Culture & EthnologyD.C. McMurtrie, 1917 - 185 oldal |
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Gyakori szavak és kifejezések
aboriginal Africa American ancient animals applied aunt Baganda Bantu borrowed bronze brother's daughter brothers and sisters Chinese Chukchee civilization clan or gentile classed classificatory clature collateral and lineal connection correlated cross-cousin cross-cousin marriage Crow cultural fact cultural phenomena Dakota features Dakota principle definite descent designated determinant diffusion distinct dual organization elements environment essential ethnologist ethnology Europe evolution exogamous groups explain factor geographical globe Hawaiian principle Herero Hidatsa historical Hopi hypothesis Indians individual instances kinship nomenclature levirate male marriage maternal uncle matrilineal matter Melanesia merging Miwok moiety mother's brother native Navajo neighboring nomen North America observed cultural occur parallel cousins phenomenon preëxisting primitive problem psychology race racial regard regions relations relatives Rivers Scandinavia seems Shilluk simply Siouan social Solutrean suggests terminology terms of relationship tion Tlingit trait tribes Tungus Tylor usage Vedda wife's word Zulu Zuñi
Népszerű szakaszok
67. oldal - ... may, perhaps, to some extent be a matter of personal taste. Cultural phenomena of striking similarity may develop independently in different areas. But when we find a certain cultural element distributed over a continuous area, we have the right and the obligation to search for a center of origin. It is and has always been much easier to borrow an idea from one's neighbors than to originate a new idea; and transmission of cultural elements, which in all ages has taken place in a great many different...
25. oldal - The cultural facts, even in their subjective aspect, are not merged in psychological facts. They must not, indeed, contravene psychological principles, but the same applies to all other principles of the universe; culture cannot construct houses contrary to the laws of gravitation nor produce bread out of stones. But the principles of psychology are as incapable of accounting for the phenomena of culture as is gravitation to account for architectural styles.
5. oldal - CIVILIZATION, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
95. oldal - What are the determinants of culture? We have found that cultural traits may be transmitted from without and in so far forth are determined by the culture of an alien people. The extraordinary extent to which such diffusion has taken place proves that the actual development of a given culture does not conform to innate laws necessarily leading to definite results, such hypothetical laws being overridden by contact with foreign peoples.
83. oldal - ... consideration. A given culture is, in a measure, at least, a unique phenomenon. In so far as this is true it must defy generalized treatment, and the explanation of a cultural phenomenon will consist in referring it back to the particular circumstances that preceded it. In other words, the explanation will consist in a recital of its past history; or, to put it negatively, it cannot involve the assumption of an organic law of cultural evolution that would necessarily produce the observed effect.
62. oldal - Lowie very well sums up his standpoint by saying that environment cannot explain culture because the identical environment is consistent with distinct cultures; because cultural traits persist from inertia in an unfavorable environment; because they do not develop where they would be of distinct advantage to a people; and because they may even disappear where one would least expect it on geographical principles.
107. oldal - relationships, which, under the descriptive system, are < distinct, and enlarges the signification both of the ' primary and secondary terms beyond their seemingly
6. oldal - ... 1896, Brinton disavowed the narrow scope of ethnology (1896a, p. 7) and in 1917 Lowie said: For purely practical reasons, connected with the minute subdivision of labor which has become imperative with modern specialization, ethnology has in practice concerned itself with the cultures of the cruder peoples without a knowledge of writing. But this division is an illogical and artificial one. As the biologist can study life as manifested in the human organism as well as in the amoeba, so the ethnologist...
66. oldal - The biologist, whatever metaphysical speculations he may indulge in as to the ultimate origin of life, does not depart in his workaday mood from the principle that every cell is derived from some other cell. So the ethnologist will do well to postulate the principle, Omnis cultura ex cultura. This means that he will account for a given cultural fact by merging it in a group of cultural facts or by demonstrating some other cultural fact out of which it has developed. The cultural phenomenon to be...
96. oldal - Aits past history. However, there is not merely discontinuity and ' diversity but also stability and agreement in the sphere of culture. '• The discrete steps that mark culture history may not determine one another, but each may involve as a necessary or at least probable consequence other phenomena which in many instances are simply new aspects of the same phenomenon, and in so far forth one cultural element as isolated in description is the determinant or correlate of another. As for those phenomena...