but held a triumph none the less. Cf. Tac. Agricola, 39 inerat conscientia derisui fuisse falsum e Germania triumphum quem egit emptis per commercia quorum habitus et crines in captivorum specimen formarentur. 149. Cf. Martial, ix. 36. 5 sq., to a parasite who pretended that he had important news from abroad in order that he might be able to get an invitation to dinner: Verba ducis Daci chartis mandata resignas; Victricem laurum quam venit ante vides. Fronto, ed. Niebuhr, p. 81, de Eloq. 2 (quoted by Friedländer, i. p. 110) Caesarum est... per orbem terrae litteras missitare. pinna seems to be a technical term referring to pinnatae litterae, in which bad news was announced. Just before the assassination of Domitian Parthenius nuntiat esse qui magnum nescio quid afferret, nec differendum (Suet. Dom. 16), whereas good news was borne by a messenger with a spear bound with myrtle. Cf. Statius, Silv. v. 1. 92, 93 Omnia nam laetas pila attollentia frondes Nullaque famosa signatur lancea pinna. 150. For atque utinam as marking the transition from banter to pathos, cf. Sat. vi. 335. his nugis. Cf. Sen. Apoco. 7 Claudius ut vidit virum valentem, oblitus nugarum intellexit neminem Romae sibi parem fuisse. 153. The handicraftsmen'; just as we use the word 'snob,' which properly means a bootmaker's apprentice. The word is used generically as a proper name denoting a class, much as we speak of Bob and Dick.' Cf. Juvenal's previous use of Titus and Seius, iv. 13. It is, however, possible that Juvenal had in his mind some particular cerdo who had taken part in the murder of an emperor, not necessarily Domitian. Mart. iii. 99 has an epigram on a 'cerdo,' who he implies had murdered some one: cf. also iii. 16 and 59. For the murderers of Domitian see Suet. Dom. 17. 154. The family of the Lamiae is cited as the representative of the Roman nobility. Juvenal cites their family again Sat. vi. 385 as a type of the Roman nobles. Horace has two odes addressed to the Aelius Lamia of his day; viz. i. 26 and iii. 17. Suetonius, § 10, tells us that Domitian put to death several senators, some of whom had been consuls. He had Aelius Lamia executed for a joke made by the latter. SATIRE V. ON NIGGARDLY PATRONS AND THEIR PARASITES. THERE is nothing to determine the date of this Satire, but from the style, which more distinctly recalls Horace, Satires lib. ii. 8, than any other of Juvenal's, and from the care with which allusions to Domitian are excluded, and examples of oppression or stupidity chosen from the times of Nero and Claudius, there is a slight probability that it is one of the poet's earliest, and was composed while Domitian was alive. The Satire is an outburst of indignation against the professional dinersout and hangers-on of the wealthy at Rome, who could condescend to sell their wit and sink their self-respect for a good dinner. We have a good description of such parasites in Plautus, Captivi i. 3. 1, and in a fragment preserved to us of Eupolis, in which the chorus of Kóλakes describe their policy; and specimens of their wit, such as it was, are preserved to us in Horace, Satires i. 5. 51-69, where Sarmentus and Cicirrus banter each other in a way which we can hardly deem witty. This Satire affords us a good picture of the life of the millionaires at Rome with their outward affectation of pristine Roman simplicity and gravitas, and their private life of luxury and self-indulgence. For the sensuality described see Lecky's History of European Morals, vol. i. ch. ii., and Friedländer, vol. iii. pp. 1-172. You must be the vilest of men if you can bear the life of a parasite, while there is a beggar's stand unoccupied on which you may squat and eat dog-cake, 11. 1–11. An invitation once in two months is considered ample return for all your arduous dancing of attendance, ll. 12-23. What a feast! You get sour and heady wine out of a cobbler's pot; he drinks the generous juice of the grape mellowed by centuries, out of goblets plated with amber and studded with gems, 11. 24-49. For him the iced water served by the graceful Asiatic boy; for you the tepid draught handed carelessly by the sinister-looking and gaunt negro, 11. 50-66. Your host has the soft rolls of white bread: and you get the hard crusts that shine with age. Was it for this that you trudged through hail and fog, leaving your wife's side? 11. 67-79. Note the difference of the fine cray-fish put before the lord; the paltry crab served to yourself; contrast his sauce of clear olive-oil with yours of stinking lamp-oil,— the mullet or lamprey the great man brings from Corsican or Sicilian waters, with your eel or pike that has fattened in the Roman drains, 11. 80-106. And let the rich man observe that no one wants him to be generous; we only wish him to observe the courtesy of equal fellowship at his meals, 11. 107-113. Look again at the capon, the boar, the truffles; hear the patron's vaunt of wealth; watch the graces of the professional carver; and observe the strict etiquette that is enforced, ll. 113-127. No poor man can talk with his host on equal terms, ll. 127-131. But become rich, and you are Virro's friend; be childless, and he in turn will be your flatterer; yet even if you have a large family, your wealth will purchase you consideration, ll. 132-145. Even to mushrooms and dessert will the distinction of ranks be preserved at that table, 11.146-155. Do you think all this is Virro's economy? First, he does it to enjoy the comedy of a disappointed parasite, and to watch your looks as you calculate whether a costly dish will hold out till it reaches you. He appraises you at your true value, a possible buffoon, ll. 156-173. This satire is a locus classicus as to the condition of the clientes under the Empire. The number of the clientes, i. e. persons who depended either partially or entirely upon the bounty of their patronus for a livelihood, must have been very large judging by the numerous references to their condition met with in the writers who have touched on the social condition of Rome. The honourable name of client betokened no longer under the Empire an honourable connection between protector and protégé, but generally speaking a relation of dependence degrading alike to the wealthy patron and to the idle recipient. Traces of the ancient and honourable relationship were not unknown at the close of the Republic, as for instance that described by Horace as existing between the Consular L. Marcius Philippus and Volteius Menas (Hor. Ep. i. 7. 46 sqq.). Cic. in Caec. Div. ch. 20, describes the memory of that old reciprocity of service as alive in his time. But the genuine good feeling between patron and client showed a tendency to relax as the patron came more and more to regard his clients as mere figures to augment his pomp. The more numerous these lay figures became the less personal was necessarily the relationship between the bestower of the bounty and its recipient. Juvenal, in Sat. vii. 144 sq., describes how necessary it was deemed for the mere maintenance of their social position that merchants of very moderate fortune should display a showy band of retainers round their litters. The readiness of clients to accept the degrading conditions must be set down in some degree to the unwillingness of the Romans generally to engage in trade on a small scale, and also to the demoralising policy of the Empire of diverting the thoughts of the people from politics by gratuitous public spectacles and distributions of corn. For a troublesome and vexatious series of these small services, the clients received a trifling reward in the shape of money or food. Besides this they were now and then invited to take a seat at the table of their patron and treated as this Satire describes. Sometimes they were treated to a worn-out cloak (Pers. i. 44) or a few iugera of land (Juv. ix. 159; Mart. xi. 18). In any case, those who depended entirely on their patrons for their living are represented by Martial, iii. 38. 11, as pale and hungry. Their duties were to wait on their patron at the early salutatio in the heavy and troublesome toga: to escort him when he went out, to applaud him when he recited, and sometimes to lend themselves as instruments to his dangerous and flagitious intrigues. In return for all this they were treated as children or as buffoons. For the whole position of the clientes the reader should refer to Friedlander I. iii. p. 249 sqq. For the subject of the Satire, cf. Martial iii. 60 on the invidious difference between the dinner of the patron and the client : cf. also in Martial Epigr. ii. 18. and 68, iii. 30, vi. 11, vii. 86. This Satire and the passages in Martial bearing upon the same subject are the main authorities for the invidious treatment of the clients at table. Cf. also Pliny, Ep. ii. 6, who tells us, 'I had been the guest of a certain man who unites in his own estimation, splendour with economy, in mine, meanness with extravagance. For he and a few others had the best of everything served them, while the rest of the company had common fare and mere scraps,' &c. Cf. also Lucian, Cronosolon, de Mercede Conductis § 13 sqq. 1. 'If you do not yet blush for your plan of life, and if you are of the same mind, that you think it the supreme end in life to live from another's fragments.' Martial iii. 77. 3, and ix. 91. 18, uses quadra as a square piece cut out of a scored cake; and Juvenal and Martial seem so familiar with each other that it is hard not to suppose that they must have used such words as quadra in the same sense. Quadra panis seems used almost proverbially by Seneca, de Ben. iv. 29. § 2 Quis beneficium dixit quadram panis? Vergil in Aen. vii. 114 describes an episode turning on the use of quadra as mensae. 3. Sarmentus. Plutarch (Ant. 59) tells us of a Sarmentus, a favourite of Augustus. Sarmentus was also the name of the opponent of Cicirrus in Horace, Satires i. 5. 52. The Scholiast tells us of a Sarmentus who, by his wit, attained a fortune and the office of decuria quaestoria. Elated by this, he appeared in the theatre as a Roman knight, on which the populace composed on him the following pasquinade : Aliud scriptum habet Sarmentus, aliud populus voluerat. iniquas. Mr. Mayor takes this as 'ill-assorted,' where Emperor and parasite eat together; but the meaning seems rather to be where the treatment is so shamefully different in the case of the rich and the poor that the injustice raises your indignation. Cf. Sat. i. 30 iniquae urbis, where the unfairness of unprincipled upstarts is the thought. Cf. Plaut. Amphitruo Prol. 35 Iusta autem ab iniustis petere insipientiast Quippe illi iniqui ius ignorant neque tenent. 4. Gabba. Gabba was a scurra under Augustus. Martial i. 41 has an epigram on a buffoon who deemed himself a wit; Quod soli tibi Caecili videris: | Qui Gabbam salibus tuis, et ipsum | Possis vincere Tettium Caballum; he has another x. 101 in which he speaks of Gabba as a great wit, Ille suo felix Caesare Gabba vetus. 5. quamvis iurato. The quamvis goes closely with iurato. However much you might be on your oath.' iuratus is formed like cenatus, pransus, &c.; cf. Plaut. Amph. Act I. scene 1. line 283. Such participles partially supply the want of the past participle active in Latin. If, Trebius, you are so degraded that you can bear to imitate a common parasite, no man would trust your oath.' 6. frugalius: used as the comparative of frugi, which is proved by the Plautine expression frugi bonae Pseud. 468 (see also Cic. Att. iv. 8. b 3) to be the dative of an old word früx=frug-s: so that the expression originally meant for the good of.' It is an instance, like igitur (from agitur) of a word becoming isolated and then passing into a part of speech to which it was originally a stranger. frugalius, 'less exacting,' cf. Seneca, Ep. 60. § 3 quantulum est enim quod naturae datur? parvo illa dimittitur. The sentiment is a commonplace in Seneca. 8. 'Say you are starving, surely you might beg rather than play the parasite! Is there no quay or bridge to give you a place? Is there no beggar's mat too short by half?' Crepido is a raised footpath. Petr. 9 vidi Gitona in crepidine semitae stantem. teges, a beggar's mat. Mart. xi. 56 has an epigram on a Stoic philosopher who had a teges et cimex to sleep on cf. also ix. 93. 3 vilis tegeticula. Dimidia brevior may mean 'torn in two,' and thus lacking one of its halves, or 'too short by half'; in any case parte is understood. Quays and bridges were known resorts for beggars, cf. iv. 116; Sen. Contr. i. 1. 3 Quis crederet iacentem supra crepidinem Marium aut fuisse consulem aut futurum? = 9. tantine. Is the degradation of the meal worth its price?' The expression tantine est cena tam iniuriosa? cf. iii. 55, note; and the genitive is adjectival like that in gratum litus amoeni secessus in Sat. iii. 4. For the sentiment cf. Plin. Ep. ii. 6 si sumptibus parcas, quibus aliquanto rectius tua continentia quam aliena contumelia consulas, where contumelia means by insulting other people; so Quint. Decl. 298 iniuria pasci; Paneg. in Pison. 103 nullius subitos affert iniuria risus. Domitian in this respect set a good example to his subjects that nihil prius aut acrius monuit quam ne quid sordide facerent Suet. Dom. § 9. 10. For the cum possit honestius illic of the MSS. some editors have adopted the reading possis cum honestius illic. The present reading seems satisfactory. ieiuna must be pressed. 'Is hunger so starved as this, when it might with more self-respect shiver and shake on the quay and munch the refuse of dog biscuit?' 12-23. The score of gratitude due from your patron is wiped out by a single meal, and for this you are willing to undergo any inconvenience.' 12. fige, 'impress on your heart'; stronger than pone. Cf. Sat. ix. 94 Et tacitus nostras intra te fige querelas. 13. You receive payment in full for all your long services in the past; no thanks are due beyond.' 14. imputat, 'sets it down,'' counts it against you.' Imputat is used in the same sense in Martial iii. 6. 3, so Tac. H. i. 38 hoc solum erit certamen, quis mihi plurimum imputet; so Mart. xii. 48. 13 says if 'a god himself were to give me nectar it would become vinegar to me if he reckoned it as a favour' (imputet). Cf. Mart. xii. 83. 4 'the captator who tries to get invited to dinner will catch the ball at the game to prevent your having to stoop to pick it up, and will reckon this to your account,' imputet acceptas ut tibi saepe pilas. rex, 'your patron'; as we might say, 'the great man.' 17. culcita. The imus locus imi lecti, called the locus libertini. The host would fill up the lowest couch, on which he lay himself, last, and therefore the discourtesy would be all the more pointed. Cf. Petronius, 38; Plaut. Stich. 492; and Lucian, Gall. 9, where Eukrates tells Mikyllus that he is to hold himself in readiness to come, and to |