at King's College, and can be as fully taught there as may be required, provided funds are supplied for developing the work as the demand for it or the progress of science requires. King's College has stood well to the front in supplying practical laboratories in chemistry, in physics, in photography, in metallurgy, and in mechanical engineering. The King's College physical laboratory was founded in the year 1868, when as yet there was no physical laboratory at either of the universities of Oxford or Cambridge, or at Owen's College, Manchester, and before the year 1870 there were no physical laboratories for students in England, except at our two London colleges. Some 10 or 12 years ago, the German universities were beginning to found physical laboratories, and now they have the magnificent physical laboratories which have mostly been built within the last five years; but they had not begun to establish physical laboratories at the time that ours was established. Now so much money has been spent on the teaching of science in Germany that, both in chemistry and in physics, and also in physiology, the German universities must take the lead, unless our colleges in England are supported by aid from without, and we are anxious that, as regards efficiency, our London colleges should be put on something like the same footing as the German universities. Great advantages result from carrying on the study of science side by side with other studies, and experience has shown that technical or practical science cannot be taught as effectively apart from a general education in the branches of pure science on which it depends. Where such teaching has been tried the system has not succeeded. At King's College we sketch out the course of education which we regard as the best for those who are to be engineers or manufacturers, or who are to be engaged in technical pursuits; at the same time we admit for part of the course, or for separate subjects, students who do not wish to take our full course in the applied science department. We believe that with a good knowledge of the theoretical work, and of such practical work as we can give him, a man will afterwards pick up his practical knowledge much more rapidly in the manufactory or in workshops. When the theoretical and practical. instruction are carried on in the same college they act and re-act on one another; thus, if a student is making a model of a roof when I am lecturing on the mechanical principles of frameworks, or if he is visiting workshops and attending Professor Shelley's lectures on the details of machinery, and at the same time is attending my lectures on practical mechanics, he will take far more interest in and get a better knowledge of the subject of my lectures, because he sees more clearly the direct relation which they have to his practical work. There is now an increasing demand for scientific education of the highest kind, and colleges which can give it should be placed in a position so as to do it efficiently. In addition to endowments for the general and practical teaching, there is also endowment required at King's College for keeping up our museums and libraries. It is impossible for a college living entirely upon the fees of its students to keep its museums in a proper state of efficiency without a regular fund for the purpose. Our museum of philosophical apparatus contains a very interesting historical collection, the nucleus of which, being the collection of apparatus which belonged to King George III., was presented to the college by Her Majesty the Queen. From time to time the Council have granted sums of money to prevent the museum from falling entirely out of date, and Sir Charles Wheatstone bequeathed his extensive collection to the college, and gave us a legacy of 5007., which has been spent in the purchase of apparatus. In the experimental sciences, such as chemistry, physics, and physiology, it is quite impossible that the more advanced work, consisting principally of laboratory practice, can be made remunerative, for the classes get smaller and smaller as they are more advanced, and the individual teaching in the labora

tory takes the time and energy of the Professor. It is impracticable to raise the fees, for that would exclude the students. Hence, in laboratories especially, there should be endowment for the Professors and for the teaching staff, as well as for the equipment and keeping up of the laboratories. The scale of endowment should not be inferior to that already existing in the City and Guilds of London Institute, or that in the new Technical University to be established at South Kensington. At the present time in connexion with my own subject we require appliances for the practical teaching of students who intend to be electrical engineers, and we hope shortly to be in a position to say to a student, we can teach you not only the principles of electricity, but the methods of electrical measurement as applied to Dynamo machines. Scarcely any branch of mechanical engineering can now be said to be independent of electricity, and this is one of the directions in which we hope to extend our work.

1782. (To Prof. Shelley.) We understand that you desire to speak with reference to technical science, and we shall be glad to hear any remarks you have to make?-In order to save the time of the Commission I have drawn up a statement, and I propose to read that as being the shortest way of dealing with my evidence:" I, the Professor of "Manufacturing Art and Machinery in the Depart"ment of Engineering and Applied Science in King's "College, London, having conferred with my col"leagues, Professors Kerr, Robinson, Huntington,

Glenny, and Mr. Walker, who are connected with more particularly the province of practical technical "engineering, under the heads of (1) machinery and "manufacturing art, (2) the arts of construction, (3) "land surveying and levelling, (4) metallurgy, (5) "engineering drawing, (6) the workshop, have care"fully considered the question whether within the "limits of our peculiar province there could be offered "sufficient encouragement for the institution of an "endowment of the college in the public interest of "technical education, and on behalf of myself and "my colleagues I beg leave to make the following "statement:-(1.) We are clearly of opinion that "the organisation of King's College is capable of "undertaking the furtherance of the technical educa"tion of the middle classes in a practical sense with very great promise of success; and this more espe"cially on account of the convenient locality in which "the college buildings are situated, the completeness "of the staff, the old established and specially re

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cognised association of the college with engineering "work, and the highly influential connexion of the college; (2) Taking a broad view of the matter in "hand, and ignoring on principle all such questions as personal remuneration we have to say certainly "that in our province the work of technical education "is very much impeded for want of appliances, a "library and the aid of subordinate officers. The "fees charged to students, although many would "desire to see them reduced, seem to be scarcely

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sufficient, even with the most careful management, "to keep the machinery of the college going, as the secretary will no doubt be able to show. Although "there is, we believe, little or no expenditure in"curred, except for work which is actually being "done there is much that has to be done in our "province con amore. We, therefore, regard it to "be quite correct to say within our province that "the college is very poor and indeed embarrassed, "and that it might be of much more service to the public if it were endowed as some other colleges

are. (3.) In respect of (1) machinery and manufacturing art, we submit that an evening class or "classes with very small fees for the instruction of "students of the more practical order who cannot "attend during the day, or pay more liberally, might "be instituted with great advantage. Perhaps it "would be also practicable to establish occasional or "special courses of instruction for particular trades, "under teachers to be specially procured from time

prosperity cannot be over-rated, we are of opinion "that a large sum might readily be expended to the "great benefit of the cause. (4.) In respect of (2) "the arts of construction. We are of opinion that evening instruction for civil engineers, architects, "builders, and various supplementary orders of artizans and others connected with constructive design, might be set on foot with advantage, and "that the department in the college museum, "which represents such business might be largely

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improved. The fine art of architectural design also. "which at present is not dealt with at all in King's "College (it is so in University College), might perhaps be included in the work. (5.) In respect of "(3) land surveying and levelling, the professor "finds himself much embarrassed for want of the in"struments and appliances which are required for "sound instruction. Here also evening instruction, "if only for office work, might be introduced. (6.) "In respect of (4) metallurgy, we have to say that "the existing professorship of this exceedingly im

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portant practical subject has been established only quite recently under a grant from the Guilds Insti"tute of the City of London. The endowment is "only 2007. a year, and is held at the pleasure of the "Guilds Institute. This must obviously be an ex

pensive department if it is to be commensurate with "the growing importance of the subject; and we are

of opinion that King's College might well under"take the duty at once of expending a considerable sum per annum beyond the present endowment.

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(7.) In respect of (5) engineer drawing, a subject "of great importance as a branch of technical educa"tion, we are of opinion that its usefulness might be "greatly extended by the purchase of models and ex"amples, from which sketches and drawings could be "made with a view of inculcating correct ideas of

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proportion and a full knowledge of detail. (8.) In "respect of (6) the workshop, which is in reality a "school of manual workmanship in iron, wood, and "like materials, in connexion with the subjects of "machinery, manufacturers, and general construction, " and which is both largely popular with the students "and exceedingly useful to them, additional assistants "and appliances are much wanted. The college has "recently been presented by the Clothworkers' Com

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pany of London with a valuable testing machine for 66 experimenting upon the strength of materials. "should be glad to see this machine placed in a more "convenient chamber, which would have to be built "for it, and its use fully developed by the provision "of proper attendants. As regards new professor"ships we are in considerable doubt; but in view of "the rapid progress of physical science at the present "day we may be permitted to suggest that, if it were found practicable to establish special classes for engineering, physics, practical electricity, and possibly some other kindred subjects, a considerable sum "might be expended with much advantage. The "class of practical fine art, also recently established "under our advice, we pass over, on the ground that "it will be taken up by another department. The application of endowment funds for the library for "the reduction of students' fees, or for supplementing "the revenue of the college in other respects, we "leave to be discussed by other authorities.-C. P. B. "SHELLEY, M. INST. C. E., Professor of Manufactur"ing Art and Machinery, King's College, London."

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1783. (Sir Sydney Waterlow, to the Reverend Canon Barry.) One of the gentlemen told us that the income of the college was supplemented by grants from a number of the livery companies, but he did not give us any idea of the extent to which these companies make the grant. Do not the Clothworkers' Company give you 10 exhibitions and four prizes, amounting to 2801. a year?—The Clothworkers' gave us each year

four exhibitions valued at 1157. for two years, two exhibitions amounting to 201. for one year, and four prizes of the value of 30%. The total amount of their gifts is 2807. per annum.

1784. Have you a branch for the education of women in higher education at Kensington ?—Not as yet. We are endeavouring to establish it. At present we are doing tentatively the work, but doing it independently of the college. It is done through the staff of the college, but at present it is an altogether independent enterprise.

1785. Have you any grant for the purpose of helping in that work?—None, except that we have had some donations towards our building fund from the city companies to the amount altogether of about 1,000l., 500 from the Cloth workers' Company and 5007. from other city companies.

1786. Is it intended that it should be worked under the surveillance and control of King's College ?— Hereafter we trust to make it an integral part of the work of the college. At present, although it is carried on under my superintendence, and with the assistance of many of my colleagues, our council is in no respect responsible for it, except in giving us permission to carry out in the name of King's College.

1787. (To Mr. Serocold.) Did not the City and Guilds Institute make a grant of 1,000l. for apparatus to one of your departments very recently?—The gifts from the city companies altogether amount to 1,4707.

1788. My question did not refer to the city companies. I asked whether 1,000l. had not been given for apparatus in connexion with some of your classes by the City and Guilds of London Institute?—(Mr. Cunningham.) No, only 3001.

1789. (To the Reverend Canon Barry.) May I ask you whether the classes generally are full, that is to say, whether there are as many students as can reasonably well be taught at the different professors? -In some cases they are, and in other cases they are not. In some departments we have as many as we can reasonably teach; in others we could increase our classes without increasing our staff. As a rule, in lectures (properly so called) we could make this increase easily enough. In classes especially of practical construction it would be difficult or impossible. It would be impossible to give a general answer to that question.

1790. The payment to the professors is really a capitation payment?-A capitation payment.

1791. Of three fourths of the fees?-Speaking roughly of about three fourths. There is occasionally an arrangement by which the professors bear a portion of the expenses, and this diminishes the three fourths ordinarily paid to them.

1792. I presume if the classes were really full, the payment to the professors would be proportionately increased?-No doubt that would be the case unless it were necessary porportionately to lower our fees. There would be also in the scientific classes an increase of expenditure.

1793. I think one gentleman stated that the fees were generally as high as they could be ?—As high as they could be with advantage.

1794. (To Mr. Cunningham.) I think you stated that the fees paid by medical students were 301. a year?-1201. for four years. I divide the amount over the four years, and that makes it 301. a year.

1795. Is not that very much less than is paid at some of the other medical schools in the metropolis ? -No, it is the highest payment that is made at any medical school.

1796. Do you know the fees paid by medical students at the St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical Schools? They certainly are not higher than the fees paid to us, because four or five years ago the principal schools met and determined that the same fees should be charged.

1797. (To the Reverend Canon Barry.) Can you tell me whether the medical school, taken by itself, at King's College is not practically self supporting, the building having been paid for ?-In some sense it

is self-supporting, because there is no endowment by which to support it; but the medical school pays next to nothing to the general funds of the college, on account of the great expenses that are connected with it. It has been already stated that our general principle is to divide our fees into four parts, and to give three parts to the teachers and one part to the college. In the medical department the one part which is given to the college is almost (and in some years has been entirely) eaten up by expenses. Hence when we have paid our professors, though I must own by no means adequately, we have had no funds whatever to keep up the college with.

1798. Do you consider that the staff generally are not at all in excess of the numbers, having regard to the number of pupils attending?—I think not, because our principle at King's College, as at University College, is to commit each subject to a man who is supposed to be an expert in it. The result, therefore, is that many members of our staff do not devote to the college anything like the whole of their time. I myself and a few of my colleagues in the college, and the masters of the school generally, give our whole time.

1799. I presume the anxiety of those connected with King's College is to secure some endowment of the character of that by which Owen's College was founded?—I do not quite know what that endowment

was.

1800. An endowment by private contribution ?— We should be very glad to secure such an endowment; in fact, we should be very pleased to have any endowment that we could get honestly.

1801. May I ask you then whether you consider that King's College is doing the kind of work which should entitle it to some State endowment ?—We put that view before the Science Commission in evidence some years ago, and from that evidence I should certainly not wish to depart.

1802. You are still of the same opinion that you were when you gave that evidence?—Yes.

1803. (Mr. James.) Can you tell us what is the average age of the students? Practically, our

minimum age of admission is about 17. But the exact average it would be rather difficult to give, because in different departments it so greatly varies. In the medical department, for instance, it is higher perhaps than in the General or Applied science department, and in the theological department higher again. than in the medical department. If I were to put it, speaking roughly, between 18 and 19, I should not be far wrong.

1804. What is the longest period that any student remained at the college?-In the medical department four years in the college and hospital, in other departments two or three years, and certainly that is the longest period, I think, in any department.

1805. What is the average expense should you say for a young inan who is a student at King's College who is residing in London, including living expenses; in fact, including the whole cost of his maintenance; what do you think he can reside in London for and attend classes? Do you mean, if he is living in lodgings or rooms, and not with his parents?

1806. I mean comparing his position to that of an unattached student at a university ?-I should think he could not certainly do with less than 150l. to 2007. a year, allowing for the whole expenses. I have not calculated the cost, but his college expenses, allowing for books and other necessaries, will probably be not less than 50l. a year. We may put 1007. for his general maintenance, and I think it would be hardly safe to put it much lower.

1807. (Chairman.) The general tendency of your evidence, I think, has been to show that you will not be able to carry on the college as you would desire to do without some endowment from public sources ?— Without some endowment, from public or private sources, as the case may be.

1808. But nevertheless you never have had any endowment except that original sum with which you started ?-Little or none.

1809. And for 50 years you have continued to teach, and the position of the college in all except its finances may be considered flourishing ?-I think so; except that its fees prevent its reaching as I should wish those classes of the community who are of comparatively narrow means. But I ought to say that the constant increase of the element of physical science in teaching involves an immense increase also in expense and difficulty of working, and therefore with the tendency to introduce more of physical science into education our position becomes more and more difficult. In fact, if we had not departments which are generally speaking literary departments and cost us nothing in the way of expense, I imagine that we could not go on at all. The two scientific departments contribute least to the general funds of the college; and those that are not scientific in the ordinary sense of the word really float the college.

1810. Something was said in the course of the evidence given as to your being put into competition with other institutions which receive direct assistance from the State?—Yes.

1811. Do you consider that that takes place to any considerable extent ?-Very largely, I think, in the engineering department, since the foundation of Cooper's Hill College, and the large amount of work done at the School of Mines. Besides the institutions endowed by the State there are those otherwise endowed, such as the new Normal School of Science, and the Cowper Street College; and we have also in some degree to compete with such colleges as have been founded at Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Bradford, and elsewhere, all of which are endowed.

1812. When you say that they are endowed, do you mean that they are endowed by the State ?—No, not by the State, but by private means.

1813. Therefore, in that respect you are on equal terms, because there is nothing to prevent your receiving private endowment as well as those colleges? -There is nothing to prevent it, but unfortunately it does not happen.

1814. (To Prof. Wiltshire.) I think there is some information you wish to give us on the subject of the evening classes. We shall be glad to hear what you have to state upon that point?-My object is to show both the work that is done in the evening classes, and the persons who come to those classes. The instruction that is given in the evening classes may be classified under the four following groups: first, sets of lectures intended for imparting information on very many branches of human knowledge; secondly, sets purely theological intended for persons preparing for Holy Orders. These two sets are special to the college. In addition there are two other groups; a course of lectures on banking, free to all persons introduced by bankers, and intended for bankers and accountants, and there is a fourth set of lectures for persons preparing for the examinations of the Civil Service. In the first group, 37 subjects are taught, comprehending divinity and the Greek Testament; ancient and modern languages, comprising Latin, Greek, French, German, English, Italian, and Spanish; the sciences, comprising botany, chemistry, practical and theoretical, comparative anatomy, zoology, and physiology, physics, experimental and applied, geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy; mathematics, pure and applied, comprising arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, statics, dynamics, conic sections, and differential and integral calculus; jurisprudence and commercial law; ancient and modern history; harmony, drawing, painting, and engraving; public speaking and shorthand; the application of tools, comprising turning, smiths' work, and the casting of metals. In the second group the instruction given refers to eight subjects, comprising dogmatic and pastoral theology, Hebrew and the Old Testament, Greek and the New Testament, Latin, vocal and church music, and public reading. A very large number of students attending the classes. During the last five years, in the winter session from the commencement of October to the end of March) the average number of tickets for

admission to the lectures of the first group was 1,102, whilst the average number of students attending was 473. In the second group the average attendance of students was 14. In the third group, the banking lectures, the average attendance was 325, and in the fourth group the average attendance was 499. The average attendance therefore in the first and second groups was 487, or in all four 1,311. In addition to the winter session there is a summer session of about eleven weeks, when 19 subjects are taught, and when the a tendance at the classes is about half that of the former. The average for the two first groups on the five years, the winter and summer sessions, was 644. Then I may speak of the class and rank of the students. Those who come to the lectures are chiedy persons engaged during the day in the city, that is, they are clerks, though occasionally professional men, merchants, and military officers, and schoolmasters desirous of acquiring an acquaintance with special subjects take out tickets. Fully one half of the students attend the examinations, and display very excellent answers. Some of the students come for the sake of the associateship of the college, which can be only obtained by their taking more than half marks in all examinations, and by their having gained at least two prizes. The students must have attended 12 courses of lectures. You will observe

that this is equivalent to the work required for a university degree. With regard to the fees payable, these vary for the winter session from a guinea and a half to two guineas for each subject; of course the amount offers a very small remuneration to the teachers who are engaged. For instance, the secre tary, I think, mentioned that the sum of 1,1177. was divided amongst 37 persons, and that they were paid pro rata; as in some of the classes, such as those of zoology and botany, only a very few attend, these not being popular subjects, the amount paid to many of the lecturers is extremely small. I should wish to mention that more than half the teachers and professors possess university degrees, and therefore are men fully qualified for their position, and that the evening classes are of great use to the public. I believe if a grant could be made to the evening classes, it would be possible to extend their usefulness to a very great extent; and also to open a series of free lectures to the working men of London. The latter might be made a main feature in connexion with these classes. This is the chief evidence I wish to give, namely, to call attention to the number of subjects taught in the evening classes of the college, and to the fact that the persons who attend these classes are engaged during the daytime in various employments.

The Council of King's College, London-believing that the result of the inquiry of the Royal Commission on the City livery companies may probably include some recommendation to the companies to extend that application of their resources to educational objects, which has already been liberally begun-desire, as the governing body of one of the colleges which have for the last fifty years represented higher education in London, to submit to the Commission the claims of King's College, for consideration in any scheme which may be framed for advancing education in London, by the grant to existing institutions of such endowment as may increase their usefulness, by enlarging the scope of their teaching, and by bringing it within the reach of a greater number of students.

(I.) The City companies appear to have had for their chief original purpose the promotion of technical excellence, and therefore of technical education. But, by undertaking the direction and support of public schools, by the provision of scholarships at the universities, and by other means, they have always recognised the importance of general education and its claim to some support from the resources entrusted to them. Now it is a leading principle in King's College (as also in University College) to promote various branches of technical education, and at the same time to unite these with the pursuit of general (or liberal) education, as giving the necessary foundation for all special professional training. It is, therefore, conceived that the support of such institutions may naturally find a place among those objects to which the resources of the City companies may be in part devoted, and indeed their claims have already been recognised by the companies, both directly and through the City and Guilds Institute. We would gratefully acknowledge the liberal assistance which our own college has already received from many of the companies, and the signal services which they have rendered to education, both in London and the provinces.

(II.) But the London colleges are still but inade quately furnished for the important work which they have to undertake. Although considerable sums have been contributed to both colleges for building and other necessary purposes, they still remain almost entirely

unendowed as regards the teaching staff; while the assistance offered to students in scholarships, &c. is far from adequate.*

In both respects the London colleges are very unfavourably placed, not only as compared with the older universities of Oxford and Cambridge, whose annual aggregate income is believed to amount to 750,000l., but even in comparison with the new provincial colleges, which have been, or are being founded, with the aid of private endowments, in Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, Newcastle, Bristol, and elsewhere; in many of these colleges the professorships are endowed to the extent of 300l. or 4001. per annum in addition to students' fees. The university of Glasgow has recently succeeded in raising, through private munificence, the sum of 260,000l., which has been augmented by a grant of 140,000l. from the Government, for the construction of new buildings. The students of this and the other Scotch universities receive liberal assistance in the form of bursaries and prizes, amounting in all to not less than 20,000l. per annum. The Government contributes annually to the Scotch universities 18,9921. for the purpose of augmenting the salaries of the professors, to the universities and colleges of Ireland, sums amounting in the aggregate to 25,8361.; and the Royal Commission on higher and intermediate education in Wales have recommended annual grants of 4,000l. to the University College of Aberystwith, and the new college to be founded at Cardiff, together with further contributions to meet the expenses of building.

Thus the London colleges have been completely left behind in respect of endowments, and are obliged to depend for their income mainly on the students' fees. While they are thus cramped in resources, they have received no advantages whatever in relation to the University of London, which-itself discharging no educational function except that of examining-con

*The only endowed professorships at King's College are those of Political Economy (487.) and Chinese (847.), and those of practi al fine art and metallurgy, each of which receives an annual grant of 2001, from the City and Guild's Institute.

ducts its examinations and confers its degrees without any reference to the place or the conditions of study.*

Hence-however valuable the work which has been accomplished-the results are altogether inadequate and unworthy of the great City in which these colleges alone have attempted to fulfil the real duties of a university. The number of our students, although considerable, falls very far short of those in attendance at Edinburgh or Glasgow. At the former university the classes number 3,237; and of these no less than 1,047 belong to the faculty of arts, which represents general culture as distinct from professional training. The Scotch universities, morcover, retain their students for a longer time, the course of study extending over three or four years; and a large proportion of their students proceed to degrees. This success is undoubtedly connected with the privilege of granting degrees directly to their owr students, which the universities of Scotland possess; but it is also in part due to the low scale of the fees, which amount to hardly more than a fourth of those charged at our colleges.

The usefulness of these institutions might be indefinitely increased, and they might be raised to a magnitude and importance worthy of the metropolis, if the existing drawbacks were removed, by the aid of the City companies, through such measures as the following: (a) the reduction of the fees, with a view to extending more widely the benefit of higher education. to the middle classes of London; (b) the partial endow. ment of the professorships, so as to facilitate such reduction of fees, and the foundation of such additional professorships, as may be found necessary to satisfy the growing requirements of professional or commercial education; with ample provision for class teaching by assistant lecturers, so as to meet the increased number of the students, and limit the size of the classes; (c) provision for extension and maintenance of laboratories and the purchase of scientific apparatus, with a view to more thorough practical instruction; and lastly, (d) liberal assistance to poor students in the form of scholarships, which should be dependent on diligence and success in work. It may be observed that the expenses of living in the metropolis, combined with the present cost of education, place the London student at a great disadvantage, which can only be obviated by endow

ment.

(III.) A brief survey of the educational work at King's College may be appended, as establishing its claim to such support as is contemplated in the above suggestions.

The various departments, now seven in number, which have been successively established since the opening of the college 50 years ago, constitute the college an university in all essential particulars, excepting the right of granting degrees.

(a.) The original departments were those of general literature and science, and of medicine (in addition to the school). The former of these departments provides a liberal education, both of the old classical and modern type, and corresponds to the faculty of arts in the Scotch universities. The latter is an important medical school, having attached to it a hospital, which does service of infinite value to one of the poorest and most neglected parts of London.

To these have been added new departments for more technical education, as occasion has arisen.

(b.) In the year 1838, the department of applied sciences was founded, and its scope has been gradually enlarged so as to provide the scientific training, both theoretical and practical, required for civil engineering, telegraphy, surveying, architecture, and the higher branches of manufacturing art. This combined system of practical and theoretical teaching might be extended considerably beyond its present limits, especially in the direction of the industrial arts, with the assistance necessary for improved teaching appliances, the working expenses of this department (especially in the departments of physics and metallurgy), being of necessity exceptionally heavy.

In connexion with the same department a physical laboratory was established in 1868, under the charge of Professor W. Grylls Adams, for practical study and investigation in all branches of experimental physics; some of the classes being specially designed for the science examinations of the London University, in addition to the individual teaching of students in the various

The University of London originally recognised only University College and King's College, and in fact consisted of those two colleges. Other teaching bodies were subsequently included, and ultimately affiliation was altogether dispensed with, except in the case of the medical degrees.

branches of physics, and especially in electrical science. King's College. More than 300 students have been trained in the Wheatstone laboratory, many of whom have obtained important posts in the works of some of the leading electrical engineers.†

More recently, schools of practical fine art, of practical art, and of metallurgy have been opened, thanks to the liberal aid received from the City and Guilds of London Institute. The former school includes such branches of decorative art as drawing on wood, painting on china, etching on copper, &c. In order to extend its usefulness, especially for artisans-many of whom already attend the classes-assistance is needed to provide one or more assistant teachers and extra lecturers; also a larger library for reference and additional casts for purposes of study. With such aid the school might accommodate 100 or 150 more students.

The work accomplished in these several departments of practical science and art is so closely connected with the original objects of the City livery companies that we trust that it will be definitely recognised in any plans for the promotion of technical education.

(c.) In 1847 a theological department was created, supplying a branch of higher education, which from the nature of the case could not be represented in University College or the University of London; and through this more than 600 clergy have been trained, chiefly for the service of the metropolis.

(d.) In the year 1856 an evening department was opened, which at first numbered 200, and now numbers nearly 500 students. These classes have been of great benefit to those occupied in business during the day. The curriculum includes almost every subject taught in the college, and the instruction is thoroughly systematic. The teachers are 36 in number, and nearly all the classes are conducted by professors and lecturers of the regular college staff.

The fees are considerably lower than those of the other departments, averaging about a guinea and a half for the session of five months. This department might, however, be greatly enlarged and the evening teaching opened much more freely to students of the poorer class, by reducing the fees still lower, and by providing gratuitous lectures from time to time on subjects of general interest. For this purpose some endowment would undoubtedly be required, as it is even now found impossible to remunerate the lecturers at all adequately; and it may be observed that the other evening classes which have been recently established are for the most part supported by endowment.

(e.) In 1881 it was resolved to extend the work of the college so as to embrace the higher education of women; and although the new department has not yet been included in the system of the college, yet classes have been for some years at work at Kensington, under the direction of the staff of the college, and on the same principles on which the college itself is conducted.

(IV.) It will be seen that the work which is done in the two great London colleges has grown to a very considerable magnitude; § and the necessary expense of maintaining it taxes most severely their resources, so that the amount left available for the payment of the staff and for teaching appliances is entirely insufficient.

The value of the scientific education given in this department was fully recognised, and its endowment recommended by the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science. (See Reports, 1871-4.)

The following is the list of subjects:-Divinity and Greek Testament, Latin, Greek, Ancient History, French, German, English Language, Literature and History, Italian, Spanish, Geography, Arithmetic, Writ ing, Mathematics, Commerce and Commercial Law, Chemistry, Practical Chemistry, Mechanics, Physiology, Botany, Experimental Physics, Applied Physics, Mineralogy, Geology, Comparative Anatomy and Zoology, Logic, Political Economy. Public Reading and Speaking, Law, Harmony, Vocal Music, Practical Fine Art, Metallurgy, Practical Metallurgy, Practical Art, Shorthand. In addition to these are workshop classes; these are intended to give practical instruction in wood and iron work as applied to building and engineering construction.

§ The number of students at King's College in 1882 was as follows:Matriculated Students

The School

Morning Classes Evening Classes

400

78

478