The late Prince Adalbert, brother of Prince Luitpold, married to Princess Amelia, Infanta of Spain, left the following issue :1. Prince Ludwig Ferdinand, born October 22, 1859; married April 2, 1883, to Maria della Paz, Infanta of Spain; offspring, Prince Ferdinand, born May 10, 1884; Prince Adalbert, born June 3, 1886. 2. Prince Alphons, born January 24, 1862. 3. Princess Isabella, born August 31, 1863; married April 14, 1883, to Prince Tommaso of Savoy, Duke of Genoa. 4. Princess Elvira, born November 22, 1868. 5. Princess Clara, born Oct. 11, 1874.

United with the Royal Family of Bavaria is the branch line of the Dukes in Bavaria, formerly Palatine princes of ZweibrückenBirkenfeld. The head of this house is

Maximilian, Duke in Bavaria, born December 4, 1808; married September 9, 1828, to Princess Ludovica of Bavaria. Issue of the marriage are the following children-namely, 1. Prince Ludwig, born June 21, 1831; married, in 'morganatic' union, May 28, 1857, to Henrietta Mendel, elevated Baroness von Wailersee, born July 31, 1833. 2. Princess Helena, born April 4, 1834, married August 24, 1858, to Prince Maximilian of Thurn-undTaxis; widow, June 26, 1867. 3. Princess Elisabeth, born December 24, 1837; married April 24, 1854, to Franz Joseph I., Emperor of Austria. 4. Prince Karl Theodor, born August 9, 1839; married Feb. 11, 1865, to Princess Sophie of Saxony, who died March 9, 1867, leaving a daughter, Amalia, born December 24, 1865; married in second nuptials, April 29, 1874, to Princess Maria Josepha of Braganza, born March 19, 1857, of which union there are offspring, Sophie, born Feb. 22, 1875, Elisabeth, born July 25, 1876, Marie, born Oct. 9, 1878, and Ludwig, born Jan. 17, 1884. 5. Princess Marie, born October 4, 1841; married February 3, 1859, to the Prince Royal of Naples, Duke of Calabria, afterwards King of the Two Sicilies. 6. Princess Mathilde, born September 30, 1843, married June 5, 1861, to Louis of Bourbon Count di Trani. 7. Princess Sophie, born February 22, 1847; married September 28, 1868, to Prince Ferdinand of Orléans, second son of the Duc de Nemours. 8. Prince Maximilian, born December 7, 1849; married September 20, 1875, to Princess Amalia, born October 23, 1848, daughter of the late Prince Augustus, uncie of the reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and brother of King Ferdinand of Portugal; offspring of the union: Siegfried, born July 10, 1876, and Christopher, born April 22, 1879.

The members of the royal house of Bavaria are descendants of the ancient Counts of Wittelsbach, who flourished in the twelfth century. Duke Maximilian I. of Bavaria was elevated to the rank

of Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, in the Thirty Years' War; and Elector Maximilian Joseph was raised to the rank of king by Napoleon I. in 1805.

The civil list of the king, and allowances to other members of the royal family, are fixed at present at 5,340,576 marks.

Constitution and Government.

The present Constitution of Bavaria dates from May 26, 1818; but since that time various modifications have been introduced. The Crown is hereditary in the male line. To the king belongs the sole executive power; but his ministers are responsible for all his acts. The legislative functions are exercised jointly by the king and Parliament, the latter consisting of an Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House-Chamber of Reichsräthe,' or councillors of the realm -is formed of the princes of the royal family, the crown dignitaries, the archbishops, and the heads of certain old noble families, all these being hereditary members; to which are added a Roman Catholic bishop and a Protestant clergyman nominated by the king, and a limited number of other members appointed by the Crown. The Lower House, or Chamber of Representatives, consists of deputies, chosen indirectly, the people returning Wahlmänner,' or electors, 1 for every 500 of the population, who nominate the deputies. To be a deputy, it is necessary to be a Bavarian citizen and to pay direct State taxes and to be past thirty; to be on the electoral lists, it is required to be twenty-five years of age, and to have paid for six months previously direct taxation. The representation of the country is calculated at the rate of one deputy to 31,500 souls of the whole population. The Lower House is composed of 159 representatives.

The executive is carried on, in the name of the king, by a 'Staatsrath,' or Council of State, consisting of seven members, besides the Ministers and one prince of the blood-royal; and by the Ministry of State, divided into six departments, namely, of the Royal House and of Foreign Affairs, of Justice, of the Interior, of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, of Finance, and of War.

Church and Education.

Rather more than seven-tenths of the population of Bavaria are Roman Catholics. The population varied very little, as regards the proportion between Roman Catholics and Protestants, during the last quarter of a century; but during the whole of this period the number of Jews diminished gradually, and there was also a slight

lecrease in other sects. At the census of December 1875 the total number of Roman Catholics in the kingdom was 3,573,142, and of Protestants 1,392,120, the proportion being 712 Roman Catholics o 277 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population. At the ollowing census of December 1880 there were 3,748,032 Roman Catholics, and 1,477,312 Protestants, the proportion being 709 Roman Catholics to 279 Protestants in every 1,000 of the population.

The religious division of the population in each of the eight provinces of the kingdom was as follows at the last census taken December 1, 1880:

Besides the above there are included in other Christian sects 10,852 Mennonites, Irvingites, Greek Catholics, and Free Christians. As regards ecclesiastical administration, the kingdom is divided into Roman Catholic archbishoprics, those of Munich and Bamberg; 6 bishoprics; 171 deaneries; and 2,756 parishes. The Protestant Church is under a General Consistory - Ober-Consistorium '— and three provincial consistories. Among the Roman Catholics there is one clergyman to 464 souls; among the Protestants, one to 1,013. Of the three universities of the kingdom, two, at Munich and Würzburg, are Roman Catholic, and one, at Erlangen, Protestant. (For number of professors and students in 1886, see Germany, page 106.)

Elementary schools-Volksschulen -exist in all parishes, and school attendance is compulsory for all children from six till the age of fourteen. In 1880 there were 5,478 Catholic schools, 772 Protestant, 180 Jewish.

Marks

26,703,300 Public debt

108,339,071 Diet

&c.

32,853,773

Revenue and Expenditure.

The Bavarian budget is voted for a period of two years. The gross public revenue of Bavaria for the financial year ending Dec. 31, 1883, was 277,447,131 marks, with an expenditure of 234,082,935. The estimated revenue and expenditure for each of the years 1884 and 1885 was 241,584,781 marks, and for each of the years 1886 and 1887 was 241,491,646 marks. The sources of revenue and branches of expenditure were reported as follows for each of the financial years 1886 and 1887 :

State Railways, post, telegraphs, mines,

State Domains .

48,918,408

72,266,140 Civil list and appanages

5,340,576

Council of State

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

559,434

Miscellaneous receipts

The total estimates of revenue and expenditure for each of the years 1888 and 1889 amount to 256,485,896 marks.

The direct taxes are a trade-tax, house-tax, land-tax, and income-tax.

Bavaria has a considerable debt, created in part by the deficits of former years, and in part by the construction of public works, especially railways.

The debt of Bavaria increased from 27,927,4201. in 1859 to 67,635,6207. in 1887; 48,375,8311. of which is railway debt.

The greater number of the railways in Bavaria, constructed at a cost of 801,500,000 marks, or 40,075,000l., are the property of the State. The annual receipts from the railways are seldom sufficient to cover the charges for the railway debt.

Army.

The contribution of Bavaria to the Imperial Army in 1887-88 was as follows in officers and men :—

The Bavarian Army forms an integral part of the Imperial Army, having, in peace, its own administration.

Area and Population.

The kingdom has an area of 75,863 square kilomètres, or 29,375 English square miles, with a population of 5,420,199-males 2,639,242, females 2,780,957-according to the German census taken December 1, 1885. Bavaria is divided, for administrative purposes, into eight Regierungsbezirke, or government districts. The following table gives the area, in English square miles, and the population of each of the eight districts, according to the census returns of Dec. 1, 1875, Dec. 1, 1880, and Dec. 1, 1885 :

It will be seen that there was an increase of population in all the districts, except one, between 1880 and 1885, the increase being greatest in Upper Bavaria.

The increase of population in the kingdom has been comparatively small within the last half-century. In 1840 the population was 4,370,974.

The great fluctuations in the rate of increase, extremely low on the whole, are referred to emigration. There is a large emigration from Bavaria; in 1881 there were 17,106 emigrants from Bavaria by German ports and Antwerp to countries outside Europe; in