The debt is divided into an internal and a foreign. The total foreign debt amounted in 1883 to over 760,2591. The external debt is mostly at 4 per cent,

The entire charge of the debt for 1882-3 was set down as 554,4007.; after deducting productive investments, &c., the charge per head of population would be only about 2s. The profitable investments of the State amount to over 5,000,0007., which thus reduce the debt to nearly one-half, or about 31. per head of the population. In 1879 the total national wealth was estimated at 101 millions sterling, or about 50l. per head of the population. The value of the land alone is estimated at over 11 millions sterling, and of buildings 36 millions.

Army and Navy.

The army of Denmark consists, according to the reorganisation of 1867, supplemented by the law of 1880, of all the able-bodied young men of the kingdom who have reached the age of 22 years. They are liable to service for eight years in the regular army and its reserve, constituting the first line, and for eight years subsequent in the extra reserve. The drilling is divided into two periods: the first lasts six months for the infantry, five months for the field artillery and the engineers; nine months and two weeks for the cavalry; and four months for the siege artillery and the technic corps. The second period of drill, which is for only a portion of the recruits of each branch of arms, notably those who have profited the least by the first course, lasts nine months for the infantry, eleven months for the cavalry, and one year for the artillery and the engineers. Besides, every corps has to drill each year during thirty to forty-five days. The kingdom is divided into two divisions or commands, the eastern and the western, the former subdivided into two and the latter into three brigades, and each brigade into two battalions. Every brigade furnishes the contingent of a brigade of infantry and one regiment of cavalry. The artillery contingent is furnished one-half by the two first territorial brigades, and the second half by the three other ones. tingent of the engineers is furnished by the whole brigades.

The con

The forces of the kingdom comprise 31 battalions of infantry of the line, with 13 of second reserve; 5 regiments of cavalry, each with 3 squadrons active and a depôt; two regiments of artillery, in 12 batteries and 4 of reserve, and two battalions with 6 companies and 5 companies of reserve; and one regiment. of engineers. The total war strength of the regular army and reserve was as follows in 1883 :—Infantry, 26,992 men; cavalry, 2,180; artillery, 4,755; engineers, 1,366; total men, 35,293, besides 1,176 officers. This is exclusive of the extra reserve, only called out in emergencies, and numbering 14,000 officers and men.

In the session of 1882 an extraordinary vote of supply of four millions sterling was asked for fortifications and the navy. This was to be spent mainly in fortifying Copenhagen both on the sea and landward sides, and in constructing forts and entrenched camps at the most vulnerable points in the country. Half a million sterling was to be spent on the increase of the fleet. It was decided in 1880 to increase the fleet in the course of ten years to 8 armour-clads, 4 large unarmoured vessels, 10 corvettes and schooners, 12 gunboats and 8 torpedo-boats.

The navy of Denmark consisted, at the end of 1884, of about 40 steamers, of which 8 were armour-clad ships, and 3 armoured torpedo boats, and the rest unarmoured vessels, the latter mostly of small size. The following is a tabular list of the principal ironclads :—

It is a

The largest ironclad in the Danish navy, the Helgoland, was completed in the summer of 1880. The most remarkable of these ships is the last in the list, the Tordenskjöld, launched in 1880. torpedo boat, the largest in the Baltic, covered with four-inch steel armour, laid on horizontally instead of vertically, besides a belt of cork. She is divided into 23 watertight compartments, has 8-inch armour on her turret, and carries two swift torpedo launches besides appliances to shoot Whitehead's torpedoes, and is armed with one 15-inch Krupp breechloader, the heaviest gun in any of the

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Baltic fleets, besides one 6-inch Krupp breechloader, and three light guns. All the other armour-clad ships were constructed after old models, between the years 1863 and 1872—the Rolf Krake turretship, on Captain Coles's principle, was built on the Clyde in 1863; the Peder Skram and the Danmark in 1864; the Lindormen and the Gorm, sister turret-ships, in 1868 and 1869; and the Odin in 1872. The most powerful of the other ironclads of the Danish navy is the Odin, constructed at the dockyard of Nyholm, near Copenhagen, begun in 1870, and launched in 1873. The Odin, plated with 8-inch iron amidships, and 5-inch fore and aft, carries four 10-inch guns, of 18 tons each, sheltered under a rising turret on mid-deck, covering not only the guns but also the base of the chimneys and the upper part of the engines. The prow carries a steel battering-ram more than a foot square, and protruding six feet, so arranged as to be screwed back into the hull. There are besides two armed cruisers protected with 2-inch armour. There are on the stocks a floating battery, the Iver Hirtfelot, of 3,260 tons and 5,000 horse-power, and a torpedo boat of the Tordenskjöld type.

The Danish navy is recruited, by naval conscription, from the coast population. The budget of 1883-4 provides for 1 viceadmiral, 15 commanders, 36 captains, 80 lieutenants and sublieutenants, and 1,218 men.

Copenhagen is the only fortress of importance.

Area and Population.

The following table gives the area and population of Denmark according to the last decennial census, taken February 1, 1880:

The average density of the population is 143 per square mile. At the census of February 1, 1880, the population comprised 967,360 males, and 1,001,679 females. The total population of the preceding decennial census of 1870 was 1,794,733, showing an increase during the decennial period of nearly 10 per cent., or 1 per cent. per annum. The estimated population on January 1, 1882, was 2,018,432. The proportionate increase in the population of Denmark in recent years has been larger in the towns than in the country districts, averaging in the former 10.29 per cent., and in the latter only 5.99 per cent. in the course of 15 years. The town

population in 1880 was 515,758, and the country population 1,453,281. The population is almost entirely Scandinavian; at the last census, of the foreign-born population 33,152 were Germans (including 22,007 born in Schleswig), 24,148 Swedes, 2,823 Norwegians, 454 English.

The population of the capital, Copenhagen (Kjöbenhavn), in 1880, was, including suburbs, 273,323; Aarhuus, 24,831; Odense, 20,804; Aalborg, 14,152; Randers, 13,457.

The following table gives the total number of births, deaths, and marriages, with the surplus of births over deaths, in each of the from 1878 to 1882:years

five

There were besides on an average 2-8 per cent. of the total births still-born; 10 per cent. of the births were illegitimate.

Emigration carried off, chiefly to the United States, 3,906 persons in 1871; 6,893 in 1872; 7,241 in 1873; 3,322 in 1874; 2,088 in 1875; 1,581 in 1876; 1,877 in 1877; 2,972 in 1878; 3,118 in 1879; 5,667 in 1880; 7,985 in 1881; and 11,614 in 1882.

The soil of Denmark is greatly subdivided, owing partly to the state of the law, which interdicts the union of small farms into larger estates, but encourages, in various ways, the parcelling out of landed property, and leaves the tenant entire control of his land so long as the rent is paid. It was found at the last census that out of every 1,000 people, 469 live exclusively by agriculture, 229 by manufacturing industries, 68 by trade, and 27 by seafaring and fishing.

Trade and Industry.

The commerce of Denmark is carried on mainly with Germany and Great Britain. The following table shows the declared value, according to official returns, of the imports and exports for each of the five years, from 1878 to 1882:

Of the imports of the year 1882, 38.5 per cent. came from Germany, and 23.2 per cent. from Great Britain and her colonies; while of the exports 32 per cent. were sent to Germany, and 39 per cent. to Great Britain. Of the imports, Sweden had 12.6 per cent., and 14-2 per cent. exports; Norway, 3 per cent. imports, 6.5 per cent. exports ; the United States, 5.3 per cent. imports, 2 per cent. exports; Russia, 3.7 per cent. imports, 1-2 per cent. exports; the Danish colonies, 2.5 per cent imports, 2.7 per cent. exports.

The chief exports of Denmark are cereals and flour, live stock, and butter, which form two-thirds of the total export. About half as much grain is imported as is exported; the other chief imports are woollen goods, sugar, coals, timber, minerals and metals.

The commercial intercourse between Denmark, including Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland, and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement in each of the five years, 1879 to 1883:

According to the British returns the exports from Denmark were considerably higher in 1882 than according to the Danish returns.

The exports of Denmark to the United Kingdom consist almost entirely of agricultural produce, the principal of them butter, corn, and live animals. The exports of butter rose from 767,1907. in 1870, to 2,151,730l. in 1883. The total exports of corn and flour amounted to the value of 765,2947. in the year 1883; of live animals to the value of 2,550,4731., comprising 1,219,8581. for oxen and bulls; 1,027,0681. for cows and calves; 264,0417. for sheep; and 23,5361. for horses. The export of eggs has risen from 67,6541. in 1878 to 144,2777. in 1883. Of British imports into Denmark, the principal are cotton manufactures, coals, iron, and refined sugar. Of cotton manufactures the imports amounted to 404,050l., of coals to 450,7277., of iron, wrought and unwrought, to 254,5467., sugar, 247,1321., and woollens, 215,7407. in the year 1883.

Of the total area of Denmark 75 per cent. was productive in 1880; about one-sixth of the unproductive area is peat bogs. Of the productive area 6 per cent. is forest, and of the remainder about onehalf is arable and one-half pasture and meadows. The leading crops