line." These allusions to the Carlovingian and Merovingian emperors can be looked up in detail in any history of medieval Europe. The point is that such kings as Chilperic and Childeric were merely nominal rulers, while others held the real power. There is a similar allusion in the Hastings essay.

72 25 other European nations: besides the French, the Dutch, and the Danes, specifically mentioned here by Macaulay, the Venetians, the Genoese, and the Portuguese were also concerned in the history of the trade and the political control by European nations in India. The trade of the Venetians and Genoese was overland, before an all-sea route to India had been discovered. The Portuguese, after the landing of Vasco da Gama in India, monopolized the trade for half a century. Then the Dutch, becoming the greatest maritime power in Europe, took most of the trade. The English began to get a hold in 1602. The Danes had an East India Company which was early established, but went out of existence in 1728. The French power began in 1664 with the establishment of the French East India Company. Of all the European powers the English have been the strongest in India for the longest time.

744 fund which still bears his name: this was true when written in 1840, but in 1858 the money was distributed among Clive's heirs after the government of India came entirely into the hands of the nation as represented by the king or queen.

74 12 embittered the remaining years: pages 74-88 tell of the embitterment of Clive's last years, from 1767 to 1774, in spite of his wealth and some tokens of royal favor. The sentence serves as a general topic for all these paragraphs. Macaulay in most of his essays uses this device of a topic sentence for introducing a long stretch of paragraphs. A topical heading for pages 74-88 might be: Odium of Clive in England in spite of wealth and some royal favor, 1767–1774.

74 28 Nabobs: note the two different senses in which this word is used. Pages 75-77 are of a general nature, explaining the feeling in England toward nabobs as used in one sense of the word.

75 10 farmer-general: another of Macaulay's historical comparisons. Farmer-generals in France grew rich from paying a lump sum for the taxes of a district and then collecting a great deal more from the inhabitants. Rich as these taxgatherers became, they were scorned by the French nobility. Similar, Macaulay says, was the attitude of the English nobility toward the upstart rich nabobs.

75 30 the stud: 'a collection of breeding horses and mares' (Webster). 764 Domesday Book: this book, now on exhibition in the Record Office Museum on Chancery Lane, London, consists of two parchment

volumes. The book contains, among other statistical features, a record of the owners of English farm and wood lands in 1086. Thus a family recorded in the Domesday Book would be of very ancient descent.

76 11 foibles against which comedy: following his usual custom, Macaulay illustrates this by mentioning two characters of celebrated comedies; namely, Turcaret, a coarse, rich stock operator, the hero of Le Sage's comedy entitled "Turcaret"; and Monsieur Jourdain, a rich tradesman, who, in old age, wants to become a polished gentleman, in Molière's "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme."

76 12 crimes . . . tragedy: the references are possibly to the Nero of Racine's tragedy" Britannicus" and to the Richard III of Shakespeare's tragedy" Richard III."

76 20 dilettante: 'a lover of the fine arts.'

76 21 macaroni black-balled: that is, the men of fashion voted against the admission of the nabobs to membership in the fashionable clubs. For a familiar use of the word " macaroni,” recall the song "Yankee Doodle."

76 25 the whole lighter literature: as usual, the essayist develops his general statement by adding a catalogue of names. Foote and Mackenzie were comic dramatists of the latter half of the eighteenth century. Cowper was the poet referred to again in the eighth paragraph of "Hastings." The Sir Matthew Mite of the next paragraph is a character in Foote's comedy "The Nabob."

77 18 Berkeley Square: in a fashionable part of London (see Baedeker's "London").

789 He had to bear the whole odium: again Macaulay is the advocate, presenting the subject of his biography in the best possible light. See also 81 28," He had to bear the double odium of his bad and of his good actions, of every Indian abuse and of every Indian reform."

78 21 Johnson: if Samuel Johnson, the great literary dictator of the eighteenth century, had prejudices against nabobs, how do you account for his having been well disposed toward Warren Hastings, as explained in the essay on Hastings?

78 34 William Huntington, S.S.: a religious impostor who lived wickedly but pretended that he had seen Christ in the body. S.S. stood for "Sinner Saved."

79 15 misery and death: note how these general words are expanded into extraordinarily vivid specific details in the sentences that follow. 80 20 Adam Smith: a political economist, author of "The Wealth of Nations," which is declared by Green in Chapter X of "A Short History of the English People" to rank among the greatest of books, if

books are to be measured by the effect which they have produced on the fortunes of mankind.

81 18 between two tempests: explained by the next sentence. Observe that Macaulay, from the English point of view, thinks of the American Revolutionary War as a civil war.

81 30 The state of the political world: the author does not neglect his opportunity offered by this sentence to give an encyclopedic catalogue of names. Look up Grenville, Chatham, and Rockingham in any encyclopedia or English history.

82 24 under the gallery: the seats for distinguished visitors are still beneath the galleries.

83 12 alien from: would you say alien to?

83 29 rose adjourned.'

84 15 harnessed a Newfoundland dog harnessing a dog to a carriage was made a criminal offense in 1839. Macaulay not infrequently brightens up an essay by an allusion to familiar current events.

84 23 good and bad actions: Macaulay himself develops toward Clive something of the "love that passes the love of biographers" (2 32). Has Macaulay any interest in Clive except that of the open-minded historian and critic? Does he convince you that Clive's good outweighed his bad actions, and that he was unfairly treated by his contemporaries?

858 Knight of the Bath: on each side of the superb Chapel of Henry VII in Westminster Abbey are thirty-six quaintly carved choir stalls, each stall being appropriated to a Knight of the Order of the Bath, an order established by George I in 1725.

85 10 Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire: on being invested with the office, by which he represented the king in the county or shire, he had to kiss the hand of the sovereign to show his allegiance.

85 17 Burgoyne: from Macaulay's description what new idea do you obtain of General Burgoyne?

86 3 The Commons resolved: state as simply as you can just what the House voted concerning Clive.

86 15 previous question: by carrying the previous question the opponents of Clive prevented the effort of his friends to sidetrack this particular resolution without a vote. In the English Parliament, when the previous question is carried the vote must be taken. When the previous question is lost, the original motion is not given further consideration.

86 33 almost every Frenchman: see in earlier paragraphs of the essay what Macaulay says about the achievements of Labourdonnais, Dupleix, and Lally.

871 the Bastille on the site of this old Parisian prison, torn down by the people in the French Revolution, there is now a high tower, the view from the top of which well repays one for the hard, dark climb.

87 19 Voltaire would have produced: what is the use of this digression? 88 33 died by his own hand in the house at No. 45 Berkeley Square, referred to previously in the essay.

89 15 From his first visit: do you enjoy the beautiful structure of Macaulay's concluding paragraph?

909 Antiochus and Tigranes: the first was subdued by Pompey, B.C. 65; the second by Lucullus, B.C. 69. Do you consider that the fame of either Pompey or Lucullus was great?

914 Trajan: emperor of Rome, 98-117 A.D. His victories were over the Dacians and the Parthians. There are many monuments to him in Rome.

91 8 Lord William Bentinck: could you rephrase the last sentence so that the final impression should be not of Bentinck, governor-general of India from 1828 to 1835, but of Lord Clive, who is the subject of the essay and who should be made most prominent at the end? When the editor of the Edinburgh Review criticized this last sentence, Macaulay made a slight change, but persisted in giving final emphasis to his high estimation of Bentinck's services in India.

NOTES ON WARREN HASTINGS

931 this book: like the Clive, the Hastings essay is nominally a review of a biography. Slashing the biography in a few introductory paragraphs, Macaulay passes on to his own estimate of the worth of Hastings's career and to a vivid narrative of the striking events in which Hastings was the central figure. The biography so summarily disposed of by the essayist was the Rev. George R. Gleig's "Memoirs of the Life of Warren Hastings, First Governor-General of Bengal," compiled from original papers and first published in 1841 in three octavo volumes. As soon as Macaulay read the book he wrote to the editor of the Edinburgh Review that he considered the new Life of Hastings the worst book he ever saw (Trevelyan's "The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay," II, 92). 93 22 Christian minister: that is, Gleig.

94 3 Furor Biographicus: a Latin phrase meaning biographical passion or excitement or frenzy ; about equivalent in meaning to the expression used in the fourth paragraph of " Clive."

94 19 as he was: the positiveness with which Macaulay presents his ideas seems to carry readers along unsuspectingly to believe implicitly what he says. Really the view which is given of Hastings in this essay, while in the main accepted as correct by sober and accurate historians, is so marred by inaccuracies in statement of fact and by party prejudice in interpretation of facts that the best authorities now consider Macaulay's portraiture not entirely satisfactory. In subsequent notes attention will be called to a few points on which later writers on Hastings's career disagree with Macaulay.

94 28 Lely: Sir Peter Lely (1618-1680), a native of Westphalia, went to England in the reign of Charles I and became a fashionable portrait painter. He painted the portrait of Cromwell about 1650. In the reign of Charles II he painted the beauties of the court.

958 great Danish sea king: Hasting, or Hastings, after ravaging the coast of France with his piratical crew, invaded England in 894 and was defeated by King Alfred the Great.

95 14 chamberlain: one of the ancestors of Hastings, that is, William, Lord Hastings, was appointed lord chamberlain of the royal household