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GREECE.

(KINGDOM OF THE HELLENES.)

Reigning King.

Georgios I., born Dec. 24, 1845, the second son (Wilhelm) of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, present King of Denmark; elected King of the Hellenes by the National Assembly at Athens, March 18 (30), 1863; accepted the crown, through his father the King of Denmark, acting as his guardian, June 4, 1863; declared of age by decree of the National Assembly, June 27, 1863; landed in Greece, Nov. 2, 1863; married, October 27, 1867, to Queen Olga, born Aug. 22 (Sept. 3), 1851, the eldest daughter of Grand-duke Constantine of Russia, brother of the late Emperor Alexander II.

Children of the King.

I. Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, heir-apparent, born Aug. 2, 1868.

II. Prince Georgios, born June 24, 1869.

III. Princess Alexandra, born August 30, 1870.
IV. Prince Nicolaos, born January 21, 1872.
V. Princess Maria, born March 3, 1876.

VI. Prince Andreas, born February 13, 1882.

By decision of the Greek National Assembly of May 15, 1863, a civil list of 1,125,000 drachmas, or 40,1787., was settled on King Georgios I., to which the Governments of Great Britain, France, and Russia added 4,000l. each, making the total income of the sovereign of Greece 52,1787. per annum.

Greece, a province of the Turkish empire since the commencement of the 16th century, gained its independence in the insurrection of 1821-9, and by the Protocol of London, of Feb. 3, 1830, was declared a kingdom, under the protection of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having declined the crown of Greece, on the ground that the boundaries proposed were insufficient, it was offered to, and accepted by, Prince Otto of Bavaria, who ascended the throne Jan. 25, 1833, being under the age of eighteen. He was expelled the kingdom after a reign of 29 years, in October 1862, which event was followed by the election, under the directing guidance of the three protecting Powers, of the present sovereign.

The King, according to Art. 49 of the Constitution of 1864, attains his majority upon completing his eighteenth year. Before he ascends the throne, he must take the oath to the constitution in the presence of the ministers, the sacred synod, the deputies then in

the metropolis, and the higher officials of the realm. Within two months at the most, the King must convoke the Legislature. If the successor to the throne is either a minor or absent at the time of the King's decease, and no Regent has been appointed, the Legislative Chamber has to assemble of its own accord within ten days after the occurrence of that event. The constitutional royal authority in this case has to be exercised by the ministerial council until the choice of a Regent, or the arrival of the successor to the throne. The present sovereign is allowed, by special exception, to adhere to the religion in which he was educated, the Protestant Lutheran faith, but his heirs and successors must be members of the Greek Orthodox Church.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Greece was elaborated by a Constituent Assembly, elected in December 1863, and adopted Oct. 29, 1864. It vests the whole legislative power in a single chamber of representatives, called the Boulé, elected by manhood suffrage for the term of four years. The elections take place by ballot, and each candidate must be put in nomination by the requisition of at least one-thirtieth of the voters of an electoral district. At the election of 1881, there were 460,163 voters on the list, being 1 voter in every 4.3 of the population; the number who voted was 306,957, or 66 per cent. of the voters. The Boulé must meet annually for not less than three, nor more than six months. No sitting is valid unless at least one-half of the members of the Assembly are present, and no bill can pass into law without an absolute majority of members. Every measure, before being adopted, must be discussed and voted, article by article, thrice, and on three separate days. But the Legislative Assembly has no power to alter the Constitution itself; particular provisions may be reviewed after the lapse of ten years, with the exception of 'fundamental principles.' The Chamber of Deputies, unless specially convoked at an earlier date, for extraordinary occasions, must meet on the 1st of November (old style) of every year; a session lasts five or six months. The number of of members, dependent upon the number of population, was (including the members for the recently annexed territories of Epirus and Thessaly) 245 in the session of 1883-84, or 1 representative to every 8,200 inhabitants. The deputies are paid 727. each per session, and an extra 521. each for an extra session.

The executive is vested in the King and his responsible Ministers, the heads of seven departments. They are the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, the Ministry of

War, the Ministry of Marine, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since the accession of the present sovereign, in 1863, ministerial changes have been exceedingly frequent, the average duration of ministries being less than a year.

At the side of the executive Council of Ministers stood, by the terms of the constitution, a deliberative Council of State, which, however, was subsequently abolished. It was to the Council of State that all Bills were referred from the Chamber of Deputies, and returned with observations or amendments within 10 days. In case the Council of State made no report at the expiry of the time fixed, the Chamber of Deputies might vote the law and send it up to the King.

Church and Education.

The great majority of the inhabitants of the kingdom are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church. At the census of 1879 there were 1,635,698 members of the Greek Orthodox Church; 14,677 other Christians, mainly Roman Catholics; 2,652 Jews, and 917 Mohammedans. To these must be added the population of Epirus and Thessaly, of whom 266,688 belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, 24,755 are Mohammedans, and 3,140 Jews. By the terms of the constitution of 1864, the Greek Orthodox Church is declared the religion of the state, but complete toleration and liberty of worship is guaranteed to all other sects. Nominally, the Greek clergy owe allegiance to the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is elected by the votes of the bishops and optimates subject to the Sultan, and whose jurisdiction extends over Thrace and other countries, including Roumania, as well as the greater part of Asia Minor. But the jurisdiction of the Patriarch, existing in theory, has frequently been challenged, while the real ecclesiastical authority, formerly exercised by him, was annulled by the resolutions of a National Synod, held at Nauplia, in 1833, which vested the government of the Orthodox Church, within the limits of the kingdom, in a permanent council, called the Holy Synod, consisting of the Metropolitan of Athens, and four archbishops and bishops, who must while in office reside at the seat of the executive. The Orthodox Church has nine archbishops and eight bishops on the continent of Greece; six archbishops and six bishops in the Peloponnesus; one archbishop, and five bishops in the Islands of the Greek Archipelago; and five archbishops and ten bishops in the Ionian Islands. All children between the ages of five and twelve years must attend the communal school. It was found at the census of 1870, that but 33 per cent. of grown-up men, and but 7 per cent. of the grown-up women, were able to read and write. According to the

census of 1879, 46.06 per cent. of males and 23.08 females could read and write.

The following are the educational statistics of Greece for 1884:

For primary education, the Communes spent, in 1884, 2,176,008 drachmai, and the Government 795,936 drachmai. The budget of 1884 contains 2,735,728 drachmai as the Government contribution to higher and middle education.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The estimated public revenue and expenditure of the kingdom were as follows in the five years from 1879 to 1883, according to official returns:

The various sources of revenue and branches of expenditure of the kingdom, according to the official budget estimates, for the year 1884, were as follows: