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THE re-opening of Crowland Abbey by the the Bishop's head. The band bears the Bishop of Lincoln on St. Matthew's day inscription "1887-Bishop of Calgarywas a memorable occasion for all lovers of 1926." Lieutenant Mountain Horse, the pre-Reformation England. The north Chief's son, gave his life in the war. nave aisle of the great Abbey Church has now been made a parish church, in which is ON Sept. 21 the Manchester Guardian puba new window (decorated at the re-opening) Sir Rabindranath Tagore, dated from Berlished a long and interesting letter from subscribed for by the children of the parish. lin. It is in reply to a letter-published The Abbey was founded by Ethelbald in honour of St. Guthlac, the hermit, and was in the same paper on Aug. 25-from Profesdedicated under the triple invocation of Our sor Formichi and outlines Dr. Tagore's imLady, St. Bartholomew and St. Guthlac, pression of Fascism for which reason there was flown from the Abbey tower a flag with the knives of St. Bartholomew, and the three-thonged whip of St. Guthlac. The burning of Crowland by the Danes is one of the facts which we all learn about in childhood. A burning hardly less disastrous happened in 1091 when a plumber, leading the tower, banked his fire for the night without remembering the wind, and in the consequent disaster a library, it is said of 700 volumes, was destroyed. The more precious parts of Crowland, the remains of twelfth and thirteenth century building, are ruins, and arouse sad reflections on the indifference of the people in the centuries following the Dissolution. The part now to be used belongs to the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries; and the restoration of it has cleared away many nineteenth century defacements-pews, panelling, raised floor-and brought back the old lines and values of the building. Of Crowland bells there is no need to say anything-nor yet of the beauty of the tower made a little strange and melancholy by the effect of the settlement which makes it lean somewhat to the north.

AT

T Cardston, Alberta, Dr. Pinkham, the retiring Bishop of Calgary, was lately (v. The Times, July 31) made an Indian chief. Upon this occasion Chief Mountain Horse, of the Blood Tribe, is said thus to have addressed him.

Before the white man came, we looked to the Sun Dance for our inspiration. We now try to practice in our lives the religion you live and teach. For many years you have held our respect and our love. On behalf of the Blood Tribe I now bestow on you the greatest honour within our power to give. I name you "Natoaupi," meaning Holy Rest," rest which is made holy by the many kind deeds you have done for us.

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IN a letter to The Times (Sept. 22) Mr. T.
J. Pemberton shows a photograph (repro-
duced) of a bronze ring, which was found a
few months ago on the finger of a Maori
woman's skeleton, in an old burial ground
on the eastern side of Bank's Peninsula,
South Island, New Zealand.
This place
has been uninhabited by native families for
the last eighty years. The ring is a signet,
bearing the head of a bearded man in an
old-fashioned tunic, and with the letters
"S. F." and "D. S." or "U. S.' It is
possible, as Mr. Pemberton suggests that the
ring belonged to some whaler or trader who
came into New Zealand waters after Cap-
tain Cook's day; on the other hand it may
have belonged to some lost voyager who was
carried on to these unknown shores and
perished there before their discovery to the
rest of the world. It is to be hoped that
someone may be able to identify the ring.
The photograph seems to indicate rather
rough but fairly vigorous workmanship;
and the ring is a large one. It is difficult
from the reproduction to guess the date.
ME ESSRS. John Lane and Company of the
Bodley Head announce that they have
in preparation the first volumes of a new
series of biographies of great explorers, to
be called 'The Golden Hind Series,' and to
be published under the general editorship of
Mr. Milton Waldman, the present assistant
editor of The London Mercury. Many of
the Elizabethan explorers have never as yet
had a separate biography, and the lives of
the more famous of them are in most cases
either out of date or inaccessible to the
general public. The first Golden Hind
volumes will include 'Francis Drake,' by E.
F. Benson; John Smith,' by Keble Chat-
terton; 'Henry Hudson,' by Llewelyn Powys;
Walter Raleigh,' by Milton Waldman;
John Hawkins,' by Philip Gosse; Martin
Frobisher,' by William McFee, and 'Richard
Grenville,' by J. C. Squire, and they will
begin to be published in the Spring of 1927.

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The lines quoted above from '3 Henry VI.' II. v., are of further interest because

Their music frightful as the serpent's hiss. of two striking parallels to them to be found

And

'2 Hen. VI.' III. ii. 323-327.

How many make the hour full complete;
How many hours bring about the day;
How many days will furnish up the year;
How many years a mortal man may live:
When this is known, then to divide the
times:

So many hours must I tend my flock;
So many hours must I take my rest;
So many hours must I contemplate;
So many hours must I sport myself;
So many days my

young;

ewes have been with

So many weeks ere the poor fools will ean; So many years ere I shall shear the fleece: So minutes, hours, days, months, and years, etc. 3 Hen. VI.' II. v. 26-38.

If Shakespeare wrote these lines, there would probably exist like passages elsewhere in his works, particularly in his early writings. The following instances may suffice to establish that he certainly made use of the device of parallel construction :

Let him have time to tear his curled hair, Let him have time against himself to rave, Let him have time of time's help to despair,

Let him have time to live a loathed slave, Let him have time a beggar's orts to crave, And time to see one that by alms doth live Disdain to have him disdained scraps to give.

Let him have time to see his friends his foes, And merry fools to mock at him resort; Let him have time to mark how slow time goes

In time of sorrow, and how swift and short
His time of folly and time of sport;

And ever let his unrecalling crime
Have time to wail the abusing of his time.
'Luc.,' Stanzas 141-142.

in Drayton's work. The first is given by Fleay.**

So many years as he had worn a crown:
So many years as he had hope to rise:
So many years upon him did I frown:
So many years he lived without his eyes :
So many years in dying ere he dies:
So many years shut up in prison strong,
Though sorrows make the shortest time
seem long.

Robert of Normandy,' 1596. The second, quoted by Dr. von Schaubert, is closer still to the lines in ' Henry VI.' in its play upon the words " minutes," 'hours,' days," and " years.'

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As many minutes as in the howres there be,
So many howres each minute seems to me,
Each howre a day, a morne, noon-tide, and
a set,

Each day a year, with miseries complet.
A winter, spring-time, summer and a fall,
All seasons varying, but unseasoned all:
In endlesse woe my thrid of life thus weares,
By minutes, how res, daies, months, and lin-
gering years.

Epis. Rich. II. to Isabell. Dr. von Schaubert thinks significant the fact that the last line of Drayton's passage

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In offering the above, together with a very large number of other phrases or lines of '2 and 3 Henry VI.' to which she has discovered word for word parallels or close similarities in Drayton, Dr. von Schaubert is treading on dangerous ground when she puts these forward as an argument in favour of Drayton's hand in '2 and 3 Henry VI.' Her reasoning would be cogent if her quotations contained language peculiar to Drayton alone, and rarely if at all to be found in the writings of his contemporaries; such, however, is far from the case. A careful examination of her parallels has yielded the result that, with few exceptions, Shakespeare's works themselves present examples equally good, and in some instances better.

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to gabble like tinkers

6 Shak., Tw.' II. iii. 95. 4. Whiles lions war and battle for their dens Poor harmless lambs abide their enmity. ' 3 Hen. VI.' II. v. 74-75. Little bootes it in walles myself to pen The lambe inclosed in the lions den. Drayton, Matilda.' Thus dost thou hear the Nemean lion roar 'Gainst thee, thou lamb, than standest as his prey. Shak., ' L. L. L.' IV. i. 92-93. 5. And let our hearts and eyes, like civil war, Be blind with tears.

3 Hen. VI.' II. v. 77-78.

Eyes with your teares blind if you be.

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Drayton,Sonnets.' glazed with blinding Shak., R. II.' ii. 16. Mine eyes are full of tears, I cannot see: And yet salt water blinds them not so much Shak., R. II.' IV. 245.

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Thus did they swarme like bees about the brim. Drayton, Gaveston.' Our peasants who in unnecessary action swarm about our squares.

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Shak., Hen. V,' IV. ii. 27. The plebeians swarming at their heels. Shak., Hen. V,' Chor. 27.

7. O Phoebus, hadst thou never given consent That Phaethon should check thy fiery steeds,

Thy burning car never had scorch'd the
earth!
'3 Hen. VI,' II. vi. 11-13.
Here falls proud Phaethon, tumbling
through the clouds:

The sunny Palfreys have their traces
broke.

Drayton, Mort.' Where Phoebus pastures His fierie-breathing steeds.

Drayton, 'Owen to Kath.'
Ile borrow Phoebus fiery Jades.

Drayton, Elizium.'
Why Phaethon, for thou art Merops' son,
Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car,
And with thy daring folly burn the world?
Shak., 'Gent.' III. i. 153-155.
Down, down I come; like glistering Phae-
thon,
Wanting the manage of unruly jades.
Shak., R. II,' III. iii. 178-179.
Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,
Towards Phoebus' lodging: such a wag-
goner

As Phaeton would whip you to West,
And bring in cloudy night immediately.
Shak., Rom.' III. ii. 14.

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Were liken'd oft to kingly sepulchres.
'3 Hen. VI,' V. ii. 19-20.
In aged wrinckles Beautie buried lies.
Drayton, Mat. to John.'
The wrinkles which thy glass will truly
show,

Of mouthed graves will give the memory. Shak., Son. 77, 5-6. Of the last example Dr. von Schaubert remarks,*

Immerhin ist sehr beachtenswert, dasz die so gar nicht Shakespearisch anmutende Vorstellung, die den Versen 19/20... zu Grunde liegt, in Drayton's Episteln in gewissem Sinne wiederkehrt.

But, is her parallel nearer the text than

Sch., p. 211.

the two lines from Sonnet lxxvii., and are these, too, altogether unShakespearian? Dr. von Schaubert is so engrossed in finding parallels that, at times, she claims for Drayton phrases and lines that were in the Contention' and True Tragedy' themselves and are merely repeated by the reviser, e.g. : 17.. And twice by awkward wind from England's bank," '2 Hen. VI.' III. ii. 83– 84. Hart says the phrase awkward and the expression suggests Marlowe's hand 'belongs to the earlier Contention, therein at this point.

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b. Jove sometime went disguised, and why not I?" '2 Hen. VI' IV. i. 48. Hart showst that the line was added to the text by Pope from the Quarto 'Contention.'

c Nay, Warwick, single out some other chase;

For I myself will hunt this wolf to death. '3 Hen. VI.,' II. iv. 12-13. Dr. von Schaubert points out that these two lines practically repeat the two: Hold, Warwick, seek thee out some other chase:

For I myself must hunt this deer to death. '2 Hen. V1,' V. ii. 14-15.

in a scene that she has already assumed to be by Drayton, wherefore she says the scene '3 Hen. VI.' II. iv. must likewise be his; but here, too, she overlooks the fact that Hart has noted that the lines of 2 Hen. VI.' are in the old play.

I. GOURVITCH.

(To be continued.).

IRISH FAMILY HISTORY.

REYNOLDS OF LOUGH RHYNN, CO. LEITRIM. (See ante, p. 204).

Andrew Reynolds, the only son, was born in 1744, was with his father in business as a woolstapler, and in the manufacture of stuffs, all of wool, called poplins. He was admitted into partnership with his father about 1764, and when later he embarked in the silk business, he made experiments on these poplins, by having the warp of silk and the weft, or shoot, of worsted; and that was the original of those poplins, known

* H. C. Hart, Henry VI,' Part 2, Arden ed., p. 105, note.

H. C. Hart, 'Henry VI,' Pt. 2, Arden ed., p. 129, note.

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H. C. Hart, Henry VI,' Part 2, Arden. ed., p. 188.

and much prized in foreign countries about the beginning of the nineteenth century, as "Irish tabinets." They were at first made very stout for gentlemen's court-dresses, but afterwards a slighter and softer kind were invented for ladies' wear. His business in this connection was most extensive, the profits from it amounting to from £15,000 to £20,000 a year for many years. In 1783 he had about 400 looms in operation; but from 1784, owing to the introduction of cottons, the consumption of silks fell off, and at his death in 1788 only about 70 looms were in operation.

Even with his large business operations, he evidently found time to attend the debates of the Irish Parliament, as evidenced by the following paragraph from Saunders' Dublin News-Letter for Friday, 14 Nov., 1783:

About 1 o'clock on Tuesday morning as Mr. Andrew Reynolds of Ash Street was returning home in a chair from the Parliament House, he was stopped within a few doors of his own house by four footpads armed with pistols, who robbed him of his gold watch and buckles.

He was twice married, his first wife being Margaret, dau. of William Davys or Davis of Fermoyle, Co. Longford. The Dublin Journal for Tuesday, July 3, 1764, contains the following:-"Last week Mr. Andrew Reynolds an eminent Silk Weaver to Miss Margaret Davis."

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Their Marriage Settlements (see Note (f) post) were dated June 30, 1764, registered Oct. 10, 1764; in them she is described as a spinster," and further it says: of a marriage then intended and had between the said from which it would appear as though the settlements were not drawn up till after the marriage had actually taken place. Her married life was, however, only short, as an obituary notice in the Dublin Journal for Tuesday, Dec. 4, 1764, shows, wherein it says: In Ash Street the wife of Mr. Andrew Reynolds, an eminent Silk Weaver" (see also Dublin Gazette of same date). Her husband married secondly, April 20, 1767, his second cousin, Rose, eldest dau. and child of Thomas Fitzgerald of Killmead, Co. Kildare, by his wife, Rose, dau. of Francis Lacy of Inn's Quay, Dublin (see pedigrees of Fitzgerald-12 S. vi. 308, and Lacy-12 S. vii. 223). The announcement of their marriage is given in the Dublin Gazette for Saturday, April 25, 1767, and is followed by fourteen lines of verse by Flexiensis, a writer who contri

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buted a similar type of verse to many of the marriage and death announcements in the Dublin newspapers of that day, and, as it may be of interest as illustrating a custom of those days, I give the poem in full in Note (g) post. Their marriage settlements (see Note (h) post) were registered Aug. 19, 1767, in the Registry of Deeds Office, Dublin. According to my family records, Andrew Reynolds died rather suddenly at the early age of 44. The announcement of his death, which occurred on May 8, 1788, is thus given in the Dublin Evening Herald for Friday, May 9, 1788:

He

Yesterday at his house in Park Street, Mr. Andrew Reynolds, the Most eminent and extensive silk-manufacturer in Ireland. was a man of the best character and greatly loved by every rank of people. His death will be particularly felt, and deplored not only by his numerous and respectable acquaintances, but by the great number of families dependent on his employment.

His will dated May 8, 1788, and proved May 27, 1788, in the Prerogative Court, Dublin, is as follows:

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I Andrew Reynolds, of Park Street, in the City of Dublin. My wife Rose Reynolds, otherwise Fitzgerald, sole exor. and guardian of my children. (Signed) Andrew Reynolds. Witneses :-William Furlong, Val. O'Connor, John Short.

He was buried in the family vault in St. Doolagh's Churchyard (see Note (c) post). There are several deeds filed in the Registry of Deeds Office, Dublin, relating to land in Dublin, in his name and his widow's, of which I give brief extracts (see Note (i) post).

After her husband's death, Mrs. Rose Reynolds carried on his business, with the assistance of a relative, Thomas Warren, who was head clerk, but whom, after her husband's death, she made sole manager, and took into partnership, later taking her only surviving son Thomas Reynolds into partnership also. Thomas was, however,

totally unfitted for a business career, of which fact Thomas Warren took full advantage and practically ruined the house, with the result that Thomas Reynolds dissolved the partnership and got rid of Warren; he then settled up the affairs of the firm and quitted business.

Mrs. Rose Reynolds died Nov. 6, 1797, at her residence in Abbey Street, Dublin, and was buried with her husband at St. Doolagh's. Her will which bears no date is as follows:

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