AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

(OESTERREICHISCH-UNGARISCHE MONARCHIE.)

Reigning Emperor and King.

Franz Josef I., Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary, born August 18, 1830, the son of Archduke Franz Karl, second son of the late Emperor Franz I. of Austria, and of Archduchess Sophie, Princess of Bavaria. Proclaimed Emperor of Austria after the abdication of his uncle, Ferdinand I., and the renunciation of the crown by his father, December 2, 1848; crowned King of Hungary, and took the oath on the Hungarian Constitution, June 8, 1867. Married April 24, 1854, to Empress Elisabeth, born December 24, 1837, the daughter of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria.

Children of the Emperor.

I. Archduchess Gisela, born July 12, 1856; married April 20, 1873, to Prince Leopold, second son of Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, born February 9, 1846 (see page 136).

II. Archduke Rudolf, Crown Prince and heir-apparent, general in the service of Austria-Hungary, born August 21, 1858; married May 10, 1881, to Princess Stéphanie, second daughter of King Leopold II. of Belgium, born May 21, 1864. Offspring: Elisabeth, born September 2, 1883.

III. Archduchess Maria Valeria, born April 22, 1868.

Brothers of the Emperor.

I. Archduke Karl Ludwig, field-marshal-lieutenant in the Imperial army, born July 30, 1833; married, in first nuptials, November 4, 1856, to Princess Margaret, born May 24, 1840, daughter of the late King Johann of Saxony; widower, September 15, 1858; married, in second nuptials, October 21, 1862, to Princess Annunciata, born March 24, 1843, daughter of the late King Ferdinando II. of Naples; widower, May 4, 1871; married, in third nuptials, July 23, 1873, to Princess Maria, born August 24, 1855, daughter of the late Prince Miguel of Braganza, Regent of Portugal. Offspring of the second and third unions are six children:-1. Franz, born December 18, 1863. 2. Otto, born April 21, 1865. 3. Ferdinand, born December 27, 1868. 4. Margaret, born May 13, 1870. 5. Maria, born July 31, 1876. 6. Elisabeth, born July 7, 1878. II. Archduke Ludwig Victor, major-general in the Imperial army, born May 15, 1842.

Cousins of the Emperor.

I. Archduke Albrecht, born Aug. 3, 1817, son of the late Archduke Karl, field-marshal-general; field-marshal and commander-inchief of the army of the Empire, 1868-69; married, May 1, 1844, to Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria, who died April 2, 1864. Offspring of the union is one daughter, Maria Theresa, born July 15, 1845, and married, Jan. 18, 1865, to Duke Philipp of Württemberg (see page 144).

II. Archduchess Elisabeth, born Jan. 17, 1831; married, April 18, 1854, to Archduke Karl Ferdinand, brother of the preceding Archduke Albrecht; widow, November 20, 1874. Offspring of the union are four children:-1. Friedrich, born June 4, 1856, and married Oct. 8, 1878, to Isabella, daughter of Duke Rudolf of CroyDülmen, born Feb. 27, 1856. 2. Marie Christina, born July 21, 1858; married Nov. 29, 1879, to Alfonso XII., King of Spain. 3. Karl, born Sept. 5, 1860. 4. Eugen Ferdinand, born May 21, 1863. III. Archduke Wilhelm, inspector-general of the artillery, born April 21, 1827, brother of the two preceding archdukes.

IV. Archduke Joseph, commander-in-chief of the Hungarian Landwehr (Honved), cavalry general in the Imperial and royal army, son of the late Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary; born March 2, 1833; married May 12, 1864, to Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Offspring of the union:-Maria Dorothea Amelie (1867), Margarethe Clementine Maria (1870), Joseph Augustin (1872), Ladislaus Philipp (1875), Elisabeth (1883), Clotilde (1884).

V. Archduke Leopold, inspector-general of the Imperial corps of engineers, born June 6, 1823, the son of Archduke Rainer, fifth brother of the Emperor Franz I.

VI. Archduke Ernst, commander of the 3rd corps d'armée, born Aug. 8, 1824, brother of the preceding Archduke Leopold.

VII. Archduke Sigismund, commander of the 45th regiment of Imperial infantry, born Jan. 7, 1826, brother of the two preceding archdukes.

VIII. Archduke Rainer, administrator of the Imperial academy of sciences, born Jan. 11, 1827, brother of the three preceding archdukes; married, February 21, 1852, to Archduchess Marie Caroline, daughter of the late Archduke Karl of Austria.

IX. Archduke Heinrich, major-general in the Imperial army, born May 9, 1828, brother of the four preceding archdukes; married, Feb. 4, 1868, to Leopoldine Hoffmann, elevated Countess Waldeck, born November 29, 1842.

Besides the above, there are upwards of twenty other Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria, members of the formerly reigning branch of Tuscany and of Modena. Head of both branches

is Archduke Ferdinand, born June 10, 1835, nominal Grand Duke of Tuscany from July 21, 1859, to March 22, 1860.

The Imperial family of Austria descend from Rudolf von Habsburg, a German Count, born 1218, who was elected Kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire in 1276. The male line died out in 1740 with Emperor Karl VI., whose only daughter, Maria Theresa, gave her hand to Duke Franz of Tuscany, afterwards Kaiser Franz I. of Germany, of the House of Lorraine, who thereby became the founder of the new line of Habsburg-Lorraine. Maria Theresa was succeeded, in 1780, by her son Joseph II., who, dying in 1790, left the Crown to his brother Leopold II., at whose death, in 1792, his son Franz I. ascended the throne, who reigned till 1835, and having been married four times, left a large family, the members of which and their descendants form the present Imperial House. Franz was the first sovereign who assumed the title of Emperor, or 'Kaiser,' of Austria, after having been compelled by Napoleon to renounce the Imperial Crown of Germany, for more than five centuries in the Habsburg family. The assumption of the title of Emperor of Austria took place on August 11, 1804. Franz I. was succeeded by his son, the Emperor Ferdinand V., on whose abdication, Dec. 2, 1848, the Crown fell to his nephew the present Emperor-King Franz Josef I.

The present Emperor-King has a civil list of 9,300,000 florins: one moiety of this sum, 4,650,000 florins, is paid to him as Emperor of Austria, out of the revenue of Austria, and the other moiety as King of Hungary, out of the revenue of Hungary.

The following is a list of the sovereigns of Austria (and from 1527 also of the kings of Hungary), from the date of the conquest of the Duchy of Austria by Rudolf of Habsburg, founder of the dynasty :

All except those marked with an asterisk likewise filled the throne

of Germany (see p. 102).

Constitution and Government.

Since the year 1867 the Austro-Hungarian monarchy forms a bipartite state, consisting of a 'Cisleithan' empire and a Transleithan' kingdom; the former officially designated as Austria, and the latter as Hungary. Each of the two countries has its own parliament, ministers, and government, while the connecting ties between them consist in the person of the hereditary sovereign, in a common army, navy, and diplomacy, and in a controlling body known as the Delegations. The Delegations form a parliament of 120 members, one-half of whom are chosen by and represent the Legislature of Austria, and the other half that of Hungary, the Upper House of each returning 20, and the Lower House 40 delegates. On subjects affecting the common affairs the Delegations have a decisive vote, and their resolutions require neither the confirmation nor approbation of the representative assemblies in which they have their source. The ordinary mode of procedure for the Delegations is to sit and vote in two chambers, the 60 deputies of Austria Proper forming the one, and the 60 of Hungary the other. But it is provided that if no agreement can be arrived at in this manner, the two bodies must meet together, and, without further debate, give their final vote, which is binding for the whole monarchy. The jurisdiction of the Delegations is limited to foreign affairs, common finances, and war. Each of these has its own executive department, the finances of the two being in charge of a third. The departments thus formed are:

1. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial House for the Whole Monarchy.-Count G. Kálnoky de Köröspatak, born at Letourtz, December 29, 1832; entered the diplomatic service, 1854; Secretary of Legation at Berlin, 1856-57, and at London, 1857–61; Ambassador at Rome, 1879-80; and at St. Petersburg, 1880-81. Appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial House for the Whole Monarchy, November 21, 1881.

2. The Ministry of War for the Whole Monarchy.-Lieutenant Field-Marshal Count Bylandt-Rheydt; President of the Technical Committee in the Administration of the Army, 1870-76; appointed Minister of War for the Whole Monarchy, June 21, 1876.

3. The Ministry of Finance for the Whole Monarchy.-Benjamin de Kállay. Appointed Minister of Finance for the Whole Monarchy, June 4, 1882.

The above ministers are responsible for the discharge of their official functions to the Delegations.

Austria Proper.

The first constitution of Austria, called also 'Cisleithania, originated in an Imperial diploma, dated Oct. 20, 1860, followed by