Initiated him in all his secrets, and on several was born in 1755, and educated at Cambridge, occasions, in the absence of Napoleon, he was where he took his first degree in 1777. He was intrusted with the control of affairs. In 1814, soon made dean of Windsor, and in 1791, raised he was created grand dignitary of the order of to the bishopric of Norwich. On the death of the iron crown, and president of the council of the late primate, Dr. Sutton was, by the influregency, during the campaign of Russia. After ence of the king, nominated to fill the vacancy. the abdication of Buonaparte, he sent in his ad- He is said to be a prelate of great learning, conhesion to the king; but on the return of that ciliating habits of life, of an amiable character, monarch from Elba, ne resumed his offices of and well calculated to fill the highest episcopal arch-chancellor and minister of justice. On the dignity of the realm. His only son, is now final return of Louis XVIII., he was banished speaker of the house of commons. as a regicide, but has been since suffered to re- CAREY, William, LL. D., baptist missionary turn to Paris, where he now lives in a very re-at Bengal, was originally a shoemaker. In his tired manner. He published, in 1794, his project twenty-fourth year he was ordained as a clergyfor a civil code, which has since served as a ba-man, and in 1793, was sent as a missionary te sis of the Napoleon code. India. On his arrival there, he immediately CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Frederick, duke of, made himself master of the Bengalee, Sanscrit, is the youngest son of the late king of Great and Mahratta languages, and is now professor of Britain, and was born in 1774. He was educa-those languages, in the college of Fort William, ted at Gottingen, and when he came of age, at Bengal. Dr. Carey, with his associates, has was made a colonel, and created duke of Cam-been assiduous in printing and publishing the bridge, with a stipend of 12,000l. a year. In Scriptures, in different languages and dialects of 1803 he was sent with 14,000 men to defend India, and in promoting the spread of the Gospel Hanover, but not succeeding, he returned to in that country. He is now far advanced in life, England. He then took his seat in the house yet still continues his labours and usefulness, of lords, and was promoted in the army to the with all the zeal and energy of an apostle of the rank of field marshal. In 1818 he married the primitive church. princess Augusta, niece of the landgrave of CATALANI, Angelica, madam, is probably Hesse, by whom he has a son. Since his mar-the most distinguished female singer of the age. riage his yearly allowance has been doubled. She was born near Rome, in 1782, and educated CAMPBELL, Thomas, a distinguished poeti- in a convent. Her father who was a silver smith, cal and miscellaneous writer, was born at Glas- becoming embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs, gow, in the year 1777, and received his education his daughter became a public singer at Milan, at the university of that city. In 1799, he pub- at the age of fifteen, and was highly applauded lished "The Pleasures of Hope," a poem of by the Italian and French critics and journals. great merit, and which has passed through seve-On her first appearance in England, in 1806, she ral editions. He subsequently travelled on the continent, and on his return settled in London. He has since written "Gertrude of Wyoming," and other poems, and "Annals of Great Britain from the accession of George III. to the peace of America. Mr. Campbell is the author of several articles on poetry and belles lettres in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, and is now editor CHANTREY, Francis, an eminent English of the London New Monthly Magazine (1825.) sculptor, was born at Norton, in Derbyshire, in CANNING, George, Rt. Hon. The father of the year 1782. His father dying when he was this gentleman, a native of Ireland, having dis-quite young, he was educated by his mother, pleased his friends by marriage, was left to pro-and in early life gave indications of his genius, vide for himself, and died in early life, leaving by making models in clay. His friends had his family destitute. Mr. Canning was educated chosen the law as a profession for him, and he by his relations, at Eton and Oxford, where he was on his way to Sheffield, to enter an office, gained several prizes. He afterwards went to when he chanced to look at some figures in the the Temple to study law, and after completing shop of a carver and gilder, which immediately his studies, was returned a member of parlia-induced him to change his pursuits. He therement for Newtown, in the Isle of Wight. The fore became an apprentice to the carver, and minister, Mr. Pitt, soon discovered his abilities, resided with him three years; during which he and offered him the place of under secretary of devoted himself to drawing, modelling, and state, in the administration, which, in 1796, he studying from nature. He then went to London, accepted. From that time, he supported Mr. where he soon attracted attention, and obtained Pitt until his death; he then joined Mr. Percival, extensive employment. His first public work, and was made secretary of state for foreign af-was a statue of the king in Guildhall. He has fairs. In this capacity, his conduct to lord Cas-since established his reputation, by several tlereagh, brought on a duel between them, in splendid specimens of his genius. In 1818, Mr. which he was wounded, and for which he lost Chantrey visited Italy, and contracted an intihis place. He afterwards came into parliament mate friendship with his great rival Canova. from Liverpool; was sent as ambassador to CHAPTAL, John, count de Chanteloup, was Lisbon, and on his return was made president born at Montpellier, in the year 1755. He stuof the Board of Control for India Affairs. Mr. died medicine and natural philosophy when Canning is now secretary of state for foreign young, and, before the French revolution, was affairs, and leader of the administration party distinguished as a physician and chymist. At in the house of commons. He is said to have the beginning of the revolution he headed a mob been a contributor to, and perhaps proprietor in Montpellier, and took possession of the citadel of, the Quarterly Review. in 1791. In 1793, he was called to Paris by the

was found superior to all the continental pancgyrics, and has never since ceased to be greatly admired. Her voice is singularly powerful, and equally melodious in the high and low tones. Her figure is finely formed, and her deportment majestic. She is still heard with delight, both in Great Britain and on the continent.

CANTERBURY, Charles Manners Sutton, committee of safety, to be consulted as a chyarchbishop of, is the grandson of John, duke of mist, relative to the production of salt petre, Rutland, and son of lord George Manners. Helland the making of gunpowder, and he so far

men.

succeeded in improving the manufacture of that simo of the army. After the peace with France, article, as to produce all that was wanted for the he had an interview with Napoleon, and repreuse of the French army, consisting of 1,400,000 sented him at the marriage ceremony with the It may safely be said, that if any man arch dutchess Maria Louisa, at Vienna. Prince contributed more than another to prevent the Charles now resides at Vienna, devoted to milirepublic from being overrun, at that time, it was tary and literary studies, M. Chaptal. He was rewarded for his servi CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Augustus, visces by the directory with the professorship of count de, was born in 1769, of an ancient famichymistry, in the university of Montpellier. Hely in Brittany. He entered into the military was afterwards, under Buonaparte, made minis-service in 1786, but his regiment revolting at ter of the interior. In that situation, he paid the beginning of the revolution, he came to great attention to the manufacturing establish- America, and spent some time among the Inments in France, and to the means of promoting dians of the western wilderness, studying the education. He was a devoted friend to Napoleon character of that people, and viewing the beauduring his reign, and since his abdication has lived as a private citizen. His writings have been very numerous, principally on chymical subjects.

ties of nature in their original state. He returned to Europe in 1792, and from a sense of duty, enlisted under the banner of the French princes. In their service he was severely CHARLES X., king of France, was born Oct. wounded, and confined to his bed for three , 1757. He married, in 1773, Maria Theresa, years; this ruined his finances, and compelled of Savoy, by whom he had three children, a him to resort to his pen for support. He pubdaughter, who died young, the present duc d'An-lished his Essay on Ancient and Modern Revogouleme, and the late duc d'Berri. In his youth,lutions, and afterwards his Genius of Christhe king was gay and extravagant; he was, tianity, works which have been much read and however, amiable in his disposition, and a pat-admired. Napoleon wished to attach him to ron and protector of men of letters. From the his interests; and for a short time succeeded; beginning of the revolution he was decidedly but on the death of the duke d' Enghein, he reopposed to any reform, and soon emigrated with signed his employments. He then travelled in his family. He went to Turin, and, in 1791, Italy, Greece, and the Holy Land; and has since joined his brother, the late king Louis XVIII., published his travels in those countries. During and prepared to assist in invading France. The the residue of the reign of Napoleon, he lived events of this period of his life are matters of a private life; but on the restoration of the history, and do not need repetition here. Fail- Bourbons, he was created a viscount, and naming in his projected invasion of France, he re-ed minister to Sweden. He was afterwards tired to Westphalia, and afterwards to Great minister to Berlin, president of the electoral Britain, where he resided until the restoration college of the department of Loiret, and minisof his family. In 1814, he returned to France, ||ter of state. He has lately resigned his offices and took up his residence in the Thuilleries, as in consequence of a quarrel with the ministry. lieutenant-general of the kingdom in the absence CLARENCE, William Henry, duke of, is the of his brother; and by his affable deportment and third son of his late majesty, George III. condescending manners, contributed not a little was born in 1765, educated for the navy, and to reconcile the French to a change of govern- sent to sea at an early age Having served his ment. On the death of his brother, he succeed-time as a midshipman, he was gradually proed to the throne under the title of Charles X.;moted to the command of a frigate, and recently he was recently crowned at Rheims, with all to the station of admiral of the fleet. In 1789, the parade and splendour of modern extrava- he was created duke of Clarence, and St. Angance. The general policy of his administra-drews, with an income of 12,000l. per annum. tion has been the same as that of his predeces-In 1814, he commanded the royal yacht, which so, since his elevation to the throne. He has, conveyed Louis XVIII. to France and a throne. however, abolished the censorship of the press, He married in 1818, a sister of the duke of Saxe and done some other acts indicative of sounder Meiningen. views of government, than were entertained during the last reign.

He

CLARKSON, Thomas, a distinguished English philanthropist, was born in the year 1761, CHARLES LOUIS, of Lorraine, archduke and educated at Cambridge, where he had a of Austria, was born in the year 1771. He be- high reputation. In 1785, Mr Clarkson composed gan his military career under the prince of Co-a prize essay in Latin, on the question, "Is it bourg, in Brabant, and was soon afterwards just to make men slaves against their will?" made governor and captain-general of the low a translation of which he afterwards published countries, and field marshal of the empire. This was, probably the first effectual step toward This prince commanded with great reputation the suppression of the African slave trade; and and glory in the war against revolutionary seems to have stimulated its author to those France, and in a succession of campaigns, and great exertions, which so materially contributed during a series of severe actions with the first to the English act of abolition. From this time, French generals of the age, proved himself not Mr. Clarkson relinquished his professional puronly a match for them, but almost the only suits, and devoted his whole time to this great general capable of successfully opposing them. object. He connected himself with Mr. WilberOur limits will not allow us to recapitulate his force and others, and formed a society for the victories; we can only say, that whether oppos-abolition of the African slave trade; he also wrote ing Moreau on the Rhine, Buonaparte in Italy, and published several works on the subject; had or Massena in Switzerland, he displayed great several interviews with Mr. Pitt, and the privy military talents, and acquired great glory. Ow-council; and after years of unwearied exertion, ing to the intrigues of the Austrian court, he has accomplished the great object he had in was induced to resign his military command, view. He has lived to witness the triumph of and he was made minister of war. In 1805, he principle, and of humanity, and to see his name resumed the command of the army of Italy, and placed among the benefactors of the human the next year he was made Austrian generalis-race.

COBBETT, William, is the son of a farmer

Being

CLAY, Henry, was born in April, 1776, and is a native of the county of Hanover, in Virginia. in Surrey. His father taught him arithmetic. His father, a respectable baptist clergyman, and to read and write, and educated him as a died when he was very young, leaving his family farmer. Early in life, he left his father and in pecuniary means, somewhat limited. His went to London, aud afterwards enlisted in a education was not that of a scholar; but at an regiment destined to Nova Scotia, where he reearly age as a clerk in the chancery office at sided six years. During this time, he devoted Richmond, Mr. Clay attracted the attention of all his leisure to the cultivation of his mind. In chancellor Wythe, in whose house he found an 1792, he came to America, here he commenced asylum and a home, an instructor and patron, author, and under the name of Peter Porcupine, under whose auspices he soon acquired a pro-wrote a series of essays, which exhibited his ficiency in the law. He removed to Lexington, powers, and enraged his opponents. Ky., in 1797, and there was successful in his prosecuted for a libel and amerced in 5000 dollars profession, and soon became distinguished as a damages; he left the country and returned to politician. From 1799 until 1806, he was a England, where he commenced his Political leading and eloquent member of the house of Register, which he extended to forty volumes. representatives of Kentucky, at which time he In this paper he attacked the administration with was elected a member of the senate of the his whole energies, and with such effect, as to United States. After this, he was successively incur the vengeance of the ministry. Mr. Cobbett chosen a member of the legislature of his adopted visited America again in 1817, and returned to state; of the senate of the United States; and England in 1819. He still continues his writings, in Nov. 1811, a member of the house of repre-which are already numerous. In dry humour, in sentatives of the United States, and was imme diately chosen speaker of that body. This office he held until his recent appointment of secretary of state, at the commencement of Mr. Adams' administration. Mr. Clay's political career has been popular. In every appointment which he has held, he has acquitted himself with diguity and firmness, and he has acquired the reputation of a zealous patriot; a statesman, sound, prompt, and sagacious; and a brilliant and forcible orator.

pointed sarcasm, and in the power of casting ridicule upon an opponent, he is almost unrivalled. Mr. C. is said to be preparing for publication, a History of the Persecutions of the late Queen.

He

CONGREVE, sir William, was born in the year 1760, and entered young into the artillery, of which his father was an officer of rank. applied himself assiduously to the service, and soon distinguished himself by his mechanical genius, and by his important improvements. The principal of these, is the rocket, known by CLINTON, De Witt, son of James Clinton, the name of the Congreve Rocket, which, as a a major-general in the revolutionary army, was formidable means of military annoyance, is born in the county of Orange, state of New-York, generally admitted to be more efficient than alin the year 1769. He was educated at Columbia most any other. This he invented in 1808 ; it College, and after receiving the honours of the is now adopted generally in the armies of the university, commenced the study of the law, in military powers of Europe. Sir William has pub1786, and was admitted to the bar. He was se-lished several scientific works, which prove him cretary to his uncle, governor George Clinton, a man of extraordinary talents. He is said to be who appointed him secretary of the university, high in favour with the present king George IV and of the board of fortifications of New-York. CONSTANTINE, grand duke of Russia, is He was elected a member of the legislature, the second son of Paul I. He married, in 1798, from the city of New-York, in 1797, without a princess of Saxe Cobourg, who has since reopposition, and soon after was chosen a member turned to her family. In 1799, he served under of the senate. Mr. Clinton was afterwards a general Suwarrow, and behaved with great member of the council of appointment, in 1802 bravery. He was in the battle of Austerlitz, a senator in congress, and was from 1803 to opposed to Bernadotte, and distinguished him1807 mayor of the city of New-York. During self by his gallant resistance to the French. this time, he was for nine months a senator in During the invasion of Russia, he was actively the legislature, and member of the council of engaged, and in the subsequent campaigns; and appointment. In 1808 he was again chosen be entered Paris with the allies. He is now mayor of the city of New-York, and received viceroy of Poland, under his brother Alexander. the appointment of regent of the university. COOPER, sir Astley Paston, F. R. S., is one During Mr. Clinton's public life, much of his of the most distinguished surgeons and medical attention has been bestowed upon subjects rela-writers in Great Britain. Few possess an equa! tive to the public health and internal improve-share of science and practice, and none enjoy a ments generally, and when the law was passed, higher reputation for that spirit of liberality and n 1817, authorizing the junction of the Western and Northern lakes and the Hudson river, by canals, Mr. Clinton was appointed commissioner. In 1811 he was elected lieutenant-governor of the state of New-York, and recommended as a candidate for president of the United States, by a majority of the members of the legislature, and from that time until 1815, was again mayor of the city of New-York. He was elected, in 1817, governor of the state of New-York, almost! CUVIER, baron de, was born at Montbeliard without opposition, and was re-elected in 1824.in 1769, and educated at Stutgard, where he be In the great and growing state of which Mr. Clin-came acquainted with the language, the literaton is a native, his name, his genius, and his ser-ture, and the sciences of Germany. He arrived vices, are stamped upon many monuments of in France at the beginning of the revolution, and public munificence; and the promptitude, so- was soon distinguished among scientific men. lidity and talent exhibited in his public career He was one of the first members of the French evice that his energy is equal to any occurrence. Institute; and is perpetual secretary of the

philosophy, which ought to characterize the member of a learned profession. He is a mem ber of the Royal Society, a surgeon of Guy's Hospital, and president of the Medical and Chirurgical Society. His writings, which are numerous, are considered standard works by the members of the profession. He has lately been appointed surgeon to the king, and created a baronet.

academy of physical science, and professor of Seine, and in 1810, was appointed counsellor natural history to the college of France. Baron of the court of appeals. In 1815, he put himCuvier is one of the most distinguished natural-self at the head of a company of national ists of the present age; and to profound know-guards, in support of the royal cause, and ledge, he has the art of expressing his ideas with vehemently opposed the restoration of Buonagreat clearness and elegance. His writings are parte. On the return of the king, he was appointvery numerous, on scientific and miscellaneous ed prefect of police and a member of the council subjects. He is one of the editors of the Jour-of state, and soon after, he was made minister nal des Scavants.

D

of police in the room of Fouche. He was afterwards created a count, removed from the minis try of police, to that of the home department, and in 1818, created a duke, and sent as minister D'ARBLAY, madame, is the daughter of Dr. from Louis XVIII, to Great Britain. He is Burney, and is better known by her maiden now one of the ministry, and president of the name, of Miss Frances Burney. This lady has council. His measures have been generally caldeservedly attracted public attention, and gained culated for the prosperity of France, and his a high reputation for herself, by her writings. speeches in their defence, have been received She unquestionably ranks among the first female with respect, by the patriot, and the man of novel writers of the age. Her first work was letters. Evelina, published in 1777. To this succeeded

DESEZE, Raymond, the intrepid and eloquent Cecilia and Camilla; she has also written a defender of Louis XVI. at the bar of the French tragedy, which has been performed on the Eng-national convention, was born at Bourdeaux, in lish stage, and recently a novel called the Wan-1750, and educated for the bar from his earliest derer, or Female Difficulties. Madame D'Arblay | years. His professional success was unusually is now a widow, and resides, since the death rapid. Having been engaged in a defence which of her husband, in England. had attracted the attention of the fashionable

DAVID. This celebrated French painter has world, he so far suceeeded, as to gain the esteem been greatly distinguished for his zeal and atro-and patronage of the count de Vergennes city as a revolutionist. He was a member of With his influence, he removed to Paris, where the national convention, and voted for the im- he soon gained the reputation of the most elomediate death of Louis XVI.; and he was the quent advocate of France. He was imprisoned constant associate and intimate friend of Robes-for his defence of his unfortunate sovereign, pierre and Marat. After the fall of the former, and narrowly escaped death; lived in retirement he was arrested and imprisoned, but his merit during the reign of Napoleon, and was only as an artist, probably saved his life. He is ac-rewarded for his loyalty, on the restoration of knowledged to be the first French painter of the the Bourbons. present day. His pictures of the "Death of Marat," of the Sabines, and of the coronation of Napoleon, are considered as admirable specimens of the art. As a regicide, David has been banished, since the return of Louis XVIII., and now resides in Bruxelles.

E

EDGEWORTH, Maria, is the daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, esq., of Edgeworthtown, Ireland, a gentleman distinguished in the DAVY, sir Humphrey. This distinguished literary world for his talents and writings. The philosopher, who has done so much to enlarge daughter is said to excel her parent in talents; the bounds of chymical science, was born at she has devoted herself to literary pursuits, with Penzance, in the year 1779, and received the zeal and ardour. One of her objects has been rudiments of education at the school in that to perfect the system of female education, in place. At the age of 15, he was placed as a pupil which she has in part succeeded. As a novel with a Mr. Borlase, an excellent surgeon and writer, she ranks among the most eminent; and accomplished scholar, with whom he resided the Irish character has never been drawn with several years, during which time, he laid down equal truth and spirit by any other writer. Her for himself, and pursued a course of study, publications, which are numerous, have been which made him master of the leading princi-well received on both sides of the Atlantic. ples of botany, anatomy, and physiology, the ELDON, the earl of, is the son of a Mr. Scott simple mathematics, natural philosophy, and of Newcastle, and was born in 1750. Ile was chymistry. The latter study, however, was educated at Oxford, entered at Middle Temple, most congenial to his taste, and some early dis-in 1772, and called to the bar at the usual period. coveries in that science, drew him from obscuri-His first efforts were far from successful, but the ty, and devoted him for life, to the pursuit of encouragement he received from lord Thurlow, his favourite science. He soon after published induced him to proceed, and he then rose into his "Researches Chymical and Philosophical," repute. He was in 1783, chosen a member of and was chosen professor of chymistry in the parliament, and soon after attorney-general. In royal institution. His most brilliant discoveries 1799, he was appointed chief-justice of the com were subsequent to this period. Our limits will mon pleas, and raised to the peerage. not permit us to mention them. The most im-years after, he was made lord chancellor of portant, however, to the cause of humanity, as Great Britain, an office which he still retains. well as of science, was the invention of the He has accumulated an immense fortune by his safety lamp, which has proved of immense profession, and has been created an earl. benefit to the English miners. Sir Humphrey EMMET, Thomas Addis, esq., is a native of is now president of the Royal Society, and a Dublin. His father was an eminent physician, member of most of the philosophical societies of that city, and the son was educated for that of Europe. His writings are numerous, and of profession, and took a doctor's degree at Edingreat importance to the cause of science and burgh; but on the death of a brother, who had philosophy. risen to eminence as a barrister, be quitted the practice of medicine for that of the law, and soon obtained great celebrity as a lawyer in Dub

DECAZES, duke, was born in 1780. At an early age he was a judge of the tribunal of the

Two

lin. Mr. Emmet was one of the leading mem-Europe; and since then, has experienced all bers of the society of united Irishmen, and was the vicissitudes of fortune, from victory and appointed a member of the Irish directory, which conquest to defeat and disgrace. He has rewas to be substituted for the existing government.peatedly been driven from his capital, and comHis safety being stipulated for by the man whopelled to take shelter in Sicily; he has seen betrayed the plot, he was exiled from the British that capital threatened with bombardment and dominions. He then established himself in pillage, by a foreign foe, and saved from that New-York, where he now practices with great reputation and success.

fate, only by bribery and corruption; he has seen his empire wrested from him by an enemy, ERSKINE, Thomas, lord, is the third son of himself dethroned, and Murat, the brother of the late earl of Buchan, and was born in Scot- that enemy, seated on his throne; he has seen land, in 1750. After completing his education, himself deserted by his own subjects, and at the under the care of one of the most accomplished mercy of a neighbouring power; and when rescholars of Scotland, he entered the navy, which stored to his throne, and to the plenitude of his he soon exchanged for the army, in which he authority, he has again seen his people revoltserved several years. The demands of an in- ing against reign distinguished only for its creasing family, and the scantiness of his in-tyranny, bigotry, and oppression, and demandcome, as an officer, induced him to make choice ing of their sovereign a constitutional form of of a profession, and in 1777 he commenced his government, and mild and equal laws, and has legal studies. The next year he was called to found himself obliged to yield to their demands. the bar. Here he soon had an opportunity of The interference of the Holy Alliance has rescudisplaying his transcendant talents, and his first ed him from the influence of his subjects, and effort was considered a masterpiece of forensic again placed him on an absolute throne. He eloquence. From that moment his success was now holds despotic dominion over his subjects, certain, and his subsequent exertions have only supported by an Austrian armed force within realized the expectations formed by those who his territory, and liable on the removal of that then heard him. As an eloquent and accom-force, to the vengeance of an injured, oppressed, plished advocate, he unquestionably stood first and insulted people. at the English bar. Lord Erskine became a FERDINAND VII., king of Spain and the member of the house of commons, in 1783, was Indies, is the son of Charles IV. of Spain, and created a peer in 1806, and raised to the dignity was born the 13th of October, 1784. He was of lord high chancellor of the realm; which of-created prince of Asturias, when only six years fice he resigned, on his friends going out of ad- of age, and succeeded to the throne by the abdiministration. cation of his father in his favour, in 1808. incidents of his eventful reign, have been marked by the stupidity and bigotry, which so eminently characterize this sovereign. Soon after he FELLENBERG, M., a celebrated agricultu- ascended the throne, he was persuaded to leave ralist and instructor, was born at Berne, in Swit- his dominions, and meanly submit himself to zerland, in 1771. He is a great-grandson, by the the power of Napoleon, that he might obtain mother's side, of admiral Van Tromp. He was from that emperor a recognition of his title; very carefully educated, and, in early life, tra- when in his power, he was made a prisoner to velled in France, Switzerland, and Germany, as- France, forced to relinquish his sceptre unconsuming the garb and appearance of a labourer,ditionally, to his father, by whom it was resignthathe might better acquaint himself with men, ed to Buonaparte, and for five years kept in and their wants. He was of great use in pre-custody in the interior of France. On a change serving tranquillity, by his influence, in his na-of affairs in France, he was suffered to return tive country, after the conquest of the French, to his dominions. Before he left his kingdom, in 1798. He soon withdrew from public affairs, he had authorized the convocation of a cortes, and having formed an acquaintance with the and he had solemnly promised to maintain them celebrated Pestalozzi, bought a large farm at in their privileges, and to approve their acts. Hofwyl, about 6 miles from Berne, which he cul- No sooner, however, had he returned to Spain, tivated in the most approved manner, to serve than he refused to sign a constitution enacted as a model for the neighbourhood, and which is by the cortes, he declared null all their acts tilled by the scholars in his school of industry.done in his absence, he restored the inquisition, He also established a school, in which he has very successfully attempted a new system of education, and which has attracted great attention in Europe.

F

The

ordered the monks who had been serving in the army during the revolution, to return to their monasteries, and denounced all those who had taken the oath of allegiance to Buonaparte. He FERDINAND IV., king of the Two Sicilies, even went farther, and condemned to exile and the third son of Charles III. of Spain, was born imprisonment the most patriotic members of in Naples the 12th of January, 1751. His natural the cortes, who had struggled during his imdisposition was mild and amiable, and in early prisonment, to support his throne, ad preserve life was exhibited in acts of charity and benevo-it unimpaired until his restoration. During his lence, which rendered him the idol of the people reign, the inhabitants of his South American of Naples. His father succeeding to the throne colonies have disclaimed allegiance to his throne, of Spain in 1759, Ferdinand was declared king emerged from their vassalage, and become sove of the Two Sicilies, and during his minority,reign and independent states. His subjects too was placed by his father under a regency. He at home, tired of his despotism, have within a married in 1768, Mary Caroline, sister of the few years resisted his authority, convoked anew emperor Joseph II., who soon acquired an al- the ancient cortes of the kingdom, and re-estabmost uncontrolled ascendancy over him, which lished a constitution, to which Ferdinand was she used to effect her own political purposes. obliged to swear fidelity or lose his crown. The From the beginning of the French revolution, principles of the allied sovereigns, and the arms Ferdinand has been involved in disputes and of France have interfered, to check the progress wars, with one or another of the powers of lof correct principles of civil government, and