering by the way. Thus was he forced againft his will, to bring the ship to the river af Benin. Here cafting anchor, they sent their pinnace up the river fifty or fixty leagues; where Captain Pinteado, Francifco, a Por tuguese, Nicholas Lambert, a gentleman, and other merchants landing, they were conducted to the court ten leagues from thence. Being arrived, they were brought amidst a crowd of people, to the king's prefence. He was a black Moor, (although not fo black as the reft) and fat on a great hill, long and wide: the walls were made of earth, without windows; but in the roof, which was of thin boards, were feveral openings, like funnels, to let in the air,. -The king is ferved with great flate; his noblemen never look him in the face, but fit covered with their elbows upon their knees, and their hands before their faces, nor dare lift up their eyes, until his majeky commands them. When they approach him, as soon as they come in view, they affume the fame pofture, and when they retire, go creeping backwards with like reve rence, it being a crime to turn their backs upon him. "The king at firft caufed them to ftand up, and then in Portuguese, (which he had learned from his infancy) he demanded the cause of their coming. They answered by Pinteado, that they were merchants, and came to exchange the commodities of their own country for thofe of his. The king then defired him to look at 30 or 40 quintals of pepper, which had lain a long time in his torehouses, and to bring a fample of their merchandifes; thereupon he fent fome of his people to conduct the captain and merchants to the water-fide; and others to fetch the wares from the pinnace to the court. N 0 T E. He fell into a rage, and reviled him, calling him Jew, and other opprobrious names, faying, "This whorefon Jew hath promised to bring us to fuch places as are not to be found, or he cannot bring us to: but if he do not, I will cut off his cars, and sail them to the maft.” The The Life and Memoirs of the Duchefs of F (Continued from p. 571.) OR private reasons, well known to the confidential friends of the Duke of Kingston, and among which was difrefpect to the Duchefs, his grace harboured an inveterate prejudice against Mr. Evelyn Mea dows, his eldest nephew, and fon to his fifter Lady Frances Pierpoint. On that account he cut him off from the inheritance: by his will, he made his younger nephew his heir. To this gentleman Mrs. Craddock applied, and he joyfully received information which promifed to him a reftitution of what he confidered his natural right. Having minuted in writing the whole of Mrs. Craddock's evidence, and being perfectly fatisfied that the facts it contained were truths, Mr. Meadows laid his cafe before counsel, who advised a bill of indict ment to be preferred against the duchefs on a charge of bigamy. The bill was accordingly prefented, and being found by the grand jury, it was ad vised, if her grace did not appear in proper time to plead, that process of outlawry should be commenced against her. Mr. Field having received notice of the profecution, took immediate advice of coundel, who in confultation directed information to be sent to the duchefs at Rome, urging her inmediate return to England. This intelligence, like the fhock of a paralytic stroke, numbed every fenfe; her ftrength was fearcely able to bear againft it; and he was recovered from the first paroxifis of furprife with the utmoft difficulty. Rea, fon, however, at laft reaffuming her feat, a carriage was ordered, and this now unhappy woman was drove to the houfe of Mr. Jenkins, her banker. This Mr. Jenkins is a remarkable character. He was at one time a broker of curiofities; he is now banker to almost every British fubject that vifits the metropolis of the holy fee. In his hands the duchefs had placed money and fecurities to a very confiderable amount, for the purpofe of an fwering fuch fums as fhe would draw for; but he being now aware of her fituation, and knowing he would draw for a confiderable fum to answer neceffary disbursements on her journey, though perfectly fecure in any advance he fhould make, ordered him felf to be denied. At firft his abfence was imputed to a cafual event, but repeated denials alarmed the duchefs, who now plainly perceived a premeditated defign, and juftly fufpected that her banker had fome fcheme in view militating with her interefts. Her fufpicion was well founded; the intent was to delay her return to England till judgmeat of outlawry could be obtained, the upon her property at home, though not to execution of which would have operated the advantage of her husband's relations, as the confifcations would of course have gone into his majesty's exchequer. The duchefs, alarmed by these circumftances, mustered her fpirits, and refolved not only on enforcing an interview with her banker, but on obtaining a reftitution of the fecurities fhe had depofited in his hands; and, having purchased a brace of pistols and loaded them, went to his houfe. The anfwer, as ufual, was that Mr. Jenkins was not at home, upon which his refolute creditor placed herself at his door, declaring the would there remain centinel, and not quit her poft till he made his appearance, though he fhould remain absent for a month. This conduct had the defired effect. Jenkins received the information of the duchefs's refolution with aftonishment, and feeing the impoffibility of longer avoiding an interview without abfenting himself from his banking houfe, which he could not do with out material injury to his intereft and com mercial credit, he at last made his appearance. The duchefs addreffed him with a torrent of abufe, which he never attempted to repel, but received it with the calmness of confcious guilt, overwhelmed with flame. She demanded her money with an authoritative tone-the banker would have prevaricated fhe produced her pistol, and a sufficient fum was produced. Immediately after this act of heroism, the duchefs departed from Rome, and commenced her journey to England; but before the reached the Alps, the perturbation of spirits, upon which paffions and disappointments had powerfully wrought, produced a vi lent fever that terminated in an abscess which; gathered in her fide. Thus tormented in mind and body her fituuation was truly pitiable; and, being unable to travel in a carriage, the flowly pursued her melancholy journey in a litter contrived for the purpofe, and in this fituation reached Calais. The abfcefs having matured and broken, fhe found confiderable relief from corporeal pain; but her intellectual wretchedness rather increased, till at last her apprehenfions overpowered her reason, and her converfation often indicated approaching infanity. Thefe fears arofe from a misapprehenfion of the confequences of the indictment. She fuppofed that the offence precluded her from bail, and on her arrival she would be com mitted to the common gaol. Colonel Weft, brother to Lord Delaware, was now her confidant, but the colonel was as little acquainted with the law of bigamy as the duchess, and his opinions rather increafed than diminished her apprehenfions. At At this time, happily for her grace's peace of mind, Earl Mansfield made a trip to France, and paid a private visit to her grace. His lordship explained to her the nature of the offence with which the flood charged, the confequences of the indictment and of conviction; and, being eafed of her fears from his information, her mind became ferene, her health improved, and she foon embarked for Dover. On her arrival at Kingfton-house, the difcovered that neither abfence nor the profecution against her had leflened her friends, among the moft zealous of whom he found the Dukes of Newcafile, Ancaster, and Portland; alio Lord Mountftuart, and a numerous circle of other diftinguished perfonages. The firft ftep was to put in bail to the indiment, which was done before Earl Mansfield, his Grace of Newcastle and Lord Mountftuart becoming her fureties, and many perfons of high rank and fortune offering to join.-Thefe voluntary acts of friendship confiderably alleviated her distress; and coming from fuch perfonages, flattered her vanity, folaced her mind, and ftrengthened it, to meet with intrepidity the ordeal in preparation, which was the moft fevere, that a woman of her rank had been brought to for many years. To hertelf, however, fhe had principally to impute her wretched fituation, and all its confequences. Avarice had fuperfeded prudence. She depended upon cunning and chicane, in a cafe that required the utmost wildom to conduct it; and inftead of pur. chafing off the evidence againft her, the applied to lawyers, whofe intereft it was to promote litigation. Mrs. Craddock, the principal exifting witness against her; the only one who could prove the actual performance and confummation of the marriage ceremony, had, in old age, perfonally folicited a decent main tenance for the remnant of her life; and had voluntarily offered, in cafe of acquief cence, to retire to her native village, and never more obtrude herself upon the peace of her benefactor. This offer was rejected by the duchefs, who, though wallowing in accumulating wealth, would not conlent to allow Mrs. Craddock more than the wretched ftipend of twenty pounds a year, and that on the hard condition that the would live fequeftered in an obicure village, near the Peak of Derby. The ungracious propofal of the duchefs was rejected with contempt by the witnefs, who confidered her conduct on the occafion as extremely literal, expreffed her aftonishment by exclauning- Has the old devil the allurance to rejeći my bounty !” and the was then fet at defiance; though fhortly after, Mrs. Craddock might have commanded thoufands to defert from the fervice of the duchefs's profecutor. Her grace now fat down to the ftudy of jurifprudence. Her drawing-room became a law library, and hot a day paffed without confultations. Like Mr. Blackacre in the comedy, the drove from the Temple to Lincoln's Inn, and from Lincoln's Inn to Doctors Commons, loaded with law calls extracted from reporters, civil inftitutes, and church canons. Her carriage groaned under the weight of Lord Coke, Juftinian and Taylor.-From the opinions of her counsel, the daily experienced hope and confolation. The civilians produced incontrovertible arguments to prove the judgment in the Commons irrevocable. The common lawyers declared conviction impoffible; and the clergy affured her, no force her enemies were capable of bringing into the field, could ftand before the thundering force of the canon law. Under these affurances, the duchefs rested satisfied, that her acquittal was inevitable, had foothed her mind into plackinefs, when a fresh breeze arofe to diflurb the calm, and create a form in her mind. Foote, who was then manager of the theatre in the Haymarket, confidered her grace and her caufe, as fair game for fatire and ridicule. The public conduct of her grace afforded various fubjects; and the modern Ariftophanes had become mailer of many private tranfactions, as was fuppofed from the information of a young lady named Penrofe, who having long been deceived by her grace's promiles, was forced by neceflity to convert her fecrets into faleable commodities, and difpofed of them to Foote for a fum of money. The fatirift being thus poffeffed of materials, threw them into the form of a comedy, which he ftiled, "A Trip to Calais," of which her grace was the protagonist, and her character drawn with admirable skill, but reprefentation was not the defign of the author. His view was of a mercenary nature, that promised more profit than the acting of his piece could produce; it was to extort from the duchess a conûderable fum to fupprefs the piece from appearing on the ftage, or through the medium of the press. To effect this purpose, he contrived that the duchefs fhould be informed, by an apparently indifferent perion, of his intending to open his theatre with the piece; in which the was alio informed, he had delineated her character to the life. The information as intended, was like an electrical shock to her grace. She fent for Foote; he attended her with the piece in his pocket, and the folicited him to read it to her, which he obeyed. When |