and answer. 2. What three parties must co-operate | 2. How may a new district be formed? 3. In what ways may a district forfeit an appropriation? 4. State the respective duties of the Board of Examination, and of Education. 5. To what school offices are women eligible? to make a good school? 3. State methods and hygienics of ventilation. 4. What records and reports are required from teachers? 5. Give a synopsis of a day's labor in the school-room. I. DEFINING AND WORD ANALYSIS.-50 credits. What are synonyms? Give three examples. 2. Give ten suffixes, denoting "one who," a person. 3. Give model of a written exercise that you would require from your class, taking the words add, blind, roast, during, hair. 4. Define "separate" into roots, prefixes and suffixes, the following words: Incorporate, homogeneous, thermometer, immortalize, egregious, quad-State what instruction you have had in drawing. ruped, recrimination, pantheism, inoculate, monochromatics. 5. What suffixes are used to form diminutives? MENTAL ARITHMETIC.-50 credits. 1. The sum of two fractions is 2-5, and their difference 2-7. What are the fractions? 2. 49-10 are how many times 6 2-5? 3. What is the interest of $150, for two years and ten months at 8 per cent.? 4. A and B hired a horse and buggy for $25: A used it three weeks, B two weeks, what should each pay? 5. How many wine gallons in 1,386 cubic inches? INDUSTRIAL DRAWING.-25 credits. 1. What is meant by the terms "Free-Hand," Geometrical and Mechanical Drawing, and how is each applied? 2. Draw a figure containing all the straight lines, and give an analysis, such as you would require from a class. 3. Dictate, as to a class, the drawing of the Latin Cross. 4. What lines may be parallel? 5. ORAL GRAMMAR.—25 credits. Examiners will ask the following questions, orally, at any time during the examination: 1. State what you think is the best method of giving children elementary notions of the function of different parts of speech. 2. Give, as to a class, rules for writing a letter correctly. 3. State why the common use of such words as "splendid," "magnificent," should be discouraged. 4. Make a "complete statement" of the object of this examination. 5. Explain the use of "set" and "sit," "learnt" and "taught." 1. MUSIC.-25 credits. 1. Within what compass should school songs be written? 2. Should note singing be taught in our public schools? 3. State what you think of the moral influence of music in schools, and how you would increase that influence. 4. Give examples of songs calculated to inspire courage, heroism and patience. 5. How much time should be given daily to music? I TEACHING THE ALPHABET. WILL present some of the methods I have seen employed by successful teachers : 1. Select one letter-o for example. Point it out to the pupils in different places, and let them repeat it; then print it on the board. Let them find it for themselves. This is sufficient for the first lesson. Next point out the letters t, a and c, until they can recall each letter at sight. Then print on the board c-a-t, and let them repeat it till they can recall the HISTORY OF UNITED STATES.-50 credits. word. Next take dog, rat and other short familiar What two events led to the settlement of the present words; and in a short time they will learn the power boundary line between the United States and Mexico? of the letters and be able to apply them in new com2. What State owes its political existence to the relig-binations. We can never know the mental processes ious intolerance of the Puritans? Origin of the name "Puritan"? 3. What section was settled by each of the four nations who made early discoveries in America? 4. State what you know of the history of California and its social condition prior to the gold discovery. 5. Give the names of ten military heroes of the Revolutionary war, and ten leading inventors. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-50 credits. 1. There are three apertures in a reservoir of water, 1, 4, and 16 feet below the surface. With what comparative velocity will their streams flow? 2. What are the only reliable indications afforded by the thermometer, and what does a sudden fall of mercury indicate at the different seasons? 3. Describe the diving-bell, and show how descents are made in it. 4. What is the velocity of sound, and how do solid, liquid and | aeriform bodies compare as conductors of sound? 5. About how many cubic inches of steam will be required to raise ten tons ten feet high? If the steam were condensed, how many cubic inches of water would it make? PHYSIOLOGY.-50 credits. 1. In what substance does albumen exist? Casein? Fibrin? Why is unripe fruit indigestible? 2. Describe the structure of the stomach, and show how the process of insalivation is carried on. 3. How are you able to discriminate between an artery and a vein in case of a wound? What does the pulse inform the physician? 4. Upon what organs does vocal culture depend? 5. State what you know of the relations of mental activity to health. SCHOOL LAW OF CALIFORNIA.-25 credits. I. What is a School District, and what are its officers? going on in the child's mind by which he acquires this power. It is there, and that is sufficient. In this way the alphabet will be learned as fast as it is needed. By this method the alphabet does not become a mere abstraction. The word method by the chart can be combined with this exercise. 2. When there are (as it is usually the case in rural districts) only a small number of children unacquainted with the alphabet, hire them to learn the alphabet at home with the promise of a cent. In many a rural home such children will be taught for the sake of a cent, and the coveted prize will be secured in a few days. 3. Take a well printed newspaper, and point out the letter o, and make them pronounce it, and then let them find the letter elsewhere on the paper. Then give each one a pin and let them pick through all the o's they can find. Children will amuse themselves by the half hour in this way, and by taking one letter at a time, they will literally pinhole a paper in pieces. This is called the pin-cushion method. 4. Let the little ones take your knife and point out all the letters they can find; this will please them. 5. Have a card with the alphabet on it, and teach them certain letters at a time, and combine them in words, as c-a-t, cat. Now have a box full of letters and words. Let them find the word cat, and pin it to the board, and make them read it there. A picture of a cat by the side of the word would aid the pupil. 6. Make them point out in the book all the letters and words they know, and make them feel how nice it is. 7. Do but little at a time, but do it well. 8. Keep a sharp review of what they have learned | spelling words, let them repeat and spell all the words at each exercise. they can recall. This serves as an admirable review. 9. See if they can count the letters in the word cat. 10. Show the picture of a cat, then the word cat, then the elements c-a-t. 11. Remember to impress on the child that every letter stands for a sound, and that the letter should be seen, heard, and repeated again and again, till the letter and the sound are associated. 12. As pupils advance in their work of reading and The ingenious teacher will devise various measures by which to secure the attention of young children. They cannot all be written out, but if teachers in primary schools would communcate to The Journal any successful methods of their own, it would be of great value. To all teachers the best methods are of the highest degree of importance.—N. E. Journal. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. THE SCHOOL JOURNAL. LANCASTER, JULY, 1878. J. P. WICKERSHAM. THE J. P. M'CASKEY. 2 P. M. Separate Colleges for Females, Rev. T. C. Strong, D. D., President Pennsylvania Female College. 3 P. M.-Report on Draft of Bill for the Practical Organization of Associative Educational Forces in Society outside of the School System, W. S. Schofield, Chairman Special Committee. 8 P. M.-The Moral Element in Education, Rev. I. N. Hays, Principal Cumberland Valley Normal School. THURSDAY, JULY 25TH. 9 A. M.-The High School: Its Right to a Place and Support, Prof. W. C. Lyne, Washington, Pa. 10:30 A. M.-Kindergarten, Miss R. S. Walk, Philadelphia, Pa. 2 P. M.-Compulsory Education by the State, J. S. Ermentrout, Kutztown, Pa. HE meeting of the State Teachers' Association at Reading, which is called for July 23d, should be largely attended. The date fixed is some two weeks earlier than usual, but the time is well chosen. The eastern part of the State is always largely represented at these sessions, and no point could have been selected more likely to insure a large representation of teachers and educational men generally, than our sister city, Reading, "beautiful for situation" and easy of access from all directions The programme is given herewith; also the various railroad arrangements and rates of charges at the sev All mentioned above are under positive promise to eral hotels. Berks county will do her duty. be present or send their papers to be read if they are Shall there not be gratifying returns from prevented from coming. The people of Reading exthe rest of the State when the list of attend-tend a cordial welcome. The other arrangements ance comes to be made up? THE twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association will be held at Reading, commencing on July 23 and ending July 25. The Executive Committee has provided the following PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES. 2 P. M.-Address of Welcome, J. Howard Jacobs, of Reading. Response in behalf of the Association, Rev. Geo. P. Hays, Chairman Executive Committee. President's Inaugural, W. N. Aiken, Superintendent Lawrence County, Pa. Discussion of the Inaugural. 8 P. M.-Methods of Physical Culture in Schools, Miss L. E. Patridge, Philadelphia, Pa. 8:30 P. M.-Russia and Its People, Hon. A. G. Curtin, Ex-Governor Pennsylvania. WEDNESDAY, JULY 24TH. 9 A. M.-The Labor Question, Miss Maria L. Sanford, Swarthmore, Pa. 10:30 A. M.-Education Concerning Political Duties, Rev. L. H. Bugbee, D. D., President Allegheny College. 8 P. M.-A platform meeting on behalf of Education, when addresses will be made by a number of eminent gentlemen. The following will be invited: Gov. Hartranft, Hon. J. P. Wickersham, Judge Woodward, Hon. H. Clymer, Hon. D. Ermentrout, and Hon. C. F. Evans. are in the hands of an efficient local committee. An S. A. BAER, Kutztown. V. B. CURTIS, Corry. J. C. GRAHAM, Meadville, LOCAL ARRANGEMENTS. The Association will meet at the First Presbyterian Church, Reading. Hotel accommodations can be had, per day, at the Mansion House, $2.25; at the American House, $2.00; at the Keystone House and Mishler's Hotel, from $1.50 to $2.00; at the Berks County House, the City Hotel, and the Merchants' Hotel, $1.25; at the Seyfert Mansion, $1.50. Those desiring accommodations in private families, will address Supt. R. K. Buehrle, Chairman of the Local Committee. RAILROAD ARRANGEMENTS. The Pennsylvania Railroad main line and all divisions and branches, will sell excursion tickets to those having "orders." Said "orders" are to be had, by sending name of the person intending to use them, as I hold its sessions in the White Mountains on follows: For Philadelphia and Erie Division. from the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th of July. ExcurSupt. V. G. Curtis, Corry, and from Supt. T. F. Gahan, Montoursville; for main line, from Dr. Geo. P. sion tickets will be sold from Philadelphia for Hays, Washington; Hon. H. Houck, Harrisburg; $15. Rates of fare at the hotels $1.50 for and Sam'l A. Baer, Kutztown; for Northern Central, ladies, and $2.50 for gentlemen. Excursions at low rates planned for all parts of the White Mountains. Headquarters at Fabyan's. from Hon. H. Houck and Sam'l A. Baer. Those passing over the Cumberland Valley can obtain orders for excursion tickets by applying before July 15, to A. H. McCulloh, Chambersburg, Pa. The following will sell excursion tickets without orders: Philadelphia and Reading, all sub-divisions and branches, the Lehigh Valley, the North Pennsylvania, the Wilmington and Reading, and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore. THE Journal Official, France, publishes a bill under consideration in the French Assembly. It places 100,000 francs in the hands of the Minister of Public Instruction, to be used in bringing to Paris during the vacation the greatest possible number of teachers, and those engaged in the work of education, that they may see the Exposition and attend the proposed educational conferences. It also gives the Minister power to appoint a suitable commission to organize the reunion and carry into effect the project. The conferences will be held in the palace of Trocadero. PEDAGOGICAL meetings and conferences are projected in connection with the great Exposition at Paris, after the manner of those held in the Pennsylvania Educational Hall, at the Centennial. We hope some American educators may be able to be present at them and publish a report of the proceedings. WE learn from Paris that the educational department of the exhibit of the United States is creditable. We are glad to be so informed, for it was organized under the most unfavorable circumstances. In making preparation for the exhibit, the interests of education were about the last thing to enter the mind of Commissioner-General McCormick, and the sum of $3000 was all the money he could spare to pay the expenses of the educational departWe confess that we would have abanment. doned the whole project, and if Superintendent Philbrick has been able to make a fair representation in so short a time and with so little money, we think he deserves a unanimous vote of thanks from the whole country. By a notice given in the official department it will be seen that the Superintendent of Public Instruction and editor of this journal has gone on a short trip to Europe. He sailed from New York, on the steamer Circassia, on the 22d of June. He will visit Ireland, Scotland, England, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and France, and return probably about the first of September. He goes mainly for rest and recreation, but of THE latest improvement in Slated Surface course he will have his eyes open in the dicomes to us from the New York Silicate Book rection of schools and school systems. He Slate Company, and is a marvel of cheapness will see whatever there is to be seen in the eduand excellence. The slate is in book form, cational departments of the Paris Exposition, and presents eight surfaces for the pencil, the and he will most likely attend the proposed pedtwo outer surfaces being ruled in the different agogical conferences in the palace of Trocadseries for spelling, music, or kindergarten use. ero. Should he remain abroad during SeptemThe size is such that it can be carried in the ber he will spend that month in visiting schools, ordinary school-book-a strong point of ad- and obtaining information on such educational vantage over the heavier stone slate. The subjects as may throw light on the unsolved He will surface takes the pencil perfectly, and is problems of the same kind at home. cleaned without moisture, by the use of the make a special study of industrial and techSilicate Slate Cleaner, a simple bunching of nical schools Letters from him may be exchamois skin, which answers the purpose satis-pected to appear in The Journal, and in due factorily, by use of which also the unclean habit time the schools of Pennsylvania will have the of spitting on the slate may be corrected. We benefit of all he shall learn. commend both slate and cleaner to our readers, who are referred elsewhere in this issue to the advertisement of the Company. THE Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting of the Ohio Teachers' Association will meet this year at Put-in Bay, July 2d, 3d, and 4th. The American Institute of Instruction will The State Superintendent need offer no apology for his absence for a short time from the post of duty. For the twelve years he has held his present position, he has been off duty hardly a single day. He has not only taken no vacation, but he has done an immense amount of work not required by law, and not performed by his predecessors in of fice. What he did in connection with the Centennial Exposition alone cost months of hard work. He has richly earned a trip of this kind, and there is not a man in the State who will begrudge him the time it will take to make it. THE High School, of York, held its annual commencement in the Court House, on Thursday, May 30th. The procession, headed by a band of music, was formed at the High School. The Superintendent and teachers, the Board of Directors and the alumni of the school, marched with the graduates and undergraduates to the Court House. The house was crowded as it never was before, and a meeting as large could probably have been organized of those who could not be admitted. The exercises, consisting of speeches and essays by the young ladies and gentlemen, interspersed with music, were very interesting, and were listened to with great attention by the large audience. The State Superintendent delivered a short address, and presented their diplomas to the members of the class. Prof. Shelly, the Superintendent, closed the exercises with some appropriate remarks. The week of the commencement was a busy week for the public schools of York. There was an exhibition of scholars' work which attracted much attention, an examination of the various classes in the High School, the Junior Entertainment, the Reunion of the Alumni, and the High School Reunion. The schools of York show all the signs of a vigorous life, and it may safely be said that no city or town in the commonwealth has made more substantial progress in its school affairs within the last ten years. Superintendent Shelly and the Board of Directors are doing a noble work; for which all good citizens thank them. THE State Superintendent also attended the commencement exercises of the High School at Columbia, on Thursday afternoon, June 6th. The graduating class consisted of nine young ladies and gentlemen. The exercises took place in the Opera House, and were attended by a large and cultivated audience. On the platform with the class were the directors, the superintendent and the faculty of the school. The essays and orations were very creditable. The music was mainly furnished by the class. The State Superintendent delivered an address, and Superintendent Ames made some excellent remarks to the members of the class in presenting them their diplomas. Great improvement has been made in the schools of Columbia within the last few years The school buildings are now, as a whole, well adapted to the purpose. No school house in the State has attached to it more beautiful grounds than the High School. The schools are well organized and work harmoniously. The course of study has been arranged with great care. The spirit of the teachers' institute is admirable. Members of the school board are deeply interested in public schools, and are quick to adopt all proper measures to promote their efficiency. And Superintendent Ames has vitalized the whole system. THE exhibit of the United States department at the Paris Exhibition attracts much attention, and occasions no little surprise to the untraveled European. The following extract from a late cable despatch will be read with interest: Our agricultural collection at the Exhibition is eliciting a high meed of praise on all sides. The specimen machines are superbly got up in expensive woods, with silver plating prodigally lavished upon them. A number of bales of superior cotton have sales of articles from the Tiffany exhibit to the Prince just arrived from New Orleans. In addition to the of Wales, they have found purchasers of their superb wares in the persons of the Shah, Prince Leopold of England, Archduke Ludwig, Comte de Flandres, Prince Radziwill, Baron and Baroness de Rothschild. The Berlin Musuem has ordered a duplicate set of the Cesnola collection of gold ornaments from Curium. Similar good fortune has attended the American Watch Company. The entire contents of their showcase have been sold to dealers in Great Britain, HolOur educational land, Germany and Australia. exhibit is now completed, and its installation has been arranged with reference to artistic effect as well as to a scientific classification of the material. Two sides of the exhibit are occupied by the finest specimens of our school architecture of all grades. The other two sides are taken up with graphic illustrations, comprising maps and charts, astronomical and other drawings. The fine collective exhibition from Washington occupies the centre, and embraces a model of a school-house, reports, text-books, views and plans of all the school houses, and 4,000 specimens of work by scholars of all classes. The National Bureau of Education has sent reports and documents, and the catalogues of 138 libraries in the United States. A word of praise is due to Mr. Philbrick, the director. THE Boston Committee on Public Instruction has just given a hearing on the petition. of Edward Everett Hale, S. P. Ruggles, C. A. Bartol, Thomas C. Amory, and others, who ask that the city take the initiative in establishing development schools by giving the use of the old Franklin school-house and making a grant of $15,000 or $20,000. Mr. Edward Everett Hale said that if what the petitioners Upwards of thirty officers have replied, nearly twothirds of whom have given it as their opinion, that the meeting should be postponed. The vote of the heads of the several departments of the Association is unanimous for postponement. this means of announcing that no meeting of the asked should be granted it would enable them I thought it advisable, under the circumstances therein to establish a school which would receive 200 mentioned, to defer the meeting of the Association until next year. boys at the time they leave the grammar school, who could in two years be taught any trade for which they might be suited, the first few weeks being used in determining what business the boys are best fitted for. The petitioners ask to have this done as a part of the educational system of the city, and believe that in five years they will see the best boys in the grammar schools clamoring for admission to this institution. In reply to inquiries from the members of this committee, Mr. Hale said he thought it was the duty of the city to educate boys for taking positions at the head of shops as well as at the foot. Reference being made to the fact that many of the manufactories of Massachusetts and New England are conducted by foreign superintendents, Mr. Coe, of the committee, stated that the company with which he is connected employs forty overseers and superintendents, of whom only five are Americans. Mr. Wendell Phillips said that he did not think the present One of the prime necessities for a successful meetsystem left such people in as good conditioning is that the place should be fixed upon at an early for the future as it leaves the candidate for day, and attention should be first directed to the setliterary honors. In this respect he considered tlement of that point. the present system not so good as that of fifty or one hundred years ago, when boys and girls went to school six months and out to work the other six months. He thought nine out of ten people would naturally rather work than steal, but the present system of education was a great hindrance to a person who was obliged to earn his own living. NATIONAL TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION. TH HE following letter from the President of the National Teachers' Association will ex plain itself. We believe that under all the circumstances the postponement is wise. And now, let us renew our invitation of a year ago, that the Association shall meet in 1879 in Philadelphia. We have good reason to think the invitation will be accepted. Indeed, in timations have been thrown out that the American Institute of Instruction may omit their meeting next year and come to Philadelphia in a body. If so, it will be easy to bring together the largest number of teachers ever assembled on this continent. What does Philadelphia say to this project? Shall the invitation be given? DAYTON, O., April 8, 1878. Some two or three weeks since, I sent to the officers of the National Educational Association a circular, submitting to them the question whether they If educators will immediately enter with zeal upon a campaign to make the meeting of 1879 the greatest ever held by educators in this country, I am convinced that the action herein announced, so far from proving prejudicial to the prosperity and influence of the Association, will contribute to augment both. JOHN HANCOCK, President, National Educational Association. LETTER FROM GERMANY. OR more than a year, Miss Emma D. Speakman, a Pennsylvania teacher, has been traveling in Germany. She is now engaged as a teacher of English in a private Institute at the city of Frankfort-on-theMain. This will give her, she says, a good opportunity of studying German schools and German methods of instruction, and she proposes to give an account of them to her fellow-teachers in her own country. We welcome her contri butions. |