66

66

had been found fit for that purpose previously. "Simi"larly, as regards the manufacture of textile fabrics. "While in the opinion of your executive committee it "would be unwise to follow the plan which has been pursued in some places upon the Continent of endeavouring to give extra dexterity to the operative by "establishing model manufactories or workshops, it "would be most wise to give the chemical knowledge "and the artistic instruction which would enable the "worker to grapple with differences in the quality of "water, differences in the quality of dyes and of the "materials to be dyed, and would likewise secure the "designer from violations of the canons of good taste, "and your executive committee are glad to say that "in the foregoing views they are, without exception, fully supported by the reports of those who have "kindly assisted them with their advice."

66

1713. (Viscount Sherbrooke.) How do you estimate the number of persons who are to be taught. Do you take as many as choose to come?-1 think we may safely for a long while take as many as choose to come, and that we have funds for.

1714. How do you know that there will be employment for all those people?—I am sorry to say that they must take their chance of that I presume as they would have had to have taken it if they had been less well educated, but I should think they would have a better chance when they are well educated.

1715. Do you think that that necessarily follows? -I think so. I do not think we are about to add directly to the number of the persons who will go into an industry, but that we are about to enable those persons who do go into any business to carry on that business with better knowledge.

1716. Suppose you were to educate a number of persons in any particular trade, do you think that would at all make it certain that there would be employment for those people ?—I do not think it would make it certain, but I think they would stand a better chance, because I think if we so educate them we shall bring trade to England which would otherwise go elsewhere where the people are educated; and I think that they will stand a better chance because there will be more trade to do, and because employers would rather have them than others who are not so educated.

1717. Do you not think that by throwing aside the ordinary safeguard of supply and demand, you ran very great risk of bringing up people to employments that they may not be able to find means of fulfilling in a lucrative manner?-I cannot agree with you, to begin with, that we are bringing up people to follow employments at all. My view of the matter is that persons having contemplated following certain employments, we are simply aiding them in learning the business they had already intended to follow.

1718. You do not think that your aiding them has any effect in increasing the number?—I do not think it has immediately, although it might remotely, in this way, it may increase the trade by reason of the work being better done, and therefore a greater number may go into it.

(The Lord Chancellor.) I cannot help thinking that Lord Sherbrooke's view, as indicated by the questions he has put, is to a great extent met by the experience of foreign countries, because both at Paris and Zurich, and at other places there are very much larger institutions of this kind, than we can for some considerable time hope to establish here, and I believe there is not the least doubt entertained that they are found very beneficial to the arts and manufactures of those countries.

badly situated for the use of the artizan and labouring population?—I have endeavoured to explain that we do not expect that at that building persons who are engaged at the time in labour will be instructed. We intend that for the higher class of teaching, and for such teaching as will involve the persons who are taught not being at that time engaged in labour at all; and if, therefore, the building is accessible to those living in the cheap parts of the outskirts of London, we think it is a thoroughly suitable site. I have given the reasons why on other grounds we thought it an extremely suitable site. I may say if we had the matter to do over again, with all the experience we have got upon it, I think we should be doing rightly to do as we did before, and to approach the Commissioners to give us this piece of land.

1720. (Mr. James.) It will be admitted that the basis of all technical education must be general education ?-Yes.

1721. I should like to know whether, in the case of any of the pupils who have presented themselves to your college, you have found that their general education has been so deficient that the endeavour to engraft technical education upon that deficient general education, has been of no use?-I do not think we have, up to the present time, at all suffered from that. I think there has been a sufficient amount of general education to enable them to appreciate the instruction which has been given. It may be that some have been debarred from coming, because they had not got this general education to begin with, but all those who have come, so far as I know, have been able to profit by it.

1722. The distinctions between classes in this country are not very closely drawn, but I imagine that your pupils are drawn from the class of those who might be termed the middle class rather than from the distinctly working class?—I doubt if that is so; at all events it is not so at the Finsbury College. The other is not open yet, and the Finsbury College we have put in the very heart of a large artizan population.

1723. Of course the distinction between the two is one that is very difficult to define ?—And I may say that the technological examination shows that the persons who come to those classes are distinctly the working class.

1724. (Mr. Alderman Cotton.) Are you not going to teach at South Kensington precisely what is taught in the building opposite, that is, in the Science and Art School of the Museum ?-No, on the contrary, we hope that after persons have been taught there, they may come to us to learn the application, to actual manufacture, of that which they have been taught over the way.

1725. (Viscount Sherbrooke.) You are then inviting people to enter upon a particular kind of industry that they would not otherwise have entered into but for your invitation ?-I again regret to have to say I cannot agree with you. To my mind, if a man opens a general shop, he cannot be said to invite anyone to buy candles at that shop any more than he invites him to buy soap. We are going to open an institution where we shall give instruction as to the application of science and art to various industries. That does not seem to me to be an invitation to people to follow a particular business.

1726. I thought you said that a number of people would be attracted to certain businesses ?-I did not intend to convey that by my answer.

1727. (Lord Coleridge.) I understand you to say that indirectly only, trade might be increased; and, therefore, as there would be more trade to do, there would be more people required to do it ?--That is so. 1728. Because it would be better done?-Because

TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY.

HENRY E. ARMSTRONG, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor.

The Chemical Laboratory will be open daily (Saturdays excepted) from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., and on Monday and Friday evenings from 6.30 to 9 for students desiring individual instruction. Fee (inclusive of apparatus and materials*) for day students attending six hours a week, 58. for the term, or 12s. 6d. for the session; 12 hours a week, 78. 6d. for the term, or 11. for the session. Fee for students attending one evening a week, for the term, 38. 6d., for the session, 98.; two evenings a week, for the term, 5s., or for the session, 12s. 6d.

There will also be the following classes and lectures:

DAY CLASSES AND LECTURES.

Dr. Armstrong will deliver a course of lectures introductory to the study of various branches of Applied Chemistry on Wednesdays at 10 to 11, and on Fridays at 2 to 3, commencing October 5th.

A laboratory class, specially suited to students attending this course, will be held on Wednesdays at 11 to 1, and 1.30 to 3.30, commencing October 5th.

In connexion with this course, Mr. Evans will discuss exercises, &c., and give a series of lecture demonstrations, at a time which will be arranged to suit the convenience of the class.

Fee for the laboratory and lecture course, 7s. 6d. for each term, or 11. for the session.

EVENING CLASSES AND LECTURES.

A course of laboratory demonstrations in Organic Chemistry will be given by Dr. Armstrong on Monday evenings at 6.30 to 9.30 o'clock, commencing October 3rd.

This course is principally intended for distillers (including coal-tar distillers and spirit rectifiers), and will be suited for candidates in subject 4 at the technological examinations; but it is hoped that students who have attended a previous course on the chemistry of brewing may be able to continue their attendance, and that new students of this branch of Organic Chemistry may also present themselves. Students desiring to obtain a knowledge of the chemistry of bread-making should attend on this evening.

On the same evening, at 6.30 to 9, Mr. Evans, chief assistant in the Chemical Laboratory, will give a course of laboratory and lecture demonstrations on the properties of the more important metals and metallic compounds, with reference to their practical applications and their analytical determination and estimation. Copper, iron, lead, silver, tin and zinc will be the metals principally treated of, and the wants of plumbers and metal workers generally will be as far as possible considered.

Dr. Armstrong will commence, on Friday, October 7th, a course of lecture and laboratory demonstrations on fuel, with special reference to coal gas as a heating and illuminating agent. Laboratory class, 6.30 to 8.30; Lecture, 8.30 p.m.

Candidates in the subject fuel at the technological examinations may with advantage attend this course.

⚫ Students will be expected to make good breakages and injuries to apparatus not caused by fair wear and tear.

ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

In this course, the principles on which combustion depends will be fully explained and illustrated; also the methods of determining the heating power of fuels. The properties of the several fuels, their composition, and their heating powers will be demonstrated; and the relative advantages of various fuels and the different modes of applying heat will be discussed. Subsequently, the determination of temperature, the temperatures required for and obtained in various technical operations, and the circumstances affecting the combustion of fuels will be considered. Illuminating agents will form the subject of the latter part of the course, but it is important that students who may desire to specially devote their attention to this subject should attend the earlier part of the course.

In the laboratory course, the students will have the opportunity of experimentally studying the laws of combustion, the properties of fuels, and the method of determining their composition and heating power, and of instituting various experiments with fuels. Later on they will take up the subjects of illuminating agents. Fee for each of these courses, for the term, 58., or 12s. 6d. for the session.

TECHNICAL PHYSICS.

W. E. AYRTON, F.R.S., Professor.

The Physical Laboratory will be open daily (Saturdays excepted) from 10 to 5 p.m., and on Monday and Wednesday evenings from 6.30 to 9.30, for students desiring indivídual practical instruction in technical physics. Fee (inclusive of apparatus and materialst) for day students attending six hours a week, 58. for the term, or 12s. 6d. for the session; 12 hours a week, 7s. 6d. for the term, or 11. for the session. Fee for students attending one evening a week, 38. 6d. for the term, 98. for the session; two evenings, 58. or 12s. 6d.

There will also be the following classes and lectures:

EVENING CLASSES AND LECTURES.

Professor Ayrton will continue on Monday evenings, from 8.30 to 9.30, commencing October 3rd, the course on Electrical Instrument making, and give practical instruction in the scientific principles underlying the manufacture and testing of condensers, induction coils, and telephones. The students will have the opportunity of performing themselves the experiments suggested at the lectures, as well as of obtaining information from the Professor regarding technical difficulties, by attending a special laboratory course, to be held on Monday evenings, from 6.30 to 8.30, commencing October 3rd.

This course is suited for candidates in branch C of electrical engineering at the technological examinations. Fee for the term, 5s., or 12s. 6d. for the session.

SYLLABUS OF THE COURSE ON ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT MAKING.

CONDENSERS.-Construction of; materials employed. Necessity for drying the insulating compounds. Injury done by overheating a dielectric. Modes of purifying paraffin, shell-lac, &c. Capacity of a condenser depends on. the area of the conducting coatings, the thickness, nature and temperature of the dielectric. Absolute condensers with calculable capacity, construction, and practical use of, &c. Practical methods of measuring the insulation, resistance, and capacity with a galvanometer or with an electrometer. Choice of method depending on the kind of condenser tested. Adjustment of capacity. Effect of residual charge, how to diminish. Manufacture of condensers to be used with very high electromotive forces. Outside of condenser boxes; proper mode of making the terminals, &c.

SUBMARINE DUPLEX TELEGRAPHY.-Principles of. Artificial cables, use and construction of. Special method of testing the capacity, the insulation of the dielectric, and resistance of the conductor. How to adjust each, &c.

+ Students will be expected to make good breakages and injuries to apparatus not caused by fair wear and tear,

coil placed at different positions along it. Force produced by an electro-magnet for different currents. Saturation. Residual magnetism. Best mode of arranging batteries to obtain (1) maximum current, (2) maximum magnetic effect, (3) maximum heating in any portion of circuit. Proper resistance to give to an electro-magnet, &c.

Production of a current by the relative motion of a coil and a magnet, laws governing. Impossibility of producing a continuous current without a break in the wire, &c.

DAY CLASSES AND LECTURES.

The preliminary course of lectures on Electricity and Magnetism, fully illustrated with experiments, will be delivered on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons, from 1.45 to 2.45, commencing October 4th. This preliminary course, although a continuation of the one commenced at the beginning of this year, will be so arranged that it may be joined by new students desirous of obtained such preliminary training as should be possessed by students proposing to study any branch of electrical engineering.

A laboratory class, adapted to the students attending this course of lectures, will be held on Thursdays at 10 to 1 p.m.

Fee for the laboratory and lecture course, for the term, 7s. 6d., or 11. for the session.

Students attending regularly any of the chemical or physical courses during the entire session, and passing a satisfactory examination, will receive a qualifying certificate, entitling them to the full technological certificate of the Institute on passing the technological examinations in allied subjects.

Provided sufficient merit be shown, the Institute's silver medal will be awarded, at the close of the session, to the first student, and the Institute's bronze medal to the second student, in each of the several sessional

ELEMENTARY.-Problems in plane geometry; scales; methods of describing ovals, &c.; introduction to solid geometry, and its application to pattern-cutting; sections; elbows; construction of patterns for round, oval, oblong, and other tapering articles; oval canister top, tea-bottle top, &c., &c.

ADVANCED.-Areas of plane figures; oval, oblong, and equal end patterns of unequal taper; T elbows, &c.; vase and bath patterns; conic sections, their development and application to various patterns, as cowls, talboys, and spout patterns; cone penetrated by a cylinder at right angles and obliquely to axis, &c., &c.

During the session, an elementary course of instruction will be given to students on the physical properties of iron, galvanized iron, tin-plate, and on tinning processes.

Fee for the session of about eight months, 68. N.B.-Apprentices will be admitted on the terms previously indicated.

The theoretical principles of construction as applied in the calculations of strains on girders and structures generally; the treatment of complicated or difficult cases of construction.

The principles of sanitary engineering as applied in the drainage and ventilation of buildings, water supply, &c.

PART II.-Mensuration as practically applied in the measurement and valuation of builders' work in the various branches, including the principles of taking off quantities from drawings, and measuring up executed 'work.

Fee for the session of about eight months, 68. N.B.-Apprentices will be admitted on the terms previously indicated.

PRACTICAL GEOMETRY.

Instructor, Mr. C. T. Millis.

Monday evenings, from 7.30 to 9.30. Course of instruction:

PLANE GEOMETRY.-Definitions, lines, triangles, quadrilateral figures and polygons; use of the protractor; angles and their applications; scales; construction of scale of chords; methods for drawing lines perpendicular to a given line; construction of triangle, polygons, &c.; properties of the triangle, polygon and quadrilateral figures; proportion of lines; areas of plane figures; and general application of plane geometry to mensuration, &c., &c.

SOLID GEOMETRY.-Introduction, lines, points, &c.; oblique planes; projection of oblique surfaces; problems on the line and plane; intersection of planes; plan and elevation of the cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, cone, &c., in easy positions; sections; plan and elevation of solids by means of change of ground line; plan and elevation of solids, with the inclination of a face and