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venience.

under the freedom of the press, equally with the comments of newspapers. They are expressions of opinion. Our laws may be enforced independently of them. The documents of the church should pass as freely as the statutes of freemasons or the edicts of the odd-fellows; and no member of that church, as such, should be distinguished from any other citizen in secular matters. Let the law deal with him solely according to his secular con

In order to make such a policy possible, it would | and scope of such measures in Ireland as concern be necessary, to reduce to a consistent and intelli- Roman Catholics, so that the mind of the sovereign gible shape the relation between the civil govern- pontiff may receive its just degree of enlightenment of the country and the church which em- ment in shaping his own strictly independent rebodies the faith of the people and owns for its solves. This much for influence. As to secular chief an alien prince. The present compromise authority, the sovereign of Rome possesses none between a studied ignorance of that church and a in these islands, and we are bound to see that our faltering recognition is productive of much incon- laws admit of no encroachment in that respect: We recognize an authority which we they should afford no machinery for the enforcedangerously abstain from influencing, and still ment of any civil authority ascribed to the sovermore dangerously we neglect to define its range eign of Rome, and they should refuse all recogof action amongst us. Thus the late rescript of nition of it. One sort of recognition that we do the Sacred College at Rome against the new col- accord to that authority is very mischievous—it is leges in Ireland is handled in a temper betwixt the maintenance of civil disabilities. In the eye spleen and fright, which is equally gratuitous and of the civil law, the Roman church is a voluntary ridiculous. Surely we have "pluck," diligence, association, in no respect differing from a voluntaand common sense enough to grapple with this ry association for charitable, literary, or scientific question? It is not necessary that we should stop objects; and we ought not to confer on it the at conjectural speculations on the character of Pius distinction of persecution. We should not, for the Ninth, though that may form an element in instance, withhold from that church powers of enconsidering what our policy ought to be. Still dowment which we should grant to a mechanics' less is there any ground to be alarmed at the as-institution, a proprietary school, or a hospital. As pect of that pontiff. Excepting in his political to the rescripts from Rome, they may well pass, capacity, as a sort of conservative Rienzi, his character has not been distinctly displayed; but it can hardly fail to come under one of the three following descriptions. 1. He might be an indifferentist in religion, and a mere politician using ecclesiastical forms. To this conjecture the well-known traits of his personal character are altogether opposed. Cardinal Mastai-Ferretti supported the name of a noble family, under circumstances of extremely narrow means, with an unaffected dig-duct. nity that won universal respect. His charity was Having rid the subject of the embarrassment unbounded, and he has been known to rob his own belonging to it from acting on religious distinctions, pantry of its plate when readier means of alms it would be comparatively easy to design a policy were wanting. He has shown the utmost benev- for the pacification of Ireland, the design being olence and zeal in promoting the studies of youth shaped according to the leading wants. The comdestined for the church. He has revived the bined measures should be as few, as simple, and as ancient usage of pontifical preaching. And alto- large in their scope as possible; minor wants begether his demeanor is that of an enthusiast rather ing left to adjust themselves by the aid of the than an indifferentist. It is especially to be noted energy supplied in the great measures. The crythat his efforts in the church have been to purify ing evils of Ireland are, the bad culture arising its administration and practice, without any change from the helplessness of nominal landlords and the in its dogmatic forms. 2. He may be an am- cottier system; the pauperized condition of the bitious bigot-a Gregory the Seventh, bent on agricultural population; the redundancy of the subjugating all temporal authority to the spiritual population as compared with the present state and authority of Rome. For that he is too "spirituel," extent of agriculture; the anarchy of the country, in the French sense, and evinces too just an ap- its distracted councils, and the general indifference preciation of what in English we call the " spirit to constituted authority. A remedial policy will of the times." 3. He may be a man who refines in the first place enforce tranquillity so far as it can on religious dogma, and sees a possibility of adapt- be enforced by an exercise of vigorous authoritying it to the spirit of the times. With that con-armed if necessary: nothing can be done without jecture his conduct strictly comports. According-quiet, and the delirious patient must be held down ly, while we can expect in the present pontiff no till the fit is over and the medicaments begin to departure from the technical usage of the Roman tell. Do not stop at an arms act, or at any negCatholic Church, we may expect in him, if he be ative and therefore ineffectual measure: martial rightly informed, a beneficial direction of its spirit. | law even is better, because more positive and less This consideration suggests the shape which the offensive. Next, extend the encumbered estates relation between our government and the Roman head of the popular church in Ireland ought to take. We should have an accredited envoy near the person of the pontiff, capable of keeping him truly and sufficiently informed as to the purpose

bill, which was postponed last year, into such a measure as would convert the nominal ownership of Ireland into a real ownership. Real owners will have real tenants, capable of enforcing their own tenant-right,” by independent stipulation.

66

gyman, and minister.

THE CHOLERA.

Protect the laborer by a real enforcement of the in any case: it discovers that he is not in a fit poor-law. Relieve the land and the labor-market state of mind to go at large, and it seizes him and from the burden of redundant numbers by sys- secludes him until he is put into a safe and fit tematic emigration. And appeal to the real pa- state of mind, if that ever should be.-Spectator. triots of Ireland-if there are such; call upon the citizens who understand and feel any loyalty towards the state, to stand by the government because it is "the government;" confide in them, FATALISM is a feeling natural to the human breast, honor them, strengthen them, arm them; make no and many good Protestants are Mussulmans in sneerdistinctions among any who are loyal, but welcome ing at any notion of preparing to meet the cholera, every citizen alike—Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, merely because they do not understand that any Ague and Church-of-England-man-layman, priest, cler-specific counter-agent has been discovered. has its Peruvian bark, toothache its creosote, but But above all, while you there is no one drug thus curatively associated with combine all these measures, compromise none. If cholera; and therefore the desponding, in a mood you use the sword, strike home; if you exact, compounded of despair, indolence, false shame at wring out the last penny due; if you aid, aid ef- the fear of using exertions that may fail, and even fectually until your object be gained; if you cona cowardice which makes passive submission less terrible because it recognizes the presence of danger fide, trust with generous fulness: let every branch less than action, cover their indolence and their disof your policy be carried out without reserve or may by a sneering indifference, as the boy whistles qualification, so that its purpose be thoroughly in passing through the churchyard. But besides realized; and if any hurt be unavoidably inflicted direct remedies, there are many things which may in the operation, with the other hand apply resto- be done to prepare for disarming or weakening an ratives as boldly and generously. Fulfil the long-epidemic. Everything which tends to promote deferred conquest of Ireland for herself; your health and remove depressing influences is of that victory will be her peace and prosperity, and will bless your hand of strength.-Spectator, 13th Nov.

TEST OF INSANITY IN CRIMINAL CASES.

of medical treatment, there must be a probable nature. Although there may not be a known course course; and the public, who cannot universally "call in the doctor," should know what are the precautions to be taken in the economy of daily life. Above all, the public servants should speed THE case of Count Mortier affords a remarkable whatever is desirable to fortify the public health. illustration of the fallacy which lurks in the dictum Now is the time when we feel the retribution for laid down by Mr. Justice Erskine, that a person past sins of omission. We have drains, as in the accused of crime cannot claim impunity on the Tower Hamlets district, that will not drain because score of insanity if the circumstances which prompt owners to withhold communication between their the fall is too slight; laws which permit househis morbid excess be real. M. Mortier was in-houses and the main drain; and bodies to adminsane, and his main delusion was a doubt of his ister those laws which possess neither the intelliwife's fidelity. Instead of murdering her, how-gence nor the motive to do their duties effectively.* ever, he resolved to destroy his children and himself; and he was in the act of endeavoring to persuade the frightened children that they ought to be slaughtered, when the police came in and rescued them. Now, M. Mortier was attempting murder the motive was a delusion, and therefore, according to Mr. Justice Erskine, he may claim mercy; but what if the infidelity of the countess happened to have been real?—the secret fact coinciding with the delusion; a coincidence which would not be unprecedented. In that case, according to Mr. Justice Erskine's view, the count, although as insane as ever, would not be able to claim the indulgence due to insanity. This test fails, because it is confessedly applied, not to the thing which is to be tested, but to something else -not to the morbidity of the perception, but to the reality of the thing perceived. It is well known that there may be a truly insane feeling towards an object without any delusion as to the reality of the object; but if there be deceit, a truly insane perception of outward appearances may by chance coincide with the disguised truth

What the law will do with Count Mortier is just what it may most safely and beneficially do

Sewers, of course, cannot be made by the end of this month, about which time the cholera will be The New York Sun reports the arrival of an emidue; but much may be done by mere regulations. grant-ship with one hundred and sixty-five emigrants on board, and without a single case of sickness; a fact which can only be ascribed to the cleanliness that had been enforced by Mr. Watts, the commander. Now we all know what private emigrantships usually are-what is the conduct and condition of the "spontaneous" emigrants to North America; and we know that no combination of circumstances can be more adverse to sanatory regulation; surely, what Mr. Watts could effect by moral influence in the crowded space and among the piggish inmates of an emigrant-ship, may be done by competent authority in our towns. The pity is that we are still without that competent authority; for, although we cannot reconstruct our towns and dwellings by the arrival of the cholera, we might establish a Board of Health, and the board might advise and direct the public. This is a work suitable to the early session of Parliament, because it is a work that really belongs to the season.-Spectator, 6 Nov.

*See a communication on this subject in the Journal of Public Health, a monthly periodical, published under the sanction of the Metropolitan Health of Towns Association; the first number appeared on Monday last.

From the Toronto Church.
THE WEST INDIAN COLONIES.

ing speculators may have designed to introduce into the market; or, at all events, they were bound to THE accounts which we are now receiving from have continued their protection to a people upon every quarter, of the disastrous condition of the whom they were experimenting, and to have reWest Indian Islands, tend to confirm our worst fears frained from commencing the working of a more for the ultimate safety of these once splendid de- hazardous problem, ere the success of the first had pendencies of the British crown. The cry is rebeen solved. It was declared by the late premier, echoed everywhere, without contradiction, that they that it was the wish of her majesty's government are absolutely ruined; and as it is not to be sup-to consider the colonies as integral portions of the posed that Britain will recede from her present kingdom. By this he was understood to mean, legislative position, we must confess our inability to that each party should enjoy reciprocal advantages, believe that free trade, as carried out by the gov- each party ministering to, and receiving correspondernment, can do otherwise than precipitate the ing benefits from, the whole connected body. This evils which the colonies foresaw and predicted announcement of England's parental desire to would result from the measure. Evils which would strengthen her rule of government for the colonies, completely annihilate those means, without which it was received with the most lively satisfaction; and, is impossible for the cultivator and manufacturer of abiding in faith, the colonists were content to fight sugar to carry on his operations, viz., the confidence through their temporary difficulties, and to wait for that season of prosperity which they fondly looked for.

and assistance of the merchant.

When the British nation determined that the institution of slavery should no longer be tolerated in Suddenly, however, and with scarce any preparour dependencies, the West Indian colonists sought ation, they are summoned to undergo a new experinot to obstruct the scheme of African emancipation. ment. They are unexpectedly called upon to enter On the contrary, they have done everything in their into a contest with that very element which Engpower to render the success of the measure as per- land had ejected from her social existence, because fect and complete as possible. We may appeal to she felt its blighting influence, and was satisfied of all, in any way conversant with the subject, as to its moral wrongs. In subjecting her colonies to the truth of this averment. Never was a revolu- competition with slavery, the British government tion of corresponding magnitude effected with so has been guilty (we speak after due deliberation) not little disturbance to a community, and from which only of a shameful breach of faith, but of moral all those antagonistic feelings, which are so inhe- dishonesty. These unhappy colonies are to minisrent to party, so speedily subsided. Ireland haster to the wishes and desires of England, they must for a much longer period enjoyed Roman Catholic emacipation does she exhibit such a picture of harmonious intercourse between her opposing parties, as do the white classes in the West Indies and their colored brethren, the late slave population? We grant that the disturbance in the relations between master and servant, consequent on negro emancipation, did, in some of the islands, produce a serious interruption to that regular and constant supply of labor which is so essential to the cultivation of the cane. The laborers, wishing to exercise their newly acquired privileges, took possession of unoccupied land, and cultivated it on their own account. This was a natural, though, to both interests, an injurious act, because the laborer engaged in the cultivation of garden patches, which merely sufficed for his own maintenance, abstracted from the staple cultivation that labor by which, and by which alone, wealth and prosperity could be brought to the country in general-thus importing into the West Indies some of those social evils which have proved such a bane to Ireland. In Barbadoes, where there was no unoccupied land, a very different state of things existed. There labor was plentiful and the people fully employed; and notwithHow can the West Indian planter stand erect standing that a circle of dry years visited it after the under such a complicated pressure of discouragepassing of the emancipation bill, the quantity of ments? In the first place he is forbid competition sugar exported was not less than in corresponding with the English refiner, and compelled to enter circles under the system of slavery. Last year the lists with the slave producer. Again, the slavebeing the first bountiful year of season, with which holder is permitted to transmit his products to the island had been blessed, Barbadoes exported Britain in vessels built by slaves-manned by slaves thirty-four thousand hogsheads of sugar, being aand owned by slave-proprietors-whilst the coloquantity considerably greater than it had ever done under the institution of bondage.

enter into the grand experiment of free trade, but only so far as serves the purposes of the English people. They must not look for any share of the advantages which by remote possibility may accrue from that measure. The West Indian, by a cruel and suicidal policy, is denied the right of manufac turing his own cane-juice into a refined sugar, because a certain class in London, Liverpool and Bristol may thereby be injured. The British merchant must have employment for his vessels, and therefore the West Indian must not dream of freighting American or any other foreign bottoms, although by so doing he would save one half of what he disburses in freight. In like manner, he cannot obtain a market for his spirits, because the British distiller must be protected at all hazards, which are the advantages which free trade holds out to the British West Indian colonies. Such the crooked policy of Great Britain towards these her loyal and exemplary subjects. A policy which we may say has ended in their total and complete destruction; and in riveting on the wrists of the slave those shackles which Britain gloried in having struck from the limbs of her own bondsmen.

nist must transmit his produce to the British market in vessels manned by freemen, who conseHad, then, the British government and people quently cannot take it at a price by any means as been perfectly consistent in their moral and reli- reasonable as the former. Strange as this stategious antipathy to slavery, surely they would have ment may appear to many of our readers, it is neveradopted such measures as would have secured the theless undoubtedly true. Ships manned by slaves success of emancipation. It was their plain and are constantly trading to England; and not only imperative duty to have given every discourage- are the bondsmen narrowly watched while the ves ment to the products of slave labor, which design-sel is in port, but they are nominally articled in so

strict and stringent a manner, that escape from their | Thou dread'st not to think of the firms that may owners is almost a matter of impossibility.

From private sources we learn that the work of destruction and desolation is rapidly going on in Jamaica. In that island FIFTEEN ESTATES HAVE BEEN ABANDONED DURING THE LAST SIX MONTHS,

smash;

blue;

Thou feel'st not the lowness of credit and cash; Thou heed'st not the tightness of money a jot, It pinches thee-happy young gentleman!-not. besides several previously given up. And in The bank may determine to put on the screw, other islands parties are inspecting their properties Thou wilt not be frightened; thou 'lt never loo's with the view of determining whether it be profitable any longer to continue the working of them. What matter to thee, little fellow of mine, Every expedient has been tried to render the culti- If discount 's at three-and-a-half, or at nine? vation of the cane by implemental labor as profitable Unconscious art thou of such things as bad debts, as possible, but beyond a certain point they cannot With nothing to hope in the shape of assets; aspire; and do as they may, the sugar manufac- Thou art not disheartened-thou art not dismayed, tured by slaves must be cheaper than that produced To think of the bill to be noted or paid. by free men, unless indeed where the population is so dense as to compel labor at diminished prices, or leave starvation as the alternative.

In whatever light we view the ruin of the West India colonies, the picture is a sad and a most dismal one. Who can refrain from sympathizing with a body of once opulent proprietors, lured on to their destruction by a too confiding dependence on the promised protection of the mother country? But, above all, we shudder to contemplate the probable effect which that ruin will produce upon the negro. The white man may escape to America with the remnant which he can happily glean from the wreck of his property. But the poor negro must remain, and remain to degenerate into the hideous barbarism of St. Domingo. It was the settled and oftrepeated conviction of a highly educated and intelligent gentleman of their own race, who long and ably conducted one of the leading journals of the tropics, that no greater curse could befall his black brethren, than the withdrawal of the whites from among them. He regards their departure as the signal for the return of the negro to barbarism, anarchy, and superstition. Where, let us ask, is money to be obtained to carry on the social and moral improvements necessary, as regards both civilization and religion? How is the church to be supported? How are the schools to be carried on? How are the magistracy and the other legal tribunals to be kept up? In a word, where are the means to come from to antagonize that relapse into a degraded and barbarous state which is natural to man when left without these accessory laws of control, and the presence of which is so essential to civilization?

It is not to be wondered at that, in these circumstances, the Kingston Chamber of Commerce should speak out as they have lately done in the following emphatic terms:

That this chamber views with alarm the commerce of the country daily dwindling into insignificance. Confidence is shaken to its very centre; and it is but too plain to perceive that our most respectable citizens (foreseeing, no doubt, worse evils to come, and no energy exerted to avert them) are leaving the country with the little they have saved from the wreck of their affairs. Estates are fast becoming abandoned. Poverty stares us in the face wherever we go. The expenses of living are enor

mous, and taxation is unbearable."

THE CITY GENTLEMAN TO HIS INFANT SON.
AIR-"Oh, rest thee, my darling."

OH! slumber my youngster, in ignorance blest,
No thought of the panic deprives thee of rest;
Though things e'er so bad in the city may be,
They give no concern, my young shaver, to thee.

Then slumber, young gentleman, rest while you

may,

You 'll surely know all about these things one day;
Sleep on, undisturbed by the world's busy hum;
For, like a young bear, you've your troubles to
Punch.

come.

NEW BOOKS AND REPRINTS. BETHUNE'S POEMS.-A beautifully printed volume entitled "Lays of Love and Faith," by the Rev. Geo. W. Bethune, is just published by Lindsay & Blakiston, of Philadelphia. Several short poems of Mr. Bethune have already appeared in the periodicals, and given general readers a favorable idea of his poetical powers. These do not appear to have been exercised except occasionally, with no purpose to win a reputation, but the collection more than justifies the good opinion which these casual perusals of his fugitive verses had caused us to form. The volume is at Wiley & Putnam's.

Here is one of these lays of love and faith, well deserving the appellation he has given-a lay warm with love and instinct with faith.

LIVE TO DO GOOD.

Live to do good; but not with thought to win
From man return of any kindness done;
Remember him who died on cross for sin,
The merciful, the meek, rejected one.
When he was slain for crime of doing good,
Canst thou expect return of gratitude?
Do good to all; but while thou servest best

And at thy greatest cost, nerve thee to bear,
When thine own heart with anguish is oppressed,

The cruel taunt, the cold averted air,
From lips which thou hast taught in hope to pray,
And eyes whose sorrow thou hast wiped away.
Still do those good; but for his holy sake

Who died for thine; fixing thy purpose ever
High as his throne, no wrath of man can shake;
So shall he own thy generous endeavor,
And take thee to his conqueror's glory up,
When thou hast shared the Saviour's bitter cup.
Do nought but good; for such the noble strife
Of virtue is, 'gainst wrong to venture love,
And for thy foe devote a brother's life,

Content to meet the recompense above,
Brave for the truth, to fiercest insult meek,
In mercy strong, in anger only weak.

N. Y. Ev. Post.

Messrs. James Munroe & Co. have received from the publishers, Messrs. Lindsay & Blakiston, Philadelphia, a volume of poems entitled, "Lays

of Love and Faith, with other Fugitive Poems," by | of his recollection, as being more frank than squeamRev. Dr. George Bethune. It is a very handsome ish. But though he is not insolently nice,' he is volume, and contains very beautiful poetry. The unexceptionably moral, as far as we have been able author introduces his volume with the following to penetrate; and teils us many true things about lines, which speak well for themselves and him :- the city of all the earth for variety and gayety."— Mrs. Kirkland in Union Magazine.

"As one arranges in a simple vase
A little store of unpretending flowers,
So gathered I some records of past hours,
And trust them, gentle reader, to thy grace;
Nor hope that in my pages thou wilt trace

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The brilliant proof of high poetic powers;
But dear memorials of my happy days,
When Heaven shed blessings on my heart, like

showers

Clothing with beauty even the desert place;
Till I, with thankful gladness in my looks,

Turned me to God, sweet nature, loving friends,
Christ's little children, well-worn ancient books,

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There are many pieces in this volume of great
beauty; among those which will be read over and
over again with renewed pleasure, are the verses,
"To my Mother," "To my Wife," "Susie,"
Early Lost and Early Saved,'
""The Fourth of
July."
Some of the articles in this volume have
been published in the journals of the day, but they
are too valuable to be left so scattered, and the vol-
ume is a precious addition to any library.
Daily Advertiser.

Old Wine in new Bottles; or, Spare Hours of a Stu-
dent in Paris. By Augustus Kinsly Gardner,
M. D. New York: Francis & Co. Boston:
J. H. Francis.

The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, for the year 1848. James Munroe & Co., Boston.

This is the nineteenth year of this, the most elegant and useful work of the kind. We are much

obliged to the publishers for our copy.

Messrs. Harper & Brothers continue the beau-
tiful and good Pictorial History of England.
They have just issued:

The Philosophy of Life and Philosophy of Language.
By Frederick von Schlegel. Translated by the
Rev. J. W. Morrison, M. A.

The Convict; or, the Hypocrite Unmasked. By G.

P. R. James.

Rainbows for Children. Edited by L. Maria Child.
Beautifully embellished. New York: C. S.
Francis & Co.

"These sweet little fairy stories have, beyond mere present delight, the further intent to lay the foundation of that something better, on which we must depend for the sunshine of life after fairy days are gone. They are full of a sweet spirit; of a delicately-hinted good purpose; of Christian sentiments, and cheerful wisdom. They are told with Mrs. Child's spiriting has been done not only gently much elegance, and in the purest Saxon English. but effectually.”—Mrs. Kirkland's Union Mag. Messrs. Francis & Co. have also published,

We read and love all that Mrs. Hall

"Dr. Gardner has made a very sprightly and Midsummer Eve: a Fairy Tale of Love. By Mrs. amusing book, out of his Paris experiences. Some S. C. Hall. objection may be made by the fastidious, to portions | writes.

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POETRY.-The Magnetic Telegraph, 591-Things not so bad in the city, 611-Capitalist; Railway Speculator, 612-The City Gentleman to his Infant Son, 619.

SCRAPS-Detective Daguerreotype, 610; Royal Amusements, 611; Test of Insanity; The Cholera, 617.

twenty dollars, or two dollars each for separate volumes. Any numbers may be had at 12 cents.

The LIVING AGE is published every Saturday, by E. LITTELL & Co., at No. 165 Tremont St., BOSTON. Price 12 cents a number, or six dollars a year in advance. AGENCIES.-The publishers are desirous of making Remittances for any period will be thankfully received arrangements in all parts of North America, for increasand promptly attended to. To insure regularity in mail-ing the circulation of this work-and for doing this a ing the work, remittances and orders should be addressed to the office of publication as above.

liberal commission will be allowed to gentlemen who will interest themselves in the business. But it must be unTwenty dollars will pay for 4 copies for a year. derstood that in all cases payment in advance is expected. COMPLETE SETS to the end of 1846, making eleven | The price of the work is so low that we cannot afford to large volumes, are for sale, neatly bound in cloth, for incur either risk or expense in the collection of debts.

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