tion, no further argument is necessary to show the esthetical value of zoology.

In inviting your attention to the other aspect of the topic assigned to me, the recreational value of zoology, it should first be noted that this does not involve entrance upon a new field. The play instinct, which is exhibited by many animals in varying degree, and which with his more complex nervous system, reaches its highest and most varied manifestations in man, is essentially an esthetic instinct.

This is most evident in the play of children. They impersonate various characters, and little girls, "playing lady" reproduce practically all the activities of their mothers-they keep house, they have and direct imaginary servants, they order by telephone articles needed in the household, they make calls, go to parties, become ill and call physicians or nurse members of the families who are sick, they go visiting, write, send and receive letters, imagine themselves afflicted by the various trials that beset married life, exchanging sympathy with one another over these troubles, and if they be not yet subject to these trials, they have lovers and enjoy the consequent notes, flowers, bonbons, invitations to the theater, and other attentions that attend such a blissful state of existence. Boys in like manner impersonate their fathers, or conceive of themselves as animals the habits of which they imitate, and even pose as inanimate objects and endeavor to reproduce the qualities they ascribe to such objects. Have none of you a memory of having played animal and a recollection of the disappointment you felt as an elephant when your more sagacious companions, who were monkeys, climbed the tree after apples and insisted on your remaining on the ground?

Thus the child puts himself in the place of the object which he sees in his imagina

tion, and derives pleasure from the activities that that involves. That he secures from it a sensation of beauty may be questioned in many cases, but it should be remembered that children reproduce more or less perfectly such activities as seem to them attractive, such as flying and swimming, or personal qualities which they admire, that they aim to arrive at consistency in their play, and that a sense of rhythm is frequently strongly evident. Many games are accompanied by singing, and a careful study of the whole matter has led to a general recognition among estheticians of the esthetical nature of play as it is carried on by children.

In adults this is less clear. But the essence of play in adults is in the laying aside of one's ordinary character and activities and the assumption of a different character with the different activities this involves. To a greater degree than in the case of children do adults seek to realize the fullest consistency in the playing of the part and to a greater degree do these activities involve that which is really beautiful. It is interesting to note also the tendency of adults at play to break into song.

Play activities must, if they be in the fullest sense of the word play, have nothing in common with our ordinary vocations. Hunting is recreation to the business man but business to the professional hunter and guide. A hunter would enjoy less of the pleasure of the hunt if he did not wear the regulation hunting clothes and carry the paraphernalia which is appropriate to such an expedition. The charm in hunting lies in the constant stimulation of the imagination. The hunter is alert to the possibility that any moment the game may come into view and demand instant action if it be secured. Any grass-clump, any thicket, any piece of woodland, any depression, or any turn in his course may disclose

the quarry. A hunting excursion is really a constant succession of play-reactions. The killing is not pleasure, but the getting of the game gives satisfaction because it is the culmination and realization of a pursuit which has been in the fullest sense of the word, esthetic.

Not only must play activities be different from ordinary activities but the object sought must be non-utilitarian. A man who goes hunting or fishing with the sole idea of killing and bringing home all the booty he can, and, it may be, whose game is driven up to him, does not derive the recreation he might from his quest.

It is unnecessary to say that recreation must afford pleasure to him who seeks it. This element introduces the possibility of infinite variety in play, and again emphasizes its resemblance to other esthetic activities, which we have seen are individualistic in character. Two persons will find equal enjoyment in very different types of recreation, what is play to one might be the hardest of work to another, and the ways in which different individuals will pursue the same type of recreation are almost as many in number as are the individuals themselves.

The aim of play is primarily rest. We endeavor to select recreation of such a character as to demand the use of muscles ordinarily not called into activity, thus relieving those that are exhausted with the daily toil. We seek enjoyment in directions that carry us outside our ordinary field of thought and in that way afford the opportunity to tired nerve cells to recuperate their energies. We demand in our play freedom from worry and responsibility. A quality in play much emphasized by some students of the subject is that its activities are assumed voluntarily and may at any moment be suspended. How much it adds to the enjoyment of a trip if we feel that it

makes no difference when we get home! Play should involve both muscular and nervous activity and should be capable of fully absorbing the attention of the player.

Finally it may be pointed out that recreation should be taken away from the familiar surroundings, is most profitable when taken in the open air, and most satisfying to a person of taste and culture, if sought amid scenes which stimulate our sense of beauty.

The ultimate aim of recreation is, as was that of esthetics, the development of a more effective individual to the ends that he may become a more worthy citizen. As each develops sympathy, the power of judgment, and of concentrated attention, they both do contribute definitely to this end. And both assist in this development in another manner which has not been mentioned. Nervous balance, the ability of an individual to maintain a clear mental vision, an active imagination, the possession of strong emotions always held in check by reason, are necessary if a man is going to be consistently a safe and progressive citizen. Both esthetics and nature study not only tend to develop this balance and these qualities, but both also offer relief from strain when one's burdens become heavy and the weight of responsibility presses hard. One person finds relief in the beauty of art, another in the beauty of literature, but many and perhaps the majority seek it in the beauty of nature in one form or another or in the relaxation and recuperation which are afforded by recreation.

That the study of animals, particularly in their natural environment, affords opportunities for recreation is so evident as to make proof unnecessary. But emphasis is given to the statement if attention is called to the fact that all the essential conditions of play are present, that it takes one away from ordinary scenes and activi

ties, leads him into the open air, brings him in contact with interesting and beautiful objects, demands physical and mental activity, and if he be susceptible to the attraction of such objects at all, absorbs his attention, and thus relieves him from worry and responsibility.

Thus zoology has a very considerable recreational value, but it is clear from what has been said that this is to be secured in greatest degree from the study of field zoology, or as it is usually called, nature study. There is much esthetic value in the study of animals in the laboratory and museum and there is some recreational value as well, but both are realized in far greater degree if animals be studied living, in their natural surroundings, and displaying their characteristic activities.

Hunting is attractive to many men and to some women, but opportunities for such recreation are rapidly growing less and less, and over the larger part of our country are now secured only at a considerable sacrifice of time and money. Fishing is still within the reach of a larger number, but opportunities for this enjoyment are constantly diminishing. Under these conditions many sportsmen have taken to the camera and find close at hand in the pursuit and photography of animals too small to serve as game all the pleasures that they formerly found in hunting or fishing.

One feature of nature study which adds greatly to its recreational value so far as the great number of our people is concerned is that it may be pursued close at hand. The out-of-doors is all around us, but most of us see little of it. Let one take up the pursuit of nature study and everything about him takes on a different aspect. Where before he saw only earth and sky and woods and fields, now he sees a myriad of beautiful and interesting forms. His

eyes are opened to objects and activities before undreamed of and not only does the thicket and weed-patch, pond and stream, become scenes of marvelous activity, but the air is vibrant with tones before unheeded. The activities of the animals here as in the case of esthetics give to animal nature study a peculiar value as compared with the study of plants or inanimate nature.

And as the study is pursued the surroundings become pregnant with more and more of interest and beauty. Every walk becomes an adventure and every area to which one devotes his attention a field of discovery. It has been said that to secure. the greatest value from recreation one must seek new scenes and such as afford opportunities for the contemplation of the beauties of nature. To the student of nature study the most familiar scenes take on a new aspect, and as his knowledge increases he not only learns how to find new and beautiful objects, but he acquires also that which enables him to project himself into features of his surroundings which before seemed commonplace and uninteresting. These now appear beautiful and to opportunities for healthy recreation are added means of esthetic enjoyment which can be but slightly appreciated by those who have never experienced them. Nay more as nature is infinite, and as he is capable of continued development, a lifetime of ever-widening opportunity unfolds itself as he proceeds.

It may seem a far cry from the tumult of battle to the calm and peace of the roadside, the meadow and the woods; from the broad principles for which nations are contending to the simple facts of nature study; from a field of struggle which involves the whole world to the area limited by one's horizon. But a little consideration shows

emy of Sciences for February 11 there is a manifesto in the form of a memorandum entitled "Observations on Modern Scientific Language" by a number of French men of science, MM. Bigourdan, Blondel, Bouvier, Branly, Douvillé, Guignard, Haller, Haug, Henneguy, Lacroix, Lallemand, Laveran, Lecomte, Lecornu, Lemoine, Maquenne, Emile Picard, Roux, Schloessing, jun., and Tisserand. The writers of this note enter a protest against a tendency they have observed on the part of the younger generation of scientific workers both to neglect literary form in their publications and to introduce new and strange words which are often unnecessary or badly constructed.

It is suggested that youthful authors may perhaps think that the use of outlandish expressions lends an air of learning to their communications, whereas the impression sometimes produced upon the reader is that he has come upon a bad translation of a work originally published in some foreign language.

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It is pointed out that, owing to the international character of science, words and expressions which are quite appropriate in one language have been transferred bodily into another language without proper steps having been taken to adapt them to their new home. For example, our words "control" and "to control" have been translated "contrôle" and "contrôler." But "contrôler" means to register," and, therefore, ought not to be used in the sense of "to regulate" or "to exercise an influence over." The English expression "selfinduction" sometimes appears in French papers on electricity in the shortened form of "le self." Even an Englishman would find it difficult to discover the meaning of such an expression, so that a Frenchman may be pardoned if he finds it barbarous.

The writers of the note express the hope that the more closely the bonds between the Allied nations are drawn, the more care may be taken in translating scientific terms and expressions. It is suggested that international congresses and all forms of international cooperation afford a means of "controlling" the international language of science.

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ITS

WAR-TIME WORK

DR. GUY M. WHIPPLE has resigned from the University of Illinois to accept appointment at the Carnegie Institute of Technology as professor of applied psychology and director of educational research. During the present year, Dr. Whipple has been in Pittsburgh part time as acting director of the Bureau of Salesmanship Research during the absence of Dr. Walter Dill Scott, who since last July has been in Washington as director of the Committee on Classification of Personnel in the Army. Dr. Whipple will continue as acting director of the Bureau of Salesmanship Research as long as Dr. Scott is engaged in war work. He will then enter on his duties as director of educational research and will carry forward scientific studies in engineering and technical education as they arise in the administration of instruction at the Carnegie Institute of Technology.

Announcement is made of the promotion to the rank of associate professor of Dr. James Burt Miner, who is acting as head of the division of applied psychology at the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the absence of Dr. W. V. Bingham on war work in Washington. Dr. L. L. Thurstone has been advanced to the rank of assistant professor. Dr. A. J. Beatty, assistant to the director of the Carnegie Bureau of Salesmanship Research, will on June 1 become director of education of the American Rolling Mills Company, at Marietta, Ohio. Dr. Kate Gordon has been granted leave of absence from the Carnegie Institute of Technology for the fall quarter to enable her to carry out for the California State Board of Control a psychological investigation of children who are wards of the state.

Dr. Beardsley Ruml has been given leave of absence from the Carnegie Institute of Technology to devote his full time to the direction of the work of the Trade Test Standardization Division of the Committee on Classification of Personnel in the Army. Dr. L. L. Thurstone has been granted half-time leave for similar work. Dr. T. J. Kirby has been granted