March on the trade of Callao; and by Mr. Consul Graham on the trade and commerce of Islay, dated Feb. 1876; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part VI. 1876. 8. London, 1876.

Reports by Mr. Consul March on the trade of Callao, and by Mr. Acting. Consul Robilliard on the trade of Islay, dated January-May 1877; in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part V. 1877. 8. London, 1877.

Report on the trade of Mollendo (Islay), in No. 118 'Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' 1887.

Report by Acting Cousul Wilson on the trade and 1883-84, in 'Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part VII. Report on Peru, in 'Reports of the Consuls of the 1884, and No. 73, 1887.

Trade of Peru with Great Britain, in

commerce of Callao for
London, 1885.
United States,' No. 46,

Annual Statement of the Trade of

the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1886.' Imp. 4. London, 1887.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Albertini (L. E.), Pérou en 1878. Paris, 1878.

Bates (H. W.), Central and South America. London, 1882.

Cherot (A.), Le Pérou : Productions, Guano, Commerce, Finances, &c. 8. Paris, 1876.

Duffield (A.), Peru in the Guano Age. 8. London, 1877.

Fuentes (Manuel A.), Lima, or Sketches of the Capital of Peru: Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial, and Moral. 8. London, 1866. Grandidier (E.), Voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud, Pérou et Bolivie. 8. Paris,

1863.

Hill (S. S.), Travels in Peru and Mexico. 2 vols. 8. London, 1860. Hutchinson (T. J.), Two Years in Peru. 2 vols. 8. London, 1874. Markham (Clements R.), Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the collection of Cinchona plants and seeds in South America, and their Intro duction into India. 8. London, 1862.

Markham (C. R.), Cuzco and Lima. London, 1858.

Markham (C. R.), The War between Peru and Chili, 1879-81. London, 1883.

Markham (C. R.), Peru. 1881.

Menendez (D. Baldomero), Manuel de geografia y estadistica del Perú. 12. Paris, 1862.

Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Historia del Peru Independente. 3 vols. Squier (E. G.), Peru: Incidents of Travels and Exploration in the Land of the Incas. 8. London, 1877.

Temple (Edmond), Travels in various parts of Peru. 2 vols. London, 1830. The Railways of Peru in 1873. 8. London, 1874.

Tschudi (Joh. Jakob von), Reisen durch Südamerika. 5 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1866-68.

Ursel (Comte C. d'), Sud-Amérique : Séjours et voyages au Brésil, en Bolivie, et au Pérou. 12. Paris, 1879.

Wappaeus (Joh. Eduard), Die Republic Peru; in Stein's Handbuch de Geographie und Statistik.' "Part III. 8. Leipzig, 1864.

Wiener (Charles), Perou et Bolivie. Paris, 1880.

SALVADOR.

(REPÚBLICA DEL SALVADOR.)

Constitution and Government.

THE republic of Salvador, an independent state since 1853, when it dissolved its federative union with Honduras and Nicaragua, is governed nominally under a constitution proclaimed in March 1864, and modified in February 1880, December 1883, and March 1886. The constitution vests the legislative power in a National Assembly of Deputies, and in a House of Representatives in the proportion of 1 member to 15,000 inhabitants. The election is by suffrage of all citizens of the republic. The Representatives are chosen for one year. The executive is in the hands of a President,

whose tenure of office is limited to four years.

President of the Republic.-General Francisco Menendez, provisionally appointed June 19, 1885; elected March 1, 1887, for a period of four years.

The regular election of the President has in recent years been constantly superseded by 'pronunciamientos' and military nominations.

The administrative affairs of the republic are carried on, under the President, by a ministry of four members, having charge of the departments of the Exterior, Justice and Religion; War and Finance; Interior; and Public Instruction.

The army numbers 2,000 men, with 12,000 militia.

Revenue, Population, and Trade.

The following are the official figures of the revenue and expendi ture for three years, those for 1887 being estimates:

:

The revenue is derived largely from customs and excise. The largest item of expense is the army, while about 140,000 dollars is set down for public instruction.

The internal debt is divided officially into four classes, and is stated to be as follows: 1st class, 3,006,907 dollars; 2nd class, 2,493,807 dollars; 3rd class, 1,463,234 dollars; 4th class, 183,712 dollars; total, 7,147,659 dollars.

The area of the republic is estimated at 7,225 English square miles,

divided into 14 departments. The population, according to a census of January 1, 1886, was 651,130-318,329 males and 332,801 females-giving an average of 89 inhabitants to the square mile, being 20 times that of the average of the other states of Central America. Aboriginal and mixed races constitute the bulk of the population. among whom live about 10,000 whites, or descendants of Europeans. The native population of Salvador, more inclined to civilised pursuits than that of any neighbouring state, is largely engaged in agriculture, as well as various branches of manufacture, and in recent years the working of iron mines has been undertaken. The principal articles of agricultural produce are indigo, coffee, sugar, and balsam. The value of the silver ores raised in 1882 was 140,000l. Capital of the republic is the city of San Salvador, founded in 1528, with 13,274 inhabitants. The city was repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and volcanic erup tions, the last time on April 16, 1854, when it was overwhelmed by almost total ruin, in consequence of which most of the inhabitants erected new dwellings on a neighbouring site, at present called Nueva San Salvador. The new capital again was partly destroyed in 1873 by a series of earthquakes and eruptions, and suffered again severely in 1879. The capital is connected by a good road with the port of La Libertad, the principal harbour of the republic. A railway connects the port of Acajutla with the inland town of Armenia, and is being extended to Santa Anna (38 miles).

In the year 1886, the value of the imports was estimated at $2,427,643, and that of the exports at $4,754,648. To the imports Great Britain contributed $853,337; the United States, $610,144; France, $318,450; and Germany, $273,881; Colombia, $161,041; Mexico, $41,623; the other Central American States, $105,520. Of the exports $901,199 went to Great Britain; $1,548,344 to the United States; $491,371 to Germany; and $620,588 to France; $589,160 to Italy; $177,183 to the Central American States. The principal exports are coffee, indigo, sugar, and silver. In 1884, 371 vessels of 463,686 tons entered the ports of the republic, and 368 of 463,899 tons cleared. The statistics of the commercial intercourse of Salvador with the United Kingdom are not given in the Annual Statement of the Board of Trade,' in which the trade of the republic is thrown together with that of the states of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, under the general designation of Central America.' (See p. 624.)

There are 1,259 miles of telegraph in operation and construction, with 68 stations. In 1883 there were transmitted 151.526 messages.

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF SALVADOR IN GREAT BRITAIN.
Consul-General.-L. Alexander Campbell.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SALVADOR.
Minister and Consul-General.-J. P. Harris-Gastrell.
Consul.-John Moffat (San Salvador).

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Salvador, and the British equivalents, are

MONEY.

The moneys of England, France, Spain, the United States, and Central and South America circulate freely in Salvador.

In 1885 the metrical system of weights and measures was introduced.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning San

Salvador.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Constitution Politica de la República del Salvador decretada por el Congreso Nacional Constituzente el 4 de Dicembre de 1883.

Diario Official, 1886. The number for August 17 has a new Constitution. Memoria de Hacienda, Guerra y Marina. San Salvador, 1884.

Report on the trade and industries of Salvador, in Reports of the Consuls

of the United States.' No. 53, 1885. Washington, 1885.

Report by Consul Moffat, on the trade and commerce of Salvador for 1884, in Reports of H.M.'s Consuls.' Part IV. 1886.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Fröbel (Julius), Aus America. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1857-58.

Gonzalez (Dr. D.), Geografia de Centro-America. San Salvador, 1878. Guzman (D.), Apuntamientos Sobre la topografia fisica de la rep. del Salvador. San Salvador, 1883.

Laferrière (J.), De Paris à Guatemala.

8. Paris, 1877.

Marr (Wilhelm), Reise nach Central-America. 2 vols. 8. Hamburg, 1863. Morelot (L.), Voyage dans l'Amérique centrale. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1859. Scherzer (Karl Ritter von), Wanderungen durch die mittelamerikanischen Freistaaten Nicaragua, Honduras und Salvador. 8. Braunschweig, 1857. Squier (E. G.), The States of Central America. 8. London, 1868. Reyes (Rafael), Nociones de Historia del Salvador. San Salvador, 1886.

SAN DOMINGO.

(REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA.)

Constitution and Government.

THE republic of San Domingo, founded in 1844, is governed under a constitution bearing date November 18, 1844, re-proclaimed, with changes, November 14, 1865 (after a revolution which expelled the troops of Spain, who held possession of the country for the two previous years), and again in 1879, 1880, and 1881. By the terms of the constitution the legislative power of the republic is vested in a National Congress of 18 deputies. The members are chosen by direct vote, with restricted suffrage, in the ratio of 2 for each province, and 2 for each district, for the term of two years. But the powers of the National Congress only embrace the general affairs of the republic; and the individual states, five in number, have separate legislatures.

The executive of the republic is vested in a President, chosen in indirect election for the term of two years. Constant insurrections have allowed very few Presidents to serve the full term of office, but during the past few years, according to the British Consular Reports, the country has been going on prosperously, and become comparatively quiet.

President of the Republic.-General Ulisses Heureaux, elected 1886.

The administrative affairs of the republic are in charge of a ministry appointed by the President, with the approval of the Consego conservador. The ministry is composed of the heads of the departments of the Interior and Police, Finance, Justice, War and Marine, and Foreign Affairs.

Revenue, Population, and Trade.

The revenue is largely derived from customs duties. The revenue for 1884 was returned at 3,582,720 dollars (one-half loans on advances), and the expenditure 3,582,720 dollars. For 1885 the revenue was estimated at 1,409,566 dollars, and expenditure at 787,164 dollars. The revenue for 1886-87 is officially returned at 1,549,577 dollars, including a balance of 108,608 dollars from previous year. Besides an internal debt, officially returned (January 1886) at 1,359,702 dollars, and an international debt of 195,252 dollars, San Domingo has a foreign debt contracted at the