ture, total of 2,000,577 Total 337,993,528 £33,799,352 Investments, total of 23,020,876 This shows an anticipated deficit of 1,167,5831. About one fourth of the revenue is derived from direct, and one-third from indirect taxes and monopolies. The principal direct taxes are on The land-tax for 1885 was estimated at land, houses, and incomes. 3,800,0007.; house-tax, 890,000l.; tax on profits, incomes, &c., 2,554,000l.; the total direct taxation amounting to 9,017,000l., or 12s. per head. The accounts of actual revenue and expenditure since the year 1867 showed large and annually increasing deficits, which gave rise to the creation of a vast special debt of Hungary. The debt has been created mostly since 1848. The large loans raised during this recent period have been to a great extent employed for the purchase of railways, the receipts of which are far exceeded by the expenditure; in addition to which the government has to disburse a large sum yearly to the guaranteed railways. In the beginning of 1884 the debt amounted to 127,335,000l. (taking the florin at 2s.), besides the share of Hungary in the common debt of the Empire (see above). The proportion of the total annual charge of The annual charge the debt to the total revenue is 37 per cent. is 14s. per head of population, and the burden of the capital 11. per head, both which items are considerably increased by Hungary's share in the common debt. The total special exports of Hungary in 1883 amounted to 44s. per head. The value of the public property of Hungary at the end of 1883 was 131,610,0007. Army and Navy. The existing army organisation of the empire is based on the terms of the compromise' come to between Austria and Hungary, passed December 5, 1868, modified in some respects by a law passed in 1882. Military service is obligatory on all men who have completed their twentieth year, the only exceptions being in connection with certain family conditions and physical or mental capacity. No substitution is allowed. The yearly contingent of recruits for the army amounts to 94,000. The army is divided into three categories the active army, the reserve, and the Landwehr. There is also in time of war a Landsturm, but as service in it is voluntary, no estimate can be given of its strength. The active army and the reserves are common to the whole empire and under the control of the Minister of War of the Empire; the Landwehr of Cisleithania and that of Transleithania are quite independent of each other, being respectively under the control of the Austrian and the Hungarian Ministers of National Defence, but all orders relating to great concentrating movements of troops must emanate from the Emperor-King. With certain modifications the Austrian military organisation has been applied to Bosnia and Herzegovina. In principle every qualified man must pass three years with the colours, seven years in the reserve, and two years in the Landwehr. The whole empire is divided into 102 recruiting districts, each corresponding to a regiment of infantry, with a separate district for Tyrol and Vorarlberg (Tyrolean Chasseurs), 4 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 3 in the Adriatic littoral for the marine. For the two Landwehrs there are 183 districts, in Hungary, under separate administration from the army. Each infantry regiment has four battalions, and there are besides 32 battalions of ordinary chasseurs. There are 20 brigades, forming 41 regiments of cavalry, subdivided into squadrons, in addition to the Landwehr; 13 regiments of field artillery, 12 battalions, forming 72 companies of fortress artillery; two regiments forming in war 52 companies of engineers proper, besides one regiment of 25 companies of pioneers. The following table shows the strength of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1883 : On the peace-footing there are 18,678 officers and in war 32,763; in peace 52,176 horses, in war 205,316. 2. NAVY. The navy of Austria in all its branches is under the supreme command of the head of the Naval Department of the Ministry of War. The naval forces consisted, in the year 1884, of 13 ironclads, 11 cruisers, 15 vessels for coast defence, 5 transport and service ships, 22 torpedo-boats (4 of the first class), besides a number of tenders, school ships, and hulks. The following table gives the list of the 13 armour-clad ships, in similar arrangement as that describing the British ironclad navy. The columns of the table exhibit, after the name of each vessel, first, the thickness of armour at the water-line; secondly, the number and weight of guns; thirdly, the indicated horse-power of the engines; and fourthly, the tonnage, that is, the displacement in tons. Another armour-plated (steel) vessel, the Kron Prinz Erzherzog Rudolf, of the Tegetthoff type, is now in process of construction. It is reported that she will carry 16- to 18-inch armour, and have a speed of 16 to 17 knots; her displacement will be 6,800 tons, and her engines 6,500 indicated horse-power. The Custozza, first in the list of sea-going cruisers, launched in 1872, is a broadside ironclad, 302 feet in length, and 58 feet in extreme breadth, armed with Krupp guns. Likewise a broadside ship, but with an armoured citadel, and addition of the latest improvements, is the second ironclad, the Tegetthoff, 287 feet long, and 71 feet broad. The Tegetthoff, constructed in 1876-78 at the 'Stabilimento Technico,' Trieste, having a belt of steel 14 inches thick, and armed with six 11-inch Krupp guns, weighing 27 tons, is considered the strongest ironclad for aggressive warfare. The ship third in the list, the Erzherzog Albrecht, launched in 1872, is 285 feet in length, and 56 in extreme breadth, also armed with Krupp guns. At the present time (Jan. 1885) two torpedo cruisers of very high speed and novel construction, designed by Mr. W. H. White, are being constructed at Sir W. Armstrong's works. They are the only Austrian vessels of war built abroad for many years. The personnel of the navy consists in peace of 1 admiral, 2 viceadmirals, 6 rear-admirals, 16 captains of ships-of-the-line, 19 captains of frigates, 22 captains of corvettes, 150 lieutenants, 318 ensigns and cadets, and 6,890 sailors. In war the sailors number 13,752, and the officers are proportionately augmented. The navy is recruited partly by a general levy from the seafaring population of the Empire and partly by voluntary enlistment. The term of service in the navy is ten years, three in active service and seven in the reserve. The following are the chief territorial defences:-In Bohemia and Moravia: Theresienstadt citadel and extensive camp; Olmütz. Galicia and Buckowina: Cracow fortified and intrenched camp at Przemysl. Hungary and Transylvania: Eperies on affluent of Theiss at foot of Carpathians; on the left of the Theiss, Karlsburg, Arad, and Temesvar; Kronstadt on Transylvanian Alps; Szegedin on the Theiss; on the Danube, Comorn, Bude (Blocksberg), Peterwardein and Orsova; on the Drave, Essegg. Croatia and Dalmatia; Brod, Gradiska, Agram on the Save, Karlstadt on the right of that river. Fiume and Zeng on the coast; in Dalmatia are the coast fortifications of Zara, Ragusa, Cattaro, Sebenico, Budua and Lissa island; in Ischia are Trieste and Pola, naval harbours. The Alpine frontiers in Tyrol have numerous defences on all the routes, and also between Tyrol and the Adriatic. Between the Inn and the Danube are Salzburg and Pass-Lueg; and on the Danube are Linz and Postlingberg. In Bosnia and Herzegovina are numerous old fortifications. The capital, Vienna, is undefended. Pola, the chief naval port, is strongly fortified, both towards sea and land, and has been recently enlarged, so as to be able to accommodate the entire fleet, while Trieste is the great storehouse and arsenal of the Imperial navy. The land frontier of Austria-Hungary is 5,000 miles in extent, and the sea boundary 1,395 miles. Area and Population. The Austrian Empire-exclusive of the Turkish provinces, which have been under the administration of Austria since 1878, but have as yet not been formally incorporated with it—has an area of 240,942 English square miles, with a population at the last census, December 31, 1880, of 37,883,226, or 160 per square mile. At the preceding census the population was 35,884,389. The increase during the period, embracing eleven years, amounted to 8.5 per cent. for the Cisleithan monarchy, but only to 1.24 per cent. for Hungary. In Transylvania there seems to have been an actual decrease of about 70,000 in the eleven years. In Austria the density of the population is 191 per square mile, and in the rest of the empire 135 per square mile. The density in both divisions varies much; in Lower Austria it is over 300 per square mile, and in Salzburg less than 60. As a rule the density declines from west to east, the industrial districts of the north-west being most thickly populated. The following table gives the area, and total number of inhabitants, of the various provinces of the Empire, after the returns of the census of December 31, 1869, and the census of December 31, 1880: : Including military, the total population was 37,883,226 in 1880. |