1876, of 2,699,945, comprising 1,365,895 males and 1,334,050 females. The republic is divided into nineteen departments, the area and population of which were reported as follows at the census taken in 1876: There are besides about 350,000 uncivilised Indians. As a result of the war with Chile, the latter country has annexed the province of Tarapaca. The Chilians also occupy the department of Tacna for ten years, after which a popular vote is to decide to which country it is to belong. It is estimated that 57 per cent. of the population of Peru are aborigines, or Indians,' and that 23 per cent. belong to mixed races, Cholos' and 'Zambos.' The remaining 20 per cent. are chiefly descendants of Spaniards, the rest including besides 18,082 Europeans, of whom 6,990 Italians, 2,647 French, 1,679 Spaniards; as also 50,032 Asiatics, chiefly Chinese. At the enumeration of 1876 the population of the capital, Lima, was returned at 101,488, Callao 33,502, Arequipa 29,237, Cuzco 18,370. Trade and Industry. The foreign commerce of Peru is chiefly with Great Britain, and with Germany during recent years; it is carried on from several ports, of which the principal are Payta, Eten, Salaverry, Chimbote, Callao, Pisco, Mollendo, Arica, and Iquique. In 1877, the latest year for which there are statistics, the value of the imports was 4,835,8197, and exports (exclusive of nitre and guano) 6,326,8551. UU According to the Almanach de Gotha, an official statement values the imports in 1884 at 11,064,744 soles, and exports at 7,958,625 soles. The chief imports were-provisions, 2,688,677 soles; cottons, 1,976,581 soles; linens, 1,176,113 soles. The commercial intercourse between Peru and the United King. dom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement, for each of the years from 1882 to 1886: Years : Exports from Peru £ Imports of British Home Produce £ 984,667 734,577 1,080,854 704,151 864,067 The staple articles of export from Peru to the United Kingdom are guano, cubic nitre, sugar, wool, ores, and cotton. After the war with Chile, and the annexation by the latter of the guano-producing fields on the coast of Tarapaca, the exports from Peru to Great Britain of guano rapidly diminished, but they revived in 1886. During the eleven years from 1876 to 1886, the quantities and value of the exports of guano from Peru to Great Britain were as follows: since the time of the The chief deposits 1872 as many as Guano has been used in Peru as a manure Incas. The trade to Europe began in 1846. were on the Chincha Islands. From 1853 to 8,000,000 tons were taken from them, but in the latter year they were exhausted. Since then the deposits on the Lobos, Macabi, and Guañape Islands to the north and on the headland of Tarapaca to the south have been worked. About 600,000 tons remain in the north, and perhaps 1,800,000 in Tarapaca. Greater now than guano as an article of export to Great Britain is cubic nitre, a government monopoly. The exports of nitre were as follows in each of the years from 1877 to 1886 : Years : As Chile now possesses the province of Tarapaca, where are large nitre deposits, the exports have somewhat decreased. The exports of sugar to Great Britain, in an unrefined state, small previous to the year 1869, assumed large proportions in recent years. The value of the exports of sugar rose from 512,1127. in 1874 to 1,380,6227. in 1879; but fell to 702,8697. in 1882; 470,8197. in 1883; 316,5917. in 1884; 442,4917. in 1885; and 338,3817. in 1886. The export to Great Britain of sheep and alpaca wool, of the value of 320,7921. in 1882, and 118,000l. in 1883, in 1884 rose to 579,1037., and fell to 270,4037. in 1885, and 236,3587. in 1886. The raw cotton exported in 1883 to the value of 132,0337., fell in 1884 to 92,6077., and rose to 121,4957. in 1885, and 191,2441. in 1886; and copper, unwrought or partwrought, of the value of 356,8967. in 1878, and only 17,6331. in 1883, rose again in 1884 to 46,5591., fell to 7,3317. in 1885, and rose to 17,1317. in 1886. The imports of British produce into Peru comprise mainly machinery, cotton, coal, and woollen manufactures. The imports of cotton goods amounted to 594,1667. in 1878; to 228,0317. in 1879; to 478,1577. in 1882; to 437,9767. in 1884, and 274,6997. in 1885. Of woollens the imports were of the value of 180,1807. in 1884, and 151,5167. in 1885. The exportation of silver ore to England and Germany has largely increased since 1884; the mines are very rich, and the progressive work that is now being carried on seems to show that they will soon reach a high degree of development. The staple productions of Peru are cotton, coffee, cocoa, rice, sugar, tobacco, wines and spirits, maize; these products might be increased considerably with a good system of irrigation on the coast. Besides the above articles there are in the country india-rubber, cinchona, dyes, medicinal plants and balms, and the highly appreciated wool of the alpaca and vicuña. In 1885, 481 vessels of 393,071 tons entered the Port of Callao, besides 914 coasting vessels of 9,546 tons. The merchant navy of Peru numbered 147 vessels of 49,860 tons, including 8 steamers of 1,768 tons, at the end of 1877. A system of railways, designed to develop the wealth of the country, has been in course of construction since the year 1852, mainly at the expense of the State. In 1878 there were open for traffic, or in course of construction, eleven lines belonging to the State, 1,281 English miles in total length, and costing 128,354,600 soles, or 25,670,9207.; eight lines belonging to private persons, 496 miles in length, and costing 24,420,000 soles, or 4,884,600.; and two lines belonging in part to the State and in part to individuals, 253 miles, costing 27,200,000 soles, or 5,440,000l., being a total of twenty-two lines, 2,030 miles in length, and representing a cost of 179,974,600 soles, or 35,994,920l. In 1886 the total working length of the Peruvian railways was reported as 1,625 miles. The construction of the lines of railway belonging to the State was undertaken solely for purposes of public utility, remunerative results not being calculated upon in a country so sparsely populated as Peru. Referring to the longest of the State lines, from Mollendo to Arequipa, Puno, and Santa Rosa, crossing the summit of the Andes at Vincocaya at a height of 15,000 feet above the sea level, the British Minister and Consul-General, in a report of the year 1878, says: 232 miles of difficult railway have been made, at an expense of about 6,000,000l., in order that three or four goods trains may run per week.' Of the railways belonging to private individuals, only the double line from Lima to Callao (eight miles), from Lima to Chorrillos (nine miles in length), the property of an English company, and the Eten, Lambayeque, and Chiclayo railway (27 miles), are reported to be a commercial success. Peru has numerous gold and silver mines. The most important silver mines are situated in Huayllura, Palmaderas, Montes Claros, Carabaya, Jauli, Castrovirreina, Salpo, Ancastis, Chilete, and the Cerro de Pasco. Their produce amounted to 1,395,936 ounces in 1874; to 1,357,432 ounces in 1875; to 1,358,792 ounces in 1876; to 1,427,592 ounces in 1877; and to 1,771,710 ounces in 1884. The length of telegraph lines in 1878 was 1,382 miles. The telegraph cable laid on the west coast of America has stations at Payta, Callao, Lima, and Mollendo, and thus Peru is placed in direct communication with the telegraphic system of the world. In 1885, 1,252,964 letters, post-cards, journals, &c., passed through the post-office. Diplomatic Representatives. 1. OF PERU IN GREAT BRITAIN. Minister.-Carlos G. Candamo. 2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN PERU. Minister and Consul-General.-Colonel Sir Charles Edward Mansfield, .C.M.G. Appointed Dec. 24, 1884. Money, Weights, and Measures. The money, weights, and measures of Peru, and the British equialents, are = MONEY (SILVER COINS). = 100 centesimos Nominal value, 48.; real value, 3s. 4d. 50 = Medio Real The French metric system of weights and measures was established by law in 1860, but has not yet come into general use, except for the customs tariff. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Peru. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Demarcacion politica del Peru. Edicion oficial de la direccion de estadística. Fol. Lima, 1874. Paz Soldan (Mariano Felipe), Diccionario Geográfico-Estadístico del Peru: Contiene ademas la Etimologia Aymara y Quechua de las principales poblaciones, Lagos, Rios, Cerros, &c. 8. Lima, 1879. Raimondi, Antonio. El Peru.' 3 vols. Published Lima, 1874. Report by Sir Spenser St. John, British Minister, on the population, mining industry, and railways of Peru; in Reports from H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation. Part IV. 1878. 8. London, 1878. Report by Mr. Consul Graham on the trade of Islay, dated Islay, January 15, 1875, in Reports from H.M.'s Consuls.' Part III. 1875. 8. London, 1875. Reports by Mr. Consul Nugent on the trade of Arica; by Mr. Consul |