A.

Copy of a Decree passed (without a division) in a Convocation of the University of Oxford, 5th November 1878:"That the delegates of local examinations be authorised to appoint representatives out of their own number to cooperate with the London Society for the Extension of University teaching in such manner as to the delegates may seem advisable.'

Copy of a Grace passed (without a division) in the Senate of the University of Cambridge, 11th December 1878:

"That the local lectures and examinations syndicate be authorised to appoint representatives out of their own number to co-operate with the London Society for the Extension of University teaching in such manner as to the syndicate may seem advisable."

B.

Instructions for lecturers, drawn up by the Universities Joint Board and approved by the Council.

1. Each course, in connexion with which certificates are given by the Joint Board, shall consist of not fewer than twelve lectures and eleven classes, unless for special reason assigned, and shall in no case consist of fewer than ten lectures and nine classes. Each lecture is understood to occupy about an hour, and each class not less than half an hour.

2. The course shall be accompanied by a detailed syllabus of each lecture (except where the lecturer shall be permitted to dispense therewith), which shall serve as a guide to the students in following the lecture and in taking notes of it.

3. At each lecture the lecturer shall give out questions to be answered in writing at home by such of the pupils as desire to do so, who shall be invited to submit their answers to the lecturer for correction and comment.

4. The class each week may precede or follow the lecture as may be found most suitable for the local arrangements, and for the lecturer's system of dealing with the subject.

5. The classes in connexion with each course of lectures shall be formed only from among those who are attending that course, and shall consist of those who are desirous of studying the subject more fully. The class shall, at the discretion of the lecturer, take up either the subject of the lectures or cognate subjects bearing directly thereon and necessary for the better elucidation of the subject of the lectures. The teaching in the class shall be more conversational than that in the lecture.

6. The classes may be utilized by the lecturers in any of the following ways:

(1). For asking and answering questions, generally as bearing on the lecture of the preceding week. (2). For pointing out common errors in the written answers to the weekly questions, and dwelling on points of general interest suggested by them. (3). For explaining and further elucidating points in the lectures.

(4). For conducting some line of study parallel to that of the lectures.

(5). For reading important extracts out of books. (6). For going through a text-book,

or in such other way as may be found expedient.

7. The lecturer shall each term, upon the conclusion of the course, send to the Joint Board, filled in on a form for that purpose:—

(1). A short report of the results of the weekly work, &c., in connexion with each course.

(2). The names (in alphabetical order) of the candidates who may be admitted to the final examination. The names (to be marked by an asterisk in the above list) of those recommended for distinction on the strength of the weekly work.

(3).

8. No one shall be admitted to the final examination who has not attended the lectures and classes to the lecturer's satisfaction. The Joint Board leave it to the lecturer in each case to determine what is " 'satisfactory "attendance;" but in no case permits him to accept as satisfactory, attendance at fewer than two thirds of the lectures and classes. The Joint Board further leave it to the discretion of the lecturer whether he will require, in addition, a certain amount of weekly paper work as a condition of entrance to the final examination. The lecturer shall in his report state the method he has adopted.

9. In particular instances where individual students are unable to attend the classes, the lecturer may, if he think fit, and if he signify the same to the Joint Board in his report, accept a sufficient amount of weekly paper work instead of attendance at the classes.

10. In the first lecture of the course the lecturer should explain the value of the class as an opportunity for having difficulties explained, the importance of the weekly paper work, and the conditions on which certificates are given. He should state how far he means to insist upon weekly papers as a qualification for the certificate, and should explain his method of correcting and marking.

11. The Joint Board requires six copies of each syllabus, which should be sent to the Secretary, 22, Albemarle Street, W., upon the conclusion of the course.

"have failed altogether or have become insignificant "in comparison with the magnitude of the endowment, "if originally given to charitable uses in or before the

year of our Lord 1800, it shall be lawful for the "Commissioners, with the consent of the governing "body to declare by a scheme under this Act, that "it is desirable to apply for the advancement of "education the whole or any part of such endow(3 ment, and thereupon the same shall for the

purposes of this Act be deemed to be an educational "endowment, and may be dealt with by the same "scheme accordingly; provided that in any scheme. "relating to such endowment, due regard shall be

had to the educational interests of persons of the 86 same class in life, or resident within the same par"ticular area as that of the persons who at the commencement of the Act are benefited thereby." Then the next case is-" Robert Ferbras, in 1470, "devised two freehold houses in Dowgate Hill for the benefit of poor members of the Company. For nearly 400 years the Company applied the income "to their own corporate funds; and they appear to "have been ignorant of the fact that the property

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was left for charitable purposes, until in the year "1848 the fact was revealed on their being required "to give a title for the sale of the property to the "Corporation." I contend that the money thus applied to the Company's funds for a period of 400 years ought to be restored to the trust, and be applied in support of actual barbers, not merely for nominal Then I come to a specimen case taken from the Clothworkers' Company. "Samuel Middlemore "in 1647, gave 8007. to purchase lands. After possessing this money for over 230 years, the Com pany continue to contribute only 70l. per annum out of their corporate funds. If such money were "actually laid out in lands, it must be now worth more "than 70l. a year; if not so invested, the Company "should be required to pay the penalty of neglect." Then taking a specimen case from the Fishmongers' Company: "Jeremiah Copping, in 1686, gave 1,8007.

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to be laid out in lands. Had such money been laid "out in lands 200 years ago as directed by the "founder's will it would now have yielded an enor

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mous rental. The Company now pay from Consols "717. per annum only." The Embroiderers' Company furnishes the following case. "Mark Howse, in 1629, "left 1407. with which lands were to be bought. "After possessing this sum of money for over 250 years the Company continue to pay only 71. per annum; and four years later a sum of 4007. was "given by the same benefactor to be spent in real estate, then estimated to be worth only 20l. per annum, for which the Company now pay 147. only. "A further grant was made in 1635; and for all "these only 267. a year is paid, 47. to the parish of "St Thomas the Apostle, 27. to the Governors of "Christ's Hospital for apprenticeship, and 207. among "the poor and officers of the Company." Then we come to the Grocers' Company, "Humphry Walwyn, "in 1612, left 600l. to be spent in houses, the rents "of which were to be applied to charitable purposes. "The Company pay a rentcharge of 30l. per annum, "but retain all benefits which may arise from aug"mented value. William Robinson, in 1633, left "4007., to disburse the sum in purchase of lands and "houses; but the Company pay four per cent. on the "original capital, and claim all benefits obtainable "from the increased value." Then there are two specimen cases from the Mercers' Company. "Hugh Perry, about 250 years ago, left 2707. in lands to yield 137. per annum. The Company pay the original value of 13., and keep the benefit of the "increased value for their own use. Dame Joan "Bradbury, in 1523, left lands then worth 207. a year. The object of the trust was for carrying out "certain superstitious uses (I do not know what "those uses are), "and to pay 30s., a year for coal "to the poor of St. Stephen, Coleman Street. The Company hold a block of buildings on ground "measuring 8 acres in Long Acre, which I believe

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"to yield over 27,000l. a year. The accounts show "that they still pay the sum of 30s. to the poor of "St. Stephen, Coleman Street." This, I think, is one of the cases that ought to be inquired into. In the case of the Merchant Tailors' Company, "Sir John Hanbury, in 1639, gave 500l. to be laid out in "lands, but the Company have invested the money as they thought fit, and continue to pay less than "four per cent. on the original value." (1) In the case of the Skinners' Company, "Margaret Audley gave "7007. to be spent in lands, the income to be applied "to charitable purposes. No lands appear to have "been purchased, or at any rate, the benefits of such purchase have never been given to the trust, inas"much as the original annuity of 351. only is still "paid, notwithstanding that the Company have held "the capital for nearly 170 years."

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Then there are what we consider to be impracticable trusts. I suggest that all trusts which have become impracticable should be diverted in accordance with the spirit of the Endowed Schools Act of 1869; and that the nature of the education to be given should partake largely of the technical character. I would like if you will allow me just to say a word or two with reference to technical education. Everybody is talking about technical education. I look at it from a workman's point of view, and the technical education that I wish to see brought about, is technical education for the workman; the technical education for professors and the like is quite another thing to technical education for the workmen. And technical education for middle class education is all very well for persons of leisure, but for a work man it is only advisable that he should be instructed in that which he is to get his living by, not the general scope of technical education required to enable a man to become a professor or a teacher. If a man is intended to be a carpenter or an engineer the technical education that I want him to have is that which appertains to the trade that he is to get his living by. He has no time to go into all the subjects of technical education and become acquainted with everything of the kind; and this, if it is to be done well, should be done while he is learning a portion of his trade, and while he is actually at work. When our boys leave the primary schools, say at 13 or 14 years of age, they may have passed, if clever boys, through the Sixth or Seventh Standards; they have got the education then that fits them to understand things. Now if a boy or a girl is to get a technical knowledge of a trade it is necessary that they should go to work at once to get that knowledge, but if for two or three years they are kept to the learning of the technical part of their trade, the science of their trade, and are not at work at it with their hands, then by that time many of them will have got too old to go to work; they will have got beyond that stage. What I should like to see is this, and it is in fact that which brings me here more than anything else—if anything can be got from these funds that the technical education of the working classes of London should be attended to in this way:-If a boy when he leaves school has to learn the science and the theory of the trade, apart from the actual working of it, and has to learn those before he commences, then you see he takes up at any rate two or three years of his time; but if we could have institutions (now that the apprenticeship system is done away with in a great measure) where a boy could be, say, half his time at school properly learning the theoretical part of his trade, and in the same building the other part of his time working with his hands at that trade for two or three years, then we should raise up by that means a number of skilled artisans who would be capable of carrying out work as foremen and clerks of works, and of becoming employers and the like of that. That is the technical education that I am anxious to see brought about. As a workman I speak. I am a cabinet maker myself, and for many years (that is since people have talked about art workmanship and so on,

and since the taste has spread amongst people who can afford to pay for and who desire to have things beautiful) I have felt vexed myself that I have never had the opportunity of obtaining the technical training which is necessary to enable one to produce those works. That technical training would be a blessing to those who desire it. My desire is not alone for our boys, but I am anxious for girls also, in relation to many things, embroidery and the like of that, that we have at the present time; and a technical knowledge of the particular trade that either a man or a woman gets his or her living at must be a great benefit to the persons so instructed and a great benefit to the nation at large. My opinion is that in the future the nation whose artisan class is best instructed will be the nation which will take the lead amongst the nations of the earth. It is upon those grounds that I desire to put this question before you in a different way to what our professors put it. I desire simply education for the boy or the girl in the trade that they have to learn. This could be easily given, I think; and without any desire to detain you any length of time or any longer about it, I may say that I have as chairman of the Endowments Committee of the London School Board gone through the whole of these matters and thought a good deal about them from my own point of view, that is as a workman; and it is on that ground that I am here. We have examined 1,028 trusts in 78 livery companies, and found two years ago that the then total income amounted to nearly 186,000l. a year. If anything can come from this inquiry that will enable the artisans of the future to become the workmen they were when the guilds taught them their trades and insisted upon it that the trades should be properly taught by the masters who professed to teach them; if something of that sort can be done out of some of those funds which were intended originally for that purpose, it would be a great benefit to the country. The division of labour is one of those things that makes it necessary that something of this sort should be done, or else in the course of a very few years old meu, or men of my own age, will die off, and we shall leave in the trades those who have been taught a very small portion of the trades. That which they do know and practise they do well, but very few men understand a trade altogether. A boy who has had two or three years' training as an engineer, spending part of his time in the theory and part of it in the practical work, will at the end of that period be enabled to obtain a situation as an improver in a first-class factory, and after a few years actual work be capable of supervising the whole work all the way through, from the beginning to the end. I am sorry to detain you, but there is just one more thing I should like to mention. We have scholarships; and some of the city companies have been very generous indeed in giving scholarships for boys and girls in our elementary schools. I know of an institution established similar to that which I have been speaking about where instead of scholarships the purpose is merely to carry on the education of children somewhat higher than it generally is for two or three years. Scholarships should be attached to the technical school where they would learn the handicraft at which they will have to get their living, or else I am afraid that many of those boys that get a scholarship for three years in a higher school without any family to back them, and without any influence at all, will have lost three years when they should be at work; then they will not be inclined to go to work, and many of them, or most of them I am afraid, will simply become poor clerks. But if we had an institution of this kind I think the scholarships might be made very numerous, and that we might be enabled by them to train up the artisan class that will be required for the future; and I feel confident that a technical system is fitted to take the place of the apprenticeship system which seems at any rate for a time to have died out. I am reminded that the Mercers' Company have expended some very large sums of money in a manner which I think is wasteful. The annual expense of maintaining 28 inmates, a tutor, a matron, a gardener, and nurses of the Mercers' Com

pany called the Whittington Charity is 1,570. or nearly 501. each. I do not think it was ever intended by the mercer who gave that money that Jane Parker should receive 1407., that Maria Parker should receive 1257. and Joseph T. Parker 401. Six persons bearing the name of Collyer received 2707. (or an average of 451. each); six persons bearing the name of Totton receive 2507. (or an average of nearly 427. each); two persons bearing the name of Heslop received 1057. (one of them 751. and the other 307.); three persons named Barnes receive 2007.; one person named Julia Green receives 1157. 15s., and two women receive 3007. (or 1501. each). I do not think that such was intended. If some of those funds can be used for the purpose [ have just named I think it will be a benefit to those who receive them and to the nation at large. I thank you for listening to what I had to say, and shall be willing to answer any remarks or questions that may be put to me.

2167. (Mr. Alderman Cotton.) Technical education as it is followed at the present day you consider to be a misnomer or a mistake, I understand?—It is not followed for people at work. There is no such thing that I know of. There are art classes and science classes and the like of that, and they are very well and have done good service, I think.

2168. A few years ago when technical education was first spoken of, it was intended to educate the artisan in the manner that you have yourself spoken of, was it not? Yes, but it is not done.

2169. You object to the technical education so far as regards the building colleges for professors and people of that stamp ?—I would not object to anything and do not object to anything; I simply want that done which is the best for those who actually work, because we may have a nation of professors, and still our artisans may not be at all skilled.

2170. In the case of moneys that have been left, suppose the case of a father dying and leaving a meadow to his eldest son, and 501. a year from the proceeds of this meadow to two younger sons; and iron was discovered, or copper was discovered underneath this meadow, and instead of being worth what it was when the father died it should be worth 20,000/. a year, would you increase the sum bequeathed to the younger sons?—I would rather answer that if the case was before us. This is only a case that you have just conjured up.

2171. I put such a case to you hypothetically?—If we had such a case I would consider it.

2172. My object in putting it to you was to ascertain whether you think it is to be expected that corporations should do otherwise with property left to them than individuals would be expected to do with it?—I should think not; but where it was intended for the benefit of a trade, I rather think, since the guilds have given up trading in any way or teaching trades, that that which was given for the teaching of the trades originally really should be given for the teaching of the trades now.

2173. (Mr. Pell.) I did not quite understand what your idea was of technical education for the working classes; was it to train them to merely the mechanical part of their calling?—No, not entirely that, but the theory as well as the practice. I want the theory and the practice in the case of young people to be carried on at the same time, because if we wait until they have the theory we lose the time when they should be at work.

2174. (Mr. James.) I presume when you say that you desire a public audit of the accounts, you desire an audit conducted by Government?-Just so, we find that the wardens 66 say we have examined the accounts and find them correct"; they are the very persons who have spent the money, and would be sure to find their own expenditure and their accounts correct.

2175. (Mr. Pell.) I see here, though you do not state it, you are inclined to admit that alms, doles, &c., are demoralising "and calculated to weaken the spirit of self-dependence"; is not that part of your view ?—

Yes, I am not alone in that opinion. I think it is a general opinion.

2176. Because I suppose they do for people what they ought to be able to do for themselves; is that your view?—Yes, in a great measure.

2177. Do you think that that applies to the case of the School Board finding education out of other people's pockets for those who are to pay for it themselves, supposing that to be the case; I do not want to argue that?—That is not the case.

2178. Supposing it to be the case I say?—It is not the case. I refused a supposititious case just now; and there is a mistake here because those people who pay but a small fee pay in taxes and rates the other portion.

2179. (Chairman.) I understand generally that your view is this; that in the event of a redistribution of the property of the city companies some proportion (you do not define how much) ought to be allotted to purposes of technical education, and that I suppose I may take it includes the School Board work also ?— I am not particular whether it is the School Board or what it is so long as it is the technical education that is necessary for the artisan class; that is what I want.

2180. The question I put to you is this; in the views that you have put forward are you expressing the opinion of the School Board ?—Yes, I have stated nothing but what will appear in our Blue Book as being agreed to by the members of the School Board as a Board,

Mr.

B. Lucraj

19 July 18

The following statement had been handed in by the clerk to the Educational Endowments Committee of the School Board :—

ENDOWMENTS.

NEED OF PUBLIC AUDIT.

I am of opinion that there should be a public audit in the same sense as there is for boards of guardians and for school boards.

The trustees of the charities, i.e., the companies themselves, spend the money, and then audit their own accounts.

In the case of school boards and boards of guardians, when any wrong or extravagant or illegal expenditure has been incurred, the persons authorising such expenditure are liable to be surcharged with the amount.

There have been many cases of illegal and extravagant expenditure in connexion with public trusts which appear to me ought to be surcharged.

In the case of the trust for St. Paul's School, St. Paul's Churchyard, under the Mercers' Company, there is an expenditure of over 3001. for a dinner and breakfast every year.

In one case of an action being brought against the same company, the expenses, amounting to nearly 8,000l., were in the first instance charged to the trust. This is a specimen of cases in which a public audit is required to prevent the wrong expenditure of trust money. But for the Court of Chancery having intervened, this sum of money, spent to assert the improper action of the trustees, would have been taken from the trust fund, whereas it was afterwards declared to be chargeable against the corporate funds of the Mercers' Company.

WORKING MEMBERS OF TRADES.

I am of opinion that as the larger portion of the income for charitable purposes was left for the benefit of members of the companies, and intended undoubtedly to serve the interests of trade by supporting actual working and trading members of particular trades, the whole of such money is misapplied when given to people merely on condition of their being members of a company, and regardless of the fact that such recipients have no actual connexion with the trades represented by the names of such companies.

I am of opinion that the funds which were left at the times when the companies were actively engaged in promoting the interests of their several trades should be applied to further their original objects or some kindred objects.

Some of the wills of founders express the donors' intention to benefit actual operators; others appear to make no mention of militant traders; but the fact that the companies were in all cases founded to promote trade interests is, in my opinion, evidence of the intention of founders to encourage and support actual masters and workmen. It is inconceivable that men who left funds to their several companies, while the trades of such companies were the sole object of bene

faction, could have desired to maintain merely nominal members, such as now constitute the companies.

MISAPPROPRIATIONS.

In very many cases the founders have expressly stipulated that the money which they devised by will for charitable purposes should be actually laid out in the purchase of lands, houses, &c.

The object of the founders must have been twofold, viz. :—to obtain undoubted security and to realise an augmented income by the increasing value of such property.

Many cases can be pointed out in which the companies, in the capacity of trustees, have appropriated the capital sums to their own use, and made themselves responsible simply for the amount of interest on the original sum.

The profits in such cases have been claimed by the companies, instead of being given over in the interest of the trust; whereas, in the event of such funds being lost by misadventure, the companies have, in many cases, allowed the charities to die; and I am sorry to say that the law has not stepped in to compel the companies to refund in such cases.

*Armourers' Company.-Thomas Dring: original sum 201., for which the company now grant 4l. to the poor, and retain the capital, which they have held for 160 years. The sum of 201. laid out in property concerning 160 years ago must yield a very much higher income than 41. per annum at the present date.

Charities,

vol, 7, page

193.

Vol. 7, page

194.

John Scott gave 100l., to be laid out in freehold estate, dated 1717. The object was to benefit the poor. The company still pay only 4 per cent. on the amount of the original bequest, although the terms were that the money should be spent in freehold estate. Brewers' Company.-Elizabeth Lovejoy, in 1694, gave Vol. 8, page 1801. to be spent in land. The company has held this 300. money in investment for nearly 200 years, and continues to pay only 91. per annum, as provided originally, whereas the property in which such money has been invested must have multiplied many times. If the money has not been laid out in real estate, the company ought to be required to pay as though it had been so invested, as they were instructed so to do. Barbers' Company-John Banks, in 1619, gave a house and six acres of land at Holloway, the then yearly rent being 171. Of this sum 51. was to be applied to Christ's Hospital, which annuity of 5l. was purchased by the company in 1811. The company were still liable to pay the balance for the carrying out of the purposes named in the donor's will, viz., the preaching of seven sermons annually.

The present value of this large estate cannot be ascertained without full powers of investigation; but it must be a very large sum. And as it is too much to be applied for the encouragement of preaching sermons in the City of London, and as the company have no

Several of these companies have communicated with the Commission respecting these "cases." They allege that they are inaccurate, and refer to their returns and to the reports of Mr. Hare.

Vol. 32, part II., page 463.