"The fourth was a banner of the barony of Beauchamp, "followed by forty officers which attended the body lying in

state, the most principal servants of the highest nobility, "clerks of the Council, Parliament, and Crown, Masters of Chancery, Knights, and Knights of the Bath.

66

"The fifth was a banner of the barony of Monk, followed "by several eminent officers of his Majesties Court, baronets, sons of the nobility, the four principal officers of the deceased's "house, bearing white staves; Barons, Bishops, and Earls.

"The sixth class was led by the great banner, the horse "caparison'd with black velvet, as the other horses were with "cloth and plume; after which followed several of the heralds, "bearing the trophies; then came an open chariot, covered "with black velvet, and a canopy of the same, in which lay "the effigies of the Duke in azure armour, a golden truncheon "in his hand, having on his ducal robe and coronet, a collar "of the order about his neck, and a Garter on his left leg; "drawn by six horses, caparison'd with velvet as the former, "with escutcheons, chafferons, and plumes; in the chariot, at "the head and foot of the effigies, sat two gentlemen in close

mourning; the poêle was supported by three Barons and the "Treasurer of his Majesty's Household; and on each side of "the chariot were carried five banner-rolls of arms of the Duke's "paternal descent. Next after the chariot came Garter principal King of Arms, with a gentleman usher preceding "his Grace the present Duke of Albemarle, the chief mourner, "his train borne up, himself supported by two Dukes assisted by nine Earls and a Baron, all in close mourning, those of " them that were of the order wearing their collars. After them came the horse of state, richly caparison'd with crimson velvet, " embroidered and embossed with gold and silver, adorned with plumes of the Duke's colours, led with long reins by the "master of his horse; the whole train closed by the troop of "Her Majesties Guards.

"At the west door of the Abbey of Westminster the effigies "were taken out of the chariot, and under a canopy received "by the dean, prebends, and the whole choir in their copes and "formalities, and conducted into the choir, betwixt which and "the altar was erected a magnificent hearse, whereon the "effigies being placed, and the service of the Church read, an "excellent sermon was preached on the occasion by the Lord Bishop of Salisbury; which ended, they proceeded to offer "the several trophies; and to conclude the ceremony, the four

66

officers of the deceased Duke broke their white staves at "the head of the hearse, and Garter proclaimed the style of "his Grace according to custom; then, the trumpets sounding, "the regiments and troops which were drawn up near the "Abbey gave their several vollies.

"This is, in short, an account of this great solemnity, which "was carried on with extraordinary order, pomp, and magnificency, and is by command to be published at large, and the " whole represented in sculpture, to perpetuate this last honour "done by his Majesty's command and at his expense, to the "eternal memory of this glorious person."

The beginning of the fashion of carrying the sword or other insignia on the top of the coffin may be traced in the following note of the funeral of one of the chief officers of the Honourable

Artillery Company in 1667-1765

"Funeral of the Honourable Sir Robert Peake, Knight, Vice "President and Leader of the Artillery Company, and solem"nised from Lorrimer Hall by London Wall to the parish church "of St. Sepulchre's, I Aug., 1667.

66

"First a Company of Pioneers with brooms to sweep the "way, led by an officer with a leading-staff; then the rear of "the company led by Colonel Mew, the muskets first, and then "the pikes: the front of the Company marching in the rear "brought up by Sir John Robinson, the leading staff and "partizans and collars covered with Love (a sort of thin silk "stuff; Johnson): ten drummers covered with black baize (doubtless the drums, not the drummers), and each an escutcheon the two fifes each an escutcheon. Then the servants to the defunct, then the Minister, then the pieces of " armour (vizt.), Head pieces, Gorget, Breast and Back, Gauntlet, "and Spurs borne by so many Lieutenants-Colonels; then the Body with a dozen of silk escutcheons on the pall, with the "leading staff and sword covered with Love, the pall supported by six Knights; and then the executors and other mourners " attended by Knights, Aldermen, and Gentlemen."

66

The duties of troops attending a funeral were as follows:-1766 The regiment marched to the place where the corpse lay,

1765 Brit. Mus. MSS. 26,683; being notes by a Heraldic Painter of work done by him. This practice had obtained in the Navy as early as 1675; see Note 1767. 1766 Elton, 1659.

The black feathers are now replaced by crêpe armlets. The muffled drums are mentioned also in previous pages.

every soldier having in his hat a black feather or ribbon (Ills. CCLXII, CCLXIII), and the drums being draped in black when the coffin was brought out the order was given for the funeral posture, that is for reversing arms; at the same time the Ensigns stripped their colours from the staves and tied them about their waists, then tying black ribbons at the ends of the staves they carried them reversed like the pikes. The drums then beat the funeral march: the Lieutenant-Colonel headed the regiment while the Colonel brought up the rear, the order of each company being reversed, the Lieutenant leading and the Captain taking his place in rear, and even the files being reversed in like manner the rear division of musqueteers marched first and the pikemen last and immediately before the coffin. On arriving near the church door, "marching in a leisurable and "slow way," the musqueteers halted and faced inwards; the pikemen having marched through the lane of musqueteers then did the same, and the coffin passed into the church through the whole regiment thus standing with ordered arms. The men were then at liberty to pile their arms and go in "to hear "part of the sermon," taking care to be out in good time before it was finished. Upon the coffin being brought out of the church the regiment drew up near the grave in a circle, with the pikemen outermost, and upon the drum beating notice that the corpse had been deposited in its resting place, three volleys were fired. The colours were then remounted on their staves, the regiment was drawn up in its usual order, and the funeral party returned to its quarters in the same way as if returning from any ordinary parade, 1767 with the musicians "sounding merry levitts all the way."

1767 Teonge's Diary: 5 Decr., 1675. Describing the funeral of a Boatswain of the Navy: "He was nobly buried and like a soldier. He had a neat coffin, which was "covered over with one of the King's jacks, and his boatswain silver whistle and chain "laid on the top (to shew his office) between two pistols crossed with a hanger drawn. "At his going off the ship, he had nine guns, which were fired at a minute's distance. "And eight trumpets sounding dolefully, whereof the four in the first rank began, and "the next four answered; so that there was a continual doleful tone from the ship "to the shore and from thence to the grave. Half the ship's Company with their "musquets in the right posture, going after the corpse, with all the officers of all the ships that were there. I myself (chaplain) going immediately before, and the "trumpets before me. When he was buried he had four peals of musquet shot. And as soon as we were out of the church yard the trumpets sounded merry levitts all "the way. His name was Richard Capps of Dedford."

66

66

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE GENERAL STAFF OF THE ARMY DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1660 TO 1700.

Introductory.-The Sovereign the Chief of the Army.-The Commander-in-Chief.— Field-marshals. --General Officers.—Brigadiers.—The Scout-Master-General.— The Adjutant-General.-The Quarter-Master-General.—Routes.—The BrigadeMajor.-Town Majors.-Fort-Adjutants.—Aides-de-camp.-Military Secretaries -The Inspector-General of the Forces.-Marshals of the Horse.

[For Illustrations, see Note on p. xiii.]

We have now treated of all the main fabric of which an army is composed. We have furnished our Armoury; we have supplied our Clothing and equipments; we have Regimented our men; we have arranged for the Recruiting of vacancies, and for the raising of local Reserves; we have Drilled our troops in the handling of their arms and in field movements; we have arranged a system of Martial Law and of punishments for the negligent or bad soldier; while we have equally devised modes of rewarding the faithful and good soldier; and we shall presently see how Artillery and Engineers came to be instituted.

What more then is wanting to complete the Army? The very crown and centre-piece is still wanting, without which all the rest would be but a cumbrous mob; the means of organisation of all the subordinate parts is still to be treated of.

These means of organisation may be divided under two heads, the Disciplinary and the Administrative. Under the first may be included all that has to do with the direction of discipline and tactical dispositions; under the second may be classed all that has to do with the direction of Field supplies of all sorts and with means of movement.

The first head may be generically termed the "disciplinary "Staff," the other the "administrative Staff" of the Army.

The absolute command of the Forces has in all ages of our history resided in THE SOVEREIGN alone: this was the case in the ancient days of feudalism, and although this principle of our Constitution was disputed by the opponents of the Crown

in Charles the First's reign, it was nevertheless recognised by Act of Parliament 1768 in the succeeding reign. In the earlier Mutiny Acts the prerogative of the Sovereign to command the Army is not specifically mentioned, but it is tacitly recognised, and all martial power is by those Acts legally to emanate from the Sovereign alone; and to this day the right of the Sovereign to the sole exercise of the power of making "Articles of War” is annually recited in the Mutiny Acts. This power of making arbitrary laws carrying full judicial effect, not alone in military courts but in all courts of justice, is obviously an enormous power to entrust to any individual or his deputies ;-" an unlimited "power to create crimes and annex to them any punishments,” 1769 within certain wide limits.

The maxim that the Sovereign is the sole head and Commander of the Army is therefore not a mere military tradition, but is in accordance with the Constitutional law of the realm. It is on this ground that the Sovereign is not only the dispenser of military honorary or titular rewards, but is also the source of all military authority: and no military authority not emanating (by the proper channels) from the Sovereign himself is legal or ought to be recognised in the Service.

The Sovereign has usually but not always delegated his military command to some Officer of the Army.

The first COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF (see Ill. I) of the Standing Army was George Monck, Duke of Albemarle by his Commission he was styled "Captain-General and Commander-in"Chief of all forces "1770 in the three kingdoms and the territories thereunto belonging; but he was also sometimes known by the title he bore prior to the Restoration-the "Lord-General." 1771 When the Duke of Monmouth succeeded to the office in 1678, the title of Commander-in-Chief was dropped

1768 13 Chas. II, C. 6.

14 Chas. II, C. 3.

15 Chas. II, C. 4.

1769 Blackstone.

1770 Commission, 3 Aug., 1660, App. I.

1771 "Lord-General," e.g., Lond. Gaz., 3 Janry., 1669/70.

Heads of the late Lord Genl's. function, 1678; App. XXI.

Captain-General," e.g., Royal Warrant, June, 1661; App. II.