But Efculpaius, at his firft fetting out, proved as unkind as Flora. Nobody would entrust a botanist with the cure of patients. 66 The following account of his refidence at Stockholm, and the happy alteration in his circumftances, is given by himself: "I took up my refidence at Stockholm. Every body laughed at my botany. Not one "could tell how many reftlefs nights and toilfome hours I had bestowed on it; but every corner refound"ed with the humiliating leffon I had received from Siegefbeck. I began to fet up for a practitioner, "but my fuccefs was very flow. "They would not even employ me in a fervant's cure. But in a short time, adverfity ceafed to perfecute, "and after many clouded days the lucid fun broke through my obfcurity. I rofe. was called to the great, every thing turned out profperous; no patient could be cured without me; from four "o'clock in the morning till late at night I vifited the fick, fpent "nights with them, and earned money. Alas! faid I, Efculapius "affords all that is good, but Flora "yields but Siegesbecks. I renoun ced botany, and refolved a thou"fand times to deftroy all my col"lections for ever. Soon after I was appointed first phyfician to the "fleet, and after a fhort lapfe of time "the States chofe me botanift to the "King, and affigned me an annual falary to teach that science at "Stockholm. I now grew fond a"gain of plants, and married my "bride, who, after five long years, "ftill thought me worthy of her tled income, which was farther increafed by his medical practice, he haftened to obtain his bride. Old Moræus was now very glad to give his confent without much intreaty, and the hymeneal bond was fealed on the 26th of June 1739. The fame year which favoured him with the fmiles of fortune, proved equally propitious to his name, and to the ftate of the fciences in Sweden. A general fcientific, zeal birth to the idea of raifing a gave learned corporation. The most active promoter of this plan was a young man of noble birth and great parts, Count A. G. Hoepken, who held afterwards the dignity of counfellor of state and chancellor of the Univerfity of Upfal. The fociety, which in the beginning only confifted of fix members, held their first meeting on the fecond of June 1739-and Linnæus had the honour of being elected prefident. None could have been worthier of that distinction than himfelf; none of the members had fo well deferved of any one feience, and gained fuch early celebrity as he. The fixed period for the duration of the prefidency was limited by the ftatutes to three months only. Linnæus refigned his charge on the third of October, and made on that occafion a fpeech in his mother tongue, on the remarkables in infects. This speech contained excellent obfervations and the most beautiful sketch of the economy and wifdom of nature. "The author of this fpeech," fays the Chevalier Bæck, was an "animated and fprightly painter, "who captivated his readers, and "excited in them a kind of ecstatic rapture." 66 on the 31st of March 1741. This example fet by Sweden foon excited the emulation of Denmark. The royal Danish academy was confequently inftituted in 1742 at Copenhagen, under the direction of the beneficent Count of Holstein, then minifter of ftate. The learned fociety of Stockholm was not gifted with any particular funds on the part of the crown, nor did its members receive annual falaries. The only ftipends allowed were thofe affigned to the profeffor of natural philofophy, and to the two fecretaries. Thefe, befides the prizes and prize-medals, were drawn from the fund arifing from prefents or legacies. The members had already published their tranfactions, which at the expiration of 1779 amounted to forty volumes, and have been tranflated into German, French, and other languages, and are continued down to the present time. Thefe tranfactions contain the richest ftore of ufeful knowledge and difcoveries. This advancement of the fciences in that country is originally due to Linnæ Academy of Sciences at Stockholm Meanwhile Linnæus did not want protection. The diet which affembled in the beginning of the year 1741, extended alfo their deliberations to a mode of leffening the fo reign productions of art, and of promoting the progrefs of the domeftic manufactures of Sweden. They refolved, that travels be undertaken through thofe Swedish provinces, which were the least explored. The choice fell on Linnæens, who accepted the offer. His first tour was to the islands of Orland and Gothland. He fet out on this expedition, in the fpring of 1741, accompanied by fix naturalifts. He had particular inftructions to examine all the plants and productions which might be useful in dying, economy, and medicine, and to fee if there was not a kind of earth in those islands fit for the fabrication of porcelain-ware. The zeal of Linnæus even exceeded the bounds of his charge, he difcovered many new plants, collected a great variety of obfervations on the antiquities of those islands, their mechanical arts, the manners of the natives, their fisheries, and many other objects; but he was not able to accomplith the chief end of his voyage. He could find no porcelain earth, as the foil of both lands confifts of a calcareous earth and crystal rocks. His tour was however of great utility; the ftates gave him a public teftimony of their fatiffaction, and, four years after, he publifhed the narrative of this tour. us. Having enjoyed the utmost popularity in the capital of Sweden, and being bleft with the refources of a plentiful income, Linnæus was not quite fo well pleafed with his fituation as might have been expected. His wishes had long been directed towards that univerfity of his country where he had laid the foundation of his greatness, and fuffered fo many viciffitudes in the fmiles and frow wns of fortune. On the 3d of June 1740, his former protector, Olaus Rudbeck junior, departed this life in that city, by which demife the profefforfhip of botany became vacant. It was this office which Linnæus defired in preference to all others. He offered himfelf a candidate, made intereft, but was disappointed. Nicholas Rofen, his former antagonist, attained this academical charge. The infirmities and advanced age of a man finally realifed thofe hopes of Linnæus, which had been fruftrated in the preceding year. Soon after Rudbeck's death, M. Roberg, fenior of the University of Upfal, and profeffor of phyfic and anatomy, requefted his difmiffion. His request was granted with the appendage of his whole falary, as he had exercifed his academical functions longer than the fixed term of thirty years. Linnæus put up for this vacancy,-and through B 2 The During the unfortunate reign of Charles XII there were no hopes of its eftablishment. There was, indeed, no money to purchase plants. Rudbeck grew old, and none remained after him to take care of it. In fhort, the garden had decayed into a tract of pasture ground to graze sheep and cows. It did not even contain fifty foreign plants. the intereft of Count Teffin, obtain- ed the best part of Upfal into a heap ed the profefforfhip of phyfic and a- of ruins in 1702, deftroyed it entirenatomy, 1741, being then in the 34th ly. year of his age. Though this office was not what he abfolutely wifhed for, yet it put him in a better fituation of exerting himself to obtain what he really wanted. His lady prefented him with a young heir, on the 20th of January 1741, who was baptized after his own name, and re-, mained the only male offspring that furvived him. Having become a father, he now fet off in September with his family to Upfal, the theatre of his fame and his conftant refidence. Rofen was to teach botany, aud Linnæus anatomy. Both were fenfible of the impropriety of their respective stations, and by a friendly agreement, with the confent of the Chancellor of the Univerfity, the two profeffor fhips, whofe emoluments were equal, were mutu ally exchanged in the beginning of 1742. Thus Linnæus was raifed to that fphere of operation wbich he confidered as the happiness of his life, and which was fo adequate to his zeal and endowments. He directed his firft efforts towards the improvement of the botanical garden at Upfal, which had been established after the middle of the last century by the celebrated Swedish naturalift Olans Rudbeck fenior. The novelty of the enterprife afforded to the latter great applaufe and fupport. Through the liberality of King Charles Guftavus, and the zeal of the Chancellor of the University, the garden was foon put in a good state. It ftill remained in an improved condition in the reign of Charles XI. The two Rudbecks, both father and fon, enriched it with the plants they had collected in their travels. But at the beginning of the prefent century it ceafed to be one of the moft flourish ing botanical gardens of Europe. The dreadful conflagration which convert Linnæus now became its fecond creator. In a few years he raised fuch a temple to Flora as had never before graced that northern tract. It became at laft one of the most beautiful and most valuable in Europe. The Swedish Government refolved to fpare no expence for the total improvement of the botanical garden. Baron Charles Harlemann, the king's architect furnished the plan. The lat ter was alfo a profeffed friend of Linnæus, and by the interceffion of feveral' great men, it was further refolved to build a dwelling-houfe for the profeffor of botany adjoining to the garden. Thus Linnæus, having the family of nature fo near him, he could give them much better attendance, ftudy their peculiarities, and communicate the knowledge of them to his pupils. The execution of the propofed plan was begun in 1742, and compleated in the courfe of the following year. On the 18th of July, 1743, Linnæus took poffeffion of his new and beautiful premifes. In the year 1745 he gave a defcription of the new garden, with all its difpofitions, and establishments, mentioning in the moft grateful terms all thofe who had contributed to its refloration and embellishment. The garden was not laid cut on a very extenfive fcale, but arranged in a tafy manner. We fhall here communicate a concife defcription of it, given by a learned traveller, who vifited Upfal in the year 1771. The The academical garden of Upfal has been arranged by Linnæus. An iron gate of excellent workmanship leads to it from the high road. At the top of the gate the Swedish arms, and those of Count Gyllenborg, who has so zealously promoted its reftora tion, are displayed. From within a fpacious yard prefents itself to view; on the right ftands the dwelling of Linnæus, who is the director of the garden, on the left appear fome other buildings. A ftreight avenue leads by another gate to the garden, which is parted from the yard by an elegant wooden inclofure. The garden itself is laid out in a superb style. Its moft confiderable part confifts of two large tracts of ground. One of them contains the perennial plants; the other those from which the feeds are annually gathered. Each of thefe tracts is divided into forty-four beds furrounded with a low hedge and little doors. The plant-house is fituate eastward. It is divided into the planthall (frigidarium,) which lies in the centre; into the thriving house (cal darium,) and the hot-house tepidarium,) which form the north wing, and the gardener's cot forms the fouth ern wing. To the weft lies the thriving-bank (vaporarium,) and to the fouth the glass-bank; the fun-house (folarium,) lies facing the ponds, into which fresh water is conveyed by pipes. The fouthern apartments of this edifice contain the large cabinet of natural curiofities belonging to the royal academy of fciences, which are very confiderable. Linnæus had thus obtained the fineft repofitory that could be wifhed for, but he only wanted plants. His zeal, and the connections which he had with the greatest botanists in Europe, foon remedied this defect, and rendered the garden one of the richeft in Europe. In 1742 he introduced more than two hundred indigenous plants into it, and sent a student to Norway to collect there the most valuable botanical treafures. The embellishment and enriching of the botanical garden at Upfal, was the favourite ftudy of his life. His anxious and tender care triumphed over the rigour and inclemency of the frigid climate of Sweden. The plants which grow even in the most fouthern countries were now cultivated in the garden at Upfal, which prefented treafures from every quarter of the globe. Six years after the re-establishment of this garden, Linnæus in 1748 publifhed its defcription. The number of the foreign fpecies of plants a mounted to one thousand one hundred. The hall in which Linnæus delivered his lectures overflowed with a crouded audience. The usual num. ber of ftudents was 500, which proportion continued alfo after his death. But during the feptennial war in 1759, while Linnæus was rector for fix months, the number of students amounted to one thousand five hundred. To profit by his knowledge pupils came from Ruffia, Norway, Denmark, Great Britain, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, nay, even from America. Thus he deferved well of foreigners, and became the benefactor of the mufes at Upfal. He made fummer excurfions at the head of his pupils, who frequently attended him to the number of upwards of two hundred. They then went in small parties to explore different diftri&ts of the country. Whenever fome rare or remarkable plant, or fome other natural curiofity, was difcovered, a fignal was given with a horn or trumpet, upon which the whole corps joined their chief, to hear his demonftrations and remarks. 1 Linnæus now divided his labours into the occupations for his pupils, for his country, and for the learned world at large. We will compress the sphere of his exploits to the year 1750, 750, to fee what he did to advance the above mentioned purposes. . He was not, nor did he wish to be fuch an univerfalift as Haller; and mature remained his fole ftudy. His application was entirely beftowed u pon her productions. He gave lectures on botany, natural hiftory, the medicinal virtues of plants, the Materia Medica, and on the diætetic and knowledge of difeafes. His delivery was a pattern for a profeffor point of energy, inftruction and entertainment. The new-eftablished academy of Stockholm owed partly its exiftence the zeal of Linnæus, and found in him the most active promoter of its fourishing and refpectable state. From the year 1739 ro 1750 he caufed twenty-five treatises to be inferted in its annals, relative to feveral remarkable animals, plants, and other Swedish natural curiofities. He was alfo a most active co-operator in the royal fociety of Upfal, among all the learned corporate bodies, which first admitted him a member, and made him its fecretary for feveral years. During the fame period he enriched its tranfactions with twelve thefes, In the fpring of 1746 he made a tour to West Gothland. He travelled more than 300 German leagues, and in the following year published the refult of his obfervations. In the fummer of 1749, he vifited Scania or Schonen, the most fouthern of the Swedish provinces. This was the fixth and laft tour which he made in his own country. Thus Linnæus became the father of a beautiful and most accurate natural statistic of his own country. Before he fet out on his two laft tours, he published a defcriptiou of the Swedish plants, with an index illuftrating their medical and economical properties, the place of their growth, and their Swedish and provincial denominations. This first edition contained a defcription of 1140 plants, and in the fecond, their number was augmented to 1296. -A twelve-month after the publication of this Flora, followed a defcription, of the Swedish animals, birds, amphibia, filhes, infects and vermes; a work which he had al ready begun to collect, while a student at Upfal in the year 1730. There had never appeared fo general and complete a zoology of any country. The first edition contained 1350 articles. By his own discoveries, and the obfervations of his pupils, this number was increased, in a fecond edition, fifteen years after, to 2266. This laft edition prefented the follow. ing ftate and proportion of the animal reign in Sweden: 1691 fpecies of infects, 198 of vermes, 195 of birds, 77 of filhes, 53 of mammalia and 25 of amphibia. His merits were now honoured and acknowledged, not only abroad, but alfo at home. In 1743 he was chofen member of the Academy of Sciences of Montpellier, where he kept up his friendly correfpondence with profeffor de Sauvages; feven years after he was elected member of the fociety of Thouloufe, and in 1747 member of the Royal Academy of Berlin. In the fame year he caused fimilar honours to be bestowed on feveral of his learned friends in Sweden: Haller, Juffieu, Sauvages, Gefner, Gmelin, Clayton, Collinfon, and Van Swieten were received members of the Royal Academy at Stockholm, an honour which had, for the first time been conferred upon foreigners. Linnæus received a teftimony of refpect in his own country, which had never yet been bestowed on any of his academical predeceffors. Four patriotic grandees, Count Ekeblad, Hoepken, Palmftierna and Baron Harleman, caufed a gold medal to be ftruck in honour of him. Linnæus was highly fond of the portraits of great and celebrated men, He had collected many of them in his travels abroad. In the apartments |