revenue, Madras contributes 50,000,000 rupees, from a population of 31,000,000; Bombay, 32,750,000 rupees, from a population of 15,680,000; the North-West Provinces, 42,920,000 rupees, from a population of 32,700,000; Oudh, 15,000,000 rupees, from a population of 11,400,000; the Punjab, 23,500,000 rupees, from a population of 18,850,000; and each of the remaining provinces considerably below 10,000,000 rupees, from populations varying from under 200,000 in Coorg to over 9,800,000 in the Central Provinces.

Next in importance to the land-revenue, as a great source of Indian receipts, is the income derived from the opium monopoly. The cultivation of the poppy is generally prohibited, except for the purpose of selling the juice to the officers of the Government at a certain fixed price. It is manufactured into opium at the Government factories at Patna and Ghazipore, and then sent to Calcutta, and sold by auction to merchants who export it to China. In the Bombay Presidency, the revenue is derived from the opium which is manufactured in the native states of Malwa and Gujerat, on which passes are given, at the price of 60l. per chest, weighing 140 lbs. net, to merchants who wish to send opium to the port of Bombay. The poppy is not cultivated in the Presidency of Madras. gross annual revenue derived from opium averaged during each of the ten years 1877 to 1886 the sum of 95,181,320 rupees, and the average net receipts during the same period, 71,662,870 rupees.

The

The largest branch of expenditure is that for the army, larger than the aggregate annual revenue from salt and opium. The maintenance of the armed force to uphold British rule in India cost 120,000,000 rupees in the year before the great mutiny, and subsequently rose to above 250,000,000 rupees. It was 280,864,950 rupees (including 113,680,000 rupees for Afghanistan) in 1880-81; 188,611,420 rupees (including 16,449,270 rupees for Afghanistan) in 1881-82; 174,402,500 rupees (including 178,690 rupees for Afghanistan, and 12,839,530 rupees for Egypt) in 1882-83; 169,757,500 rupees in 1883-84 (including 540,360 rupees for Egypt); 169,640,000 rupees în 1884-85; in 1885-86, 200,980,000 rupees, and in the revised estimate for 1886-87, 190,080,000 rupees.

The table opposite shows the amount (in tens of rupees) of the public debt of British India, both that bearing and that not bearing interest, and distinguishing the debt in India and in Great Britain, in each of the ten financial years from 1877 to 1886.

The total interest on debt and deposits, excluding that charged to productive public works, amounted to 43,310,000 rupees in the financial year 1885-86.

The currency of India is chiefly silver, and the amount of money coined annually is large. In the ten financial years from 1877 to 1886, the value (in tens of rupees) of the new coinage was as follows:

On July 16, 1861, an Act was passed by the Government of India, providing for the issue of a paper currency through a Government department of Public Issue, by means of promissory notes. Circles of issue were established from time to time, as found necessary, and the notes were made legal tender within the circle for which they were issued, and rendered payable at the place of issue, and also at the capital city of the Presidency within which that place was situated. Under the provisions of further laws, consolidated by a statute known as Act III. of 1871, the issue was regulated in seven descriptions of notes, namely, for 10,000 rupees; for 1,000 rupees; for 500 rupees; for 100 rupees; for 50 rupees; for 20 rupees; for 10 rupees, and for five rupees. There are ten currency circles, the headquarters of which are at Calcutta, Allahabad, Lahore, Nagpore, Madras, Calicut, Cocanada, Bombay, Kurrachee, and Akolah.

In the year ending March 31, 1863, the total value of notes in circulation was 49,260,000 rupees.

The following were the total values of notes in circulationin tens of rupees-on March 31 in each year, from 1877 to 1886:

More than two-thirds of the total note circulation is in the currency circles of Calcutta and Bombay.

Army.

The following table gives the established strength of the European and native army in British India-exclusive of native artificers and followers-on the 31st of March, 1886:

In the army estimates laid before Parliament in the session of 1887

the strength of the British Army in India for the year 1887-88 was given as follows:

Troops

Returns published in 1884 show that the various Hindu feudatory or independent states of India have armies numbering 275,075 men and 3,372 guns; the Mahomedan states 74,760 men, 865 guns; total, 349,835 men, 4,237 guns, belonging to the various native armies. The Cashmere army alone numbers 27,000 men; Nepaul, 100,000; Hyderabad, 44,000; Oodeypore, 20,000; Gwalior, 11,000; Baroda, 15,500; Indore, 8,000; Jeypore, 18,000; Jodhpore, 8,500; Bhurtpore, 11,500. Each army is composed of infantry, cavalry, and artillery.

Area and Population.

The first general enumeration of the population of British India was taken in 1868 and following years, but it cannot be regarded as complete and accurate. According to this enumeration, the total population numbered 185,537,859, living on an area of 868,314 English square miles. At the first synchronous enumeration, taken on February 17, 1881, the population was found to be 198,755,993, an apparent increase of 13,218,134, and showing a density of 229 per square mile. This increase is to some extent due to more accurate methods of enumeration. The following table shows the population of each of the divisions of India under direct British administration for the previous enumeration, with the area and the results of the census of 1881: