IDRIS, Gawr, a Welch astronomer, after whom one of the highest mountains of Wales is named.

INGOULT, Nicholas Lewis, a native of Gi sors, was eloquent as a preacher of the jesuits, and died in 1753.

INGRASSIA, John Philip, a celebrated physician, of Palermo, died in 1581.

IFLAND, Augustus William, a celebrated INGRAM, Robert, an English divine, and the German actor and dramatic writer, died at Ber-author of various works, died in 1804. lin, in 1814. He was interred with great pomp. IGNATIUS, surnamed Theophrastus, bishop of Antioch, born in Syria, and educated under INGUIMBERTI, Dominic Joseph Marie d', the apostle and evangelist, St. John. He was a learned divine, and bishop of Carpentras, was torn to pieces by lions, at Rome, by command a munificent and pious prelate, and died in 1757. of the emperor Trajan, A. D. 107. His epistles INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, was born are very interesting remains of ecclesiastical in London, in 1030, wrote "Historia Monasterii antiquity on many accounts; but the most im- Croylandensis," and died in 1109. portant use of his writings respects the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures, which he frequent-died in 417. ly alludes to in the very expressions that they stand in at this day.

IGNATIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, in 847, died in 878.

IGNATIUS. See LOYOLA.

IGOR, sovereign prince of Russia, died in 945.

INNOCENT I., was elected pope in 402, and

INNOCENT II., was elected pope after Hono-. rius II.; he was driven into France by a rival pope, but afterwards returned, and died at Rome, in 1143.

INNOCENT III., Lothaire Conti, elevated to the popedom, in 1198. He persecuted the Albigenses, and raised the papal authority to its greatest height. He died in 1216.

INNOCENT IV., Sinibaldi de Fiesque, car

ILDEFONSE, St., bishop of Toledo, and author of an Ecclesiastical History, died in 667. ILIVE, Jacob, an English printer and miscel-dinal, was elected pope in 1243, and was the laneous writer, died in 1768.

ILLESCAS, Gonsalvo, a Spanish ecclesiastic, author of the lives of the popes, died in 1580. ILLTYD VARCHOG, or ILLUTUS, a saint, who is said to have taught the Welch an improved method of ploughing. He died in 480. ILLYRIUS, Matthias Flaccus, or Francowitz, was a learned divine, who completed his education under Luther and Melancthon; he died in 1575.

IMBERT, Bartholomew, a poet of Nismes, died in 1790.

IMBERT, John, an advocate of Rochelle, died in the 16th century.

first who invested the cardinals with a red hat, as a mark of dignity. He died in 1254.

INNOCENT V., Peter de Tarantaise, arch bishop of Lyons, was made pope in 1276, and died the same year.

INNOCENT VI., Stephen Albert, bishop of Ostia, was elected pope in 1352, and died in 1362. INNOCENT VII., Come de Meliorati, was elected pope in 1404, and died in 1406.

INNOCENT VIII., John Baptist Ciho, a noble Genoese, was elected pope in 1484, and died in 1492.

INNOCENT IX., John Anthony Facchinetti, an Italian, was elected pope in 1591, and died

IMBERT, Joseph Gabriel, a painter, of Mar-two months after. seilles, who entered a monastic order, and died in 1749.

IMHOFF, James William, a very famous genealogist, born at Nuremberg, in 1651, died in 1728.

IMPERIALI, John Baptist, an Italian physician, and one of the 24 nobles of Genoa, died in 1623.

IMPERIALI, John, son of the preceding, eminent as a writer and physician, died in 1653. IMPERIALI, Guiseppe Renato, a cardinal, known for a magnificent library which adorns the city of Rome; he died in 1737.

INA, a king of the West Saxons; he went to Rome in 726, and founded an English college. INACHUS, founded the kingdom of Argos, about 1858 B. C.

INCHOFER, Melchior, a German jesuit. He wrote a satire against the jesuits, and died in 1648.

INNOCENT X., John Baptist Pamphili, was elected pope in 1644. He published a bull against the Jansenists, and died in 1655.

INNOCENT XI., Benedict Odescalchi, an Italian, was elected pope in 1676, and died in 1689.

INNOCENT XII., Anthony Pignatelli, a Nea politan, elected pope in 1691; he condemned Fen elon's Maxims of the Saints, and died in 1700.

INNOCENT XIII., Michael Angelo Conti, a native of Rome, and the eighth pope of the family, was elected in 1721, and died in 1724.

INSTITOR, Henry, a Dominican, inquisitorgeneral of Mayence, Treves, and Cologne, and author of some works.

INTAPHERNES, one of the seven nobles of Persia, who conspired against the usurper, Smerdis, 521 B. C.

INTERIAN DE AYALA, John, a Spaniard, author of some poeins, died in 1770.

INVEGES, Augustino, a Sicilian historian, and antiquary, of the order of the jesuits, died

INDULPHUS, a Scotch king, said to be the 77th since the foundation of that monarchy. INGENHOUZ, Dr. John, an eminent natu-in 1677. ral philosopher, who happily applied his chymical discoveries to the purposes of medical and agricultural improvements. Many of his dis quisitions will be found in the Philosophical Transactions of London, vol. 65 to 72. He was born at Breda, but was latterly resident in England, and died at Bowood park, the seat of the marquis of Lansdowne, in 1799.

IRELAND,Samuel, a gentleman,bred, we have been told, to trade; but, endowed with a turn to science and literature, he soon distinguished himself as the draftsman, engraver and illustrator of several elegant and esteemed works; among which were, "A Picturesque Tour through Holland, Brabant, and part of France, in 1789;" "Picturesque Views on the River INGHEN, William Van, a Dutch painter, Thames, and on the Medway;" "Graphic Ilwho died in the 17th century. lustrations of Hogarth;" "Picturesque Views INGOLDSBY, Richard, governor of the co-of the Severn and Avon;" and "Picturesque lony of New-York was succeeded by governor Views, with an Historical Account, of the Inns Beekman, in 1700 of Court in London and Westminster."

He

died June 11, 1800, (being the very day on which|| ISAUS, a celebrated Greek orator, and nathe concluding sheet of his last mentioned work tive of Chalcis, in Syria, the scholar of Lysias, went to press,) of a broken heart, as is believ- and preceptor of Demosthenes. He flourished ed; having been most illiberally accused (with-396 years before Christ, and was the first who out any proof) of being concerned in the forgery of the pretended Shakspeare MSS.; from which his son, W. H. Ireland (the real fabricator of that most ingenious literary imposition,) in a confessional pamphlet, publicly and solemnly exculpated him.

IRELAND, John, author of "Illustrations of Hogarth," and "Life and Letters of Mr. John Henderson,' the actor, was born near Wem, in Shropshire, and died in the vicinity of Birminghan in 1808.

applied eloquence to state affairs, in which he was followed by his scholar Demosthenes.

ISAIAH, the greatest of the prophets, was of the lineage of David. He prophesied from 735 to 681 B.C., and is said to have been cut in two with a wooden saw, by the cruel king Manasseh. ISDEGERDES, king of Persia, was valiant, but cruel. He persecuted the Christians, and died in 420.

ISELIN, James Christopher, was professor of divinity at Basil, where he died in 1737. IRENEUS, Saint, bishop of Lyons, in France, ISHMAEL, son of Abraham, by Hagar, 1910 who wrote an elaborate work "against Here- B. C. He was the progenitor of the Arabians. sies," part of which is still extant under his ISHMAEL I., sophy of Persia, was distinname. He suffered martyrdom in the 5th per-guished for his valour and wisdom, and died in secution of the Christians under Severus, A. D. 1523. 203. ISHMAEL II., sophy of Persia, murdered his IRETON, Henry, son-in-law to Oliver Crom-eight brothers, and at last was poisoned by his well, and a brave general in his army, died in own sister, a 1579. 1651.

ISIDORE, of Alexandria, placed over a moIREVISA, John, an Englishman, who trans-nastery, by Athanasius, died in 403. lated the "Polychronicon," in 1387. ISIDORE, St., surnained Pelusiota,or Daciate, IRNERIUS, called also Wernerus, or Guar-from his retiring into a solitude near the town nerus, a German lawyer of the 12th century, which bears both these names, was the most who was properly the restorer of the Roman celebrated of the disciples of John Chrysostom. law. He died in 1150. He died about 440; and we have remaining

IRONSIDE, Gilbert, an Englishman, who, at||2012 of his letters, in five books. the restoration, was made bishop of Bristol; he died in 1671.

ISIDORE, of Cordova, was bishop of Cordova, in the age of Honorius.

ISIDORE, of Seville, a bishop of that city,

IRVINE, William, a major-general in the American army during the revolution, and af-was called the doctor of the age; he died in 636 terwards a member of congress, from Pennsyl vania; he died in 1804.

ISAAC, Caro, a rabbi, of Spain, who retired to Jerusalem, and devoted himself to study and solitude; he died in the 16th century.

ISAAC COMMENUS, Greek emperor, in 1057. After a turbulent reign, he retired to a monastery, and died in 1061.

ISAACSON, Henry, an Englishman; he wrote a valuable chronological work, and died in 1654. ISABELLA, daughter of Philip the Fair, king of France, was born in 1292, and married to Edward II., of England. Her conduct was licentious, and she died in prison.

ISABELLA, of Bavaria, married Charles VI., of France, in 1385, and died little lamented, in 1435.

ISABELLA, daughter of John II., of Castile, married Ferdinand V., king of Arragon, in 1469. She succeeded to the throne of Castile in 1474, and thus united the two kingdoms. Her reign is remarkable for the discovery of America by Columbus. She died in 1504.

ISABELLA, daughter of Alphonso, duke of Calabria, was married to John Galeazzo Sforza,

in 1439, and died in 1524.

ISABELLA, sister of the king of Poland, married John Zopolita, king of Hungary, in 1539, and died in 1558.

ISIDORUS, of Charax, a Greek author, 300 B. C.

ISINGRINIUS, Michael, an eminent printer, of Basil, of the 16th century.

ISMENIAS, a Theban general, who refused to kneel before a Persian king.

ISOCRATES, a Greek orator, born at Athens, in the first year of the 86th Olympiad, i. e. 436 years before Christ, died at the age of 98. We have 21 orations of his composing.

ISRAEL, Manassel Ben, a learned rabbi, of the Low Countries, who offered Cromwell two hundred thousand pounds for permission to the Jews to settle in England. He died in 1657.

ITTIGIUS, Thomas, a German divine, and professor of divinity at Leipsic, died in 1710.

IVES, or YVES, bishop of Chartres, in 1093, led a life of great piety; he died in 1115, and was canonized.

IVETEAUX, Nicholas Vauquelin seigneur de, a French poet, and preceptor to Lewis XIII., when dauphin; he died in 1649, after leading a licentious life.

IWAN V., John Alexiowitz, succeeded to the throne of Russia in 1682. He was a weak prince, unworthy of a throne, and died in 1696.

IWAN VI., of Brunswick Bevern, succeeded to the throne of Russia in 1740, at the age of three months. He was imprisoned, and at last put to death, in 1746.

IZAACKÉ, Richard, an Englishman, wrote the history of Oxford, and died in 1724.

J

JAAPHAN, Ebn Tophail, an Arabian philosopher, cotemporary with Averroes, who died about 1198. He composed a philosophical romance, entitled "The Life or History of Hai Ebn Yokdhan;" in which he endeavours to demonstrate, how a man may, by the mere

light of nature, attain the knowledge of things of the points in Hebrew to serve for vowels, and natural and supernatural; more particularly the of the accents, to facilitate the reading of that knowledge of God, and the affairs of another language. life.

JACOB, Ben Haim, a rabbi, of the 16th cenJABLONSKI, Daniel Ernest, a popish divine,tury, who rendered himself famous by the colof Germany. He endeavoured to reconcile the icction of the Masore, which is properly a criLutherans and Calvinists; wrote some disser-tique upon the books of the Bible, in order to tations and other works, and died in 1741. settle the true reading.

JABLONSKI, Theodore, counsellor of the JACOB, Henry, au Englisliman, wrote against court of Prussia, was a man of extensive erudi-the Brownists, and died in 1621. tion, and highly esteemed. His publications were numerous.

JABLONSKI, Paul Ernest, professor of theo logy at Frankfort, the author of several learned works; he died in 1757.

JABLONSKI, Charles Gustavus, a German author, he died at Ilalle, in 1787.

JACETIUS, Francis de Cataneis, professor of Platonic philosophy, at Florence, died in 1552.

JACHAIA, Ben Joseph, a Portuguese rabbi, wrote a paraphrase on Daniel, and died in

1539.

JACOB, Henry, son of the preceding, was an able Orientalist, and died in 1652.

JACOB, a Hungarian monk, of the 13th century, preached a crusade against the Saracens. JACOB, Giles, an English law writer, biographer, and lexicographer, born at Romsey, in Hampshire, in 1686, died in 1744. Besides a Law Dictionary, he published two volumes, entitled "The Poetical Register; or, Lives and Characters of the English poets.'

JACOB AL BARDAI, was an able leader of the Eutychians, and a disciple of Severus. JACOBÆUS, Oliger, professor of philosophy, Copenhagen, and an author; he died in 1701 JACOBS, Jurian, a Swiss painter, died in 1664.

JACKSON, Thomas, an English divine, pre-at sident of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and a man of learning and piety; he died in 1640.

JACKSON, John, au English divine, theologi- JACOMB, Thomas, D. D., a fellow of Trinity cal and historical author, born in 1C86, died in college, Canibridge, was ejected for non-con1763. His last and capital work was, "Chrono-formity, and died in 1687. logical Antiquities," 1752.

JACOPONE, da Todi, an Italian poet, cotem

JACKSON, Joseph, a letter-founder of distin-porary with Dante, died in 1306. guished eminence, born in 1733. In testimony JACQUELOT, Isaac, a French protestant of his abilities, let it suffice to mention, as mai-minister, who, on the revocation of the edict ters of difficulty and curiosity, the fac-simile of Nantes, became chaplain to the king of Prustypes which he formed for Doomsday-Book, and sia; he died in 1708. the Alexandrian New Testament; and, as a pattern of the most perfect symmetry, the types with which Mr. Benstey printed the splend:1 edition of the Bible, published by the late Mr. Macklin. Mr. Jackson died in 1792.

JACKSON, Arthur, an ejected non-conformist divine, wrote a commentary on the Bible, and died in 1666.

JACQUET, Lewis, a native of Lyons, was an admirer and imitator of Rosseau, and died in 1793.

JACQUIER, Francis, a Frenchman, eminent as a mathematician and divine, died in 1788. JADDUS, high-priest of Judea, when Alexander approached Jerusalem to destroy it. JADELOT, Nicholas, a Frenchman, known JACKSON, Cyril, D. D. an eminent divine, as a physician and an author, died in 1793. born at Stamford, in 1746, and educated at Ox- JAEGER, John Wolfgang, a Lutheran diford. He was sub-preceptor to his present ma-vine, and divinity professor, at Tubingen, he jesty; in consequence, he was made dean of wrote several Latin works, and died in 1720. Christ-Church, which he resigned in 1809. This JAGO, Richard, an English divine and poet, elegant scholar declined the mitre, though the born in 1715. About 1732 he was entered as a primacy of Ireland, as well as an English bishop-servitor in University college, Oxford; in which ric, had been offered him. He died at Felpham, humiliating situation he was visited by his Sussex, in 1819. schoolfellow, Shenstone, then a commoner in JACKSON, Dr. William, brother of the pre- Pembroke college, who introduced him to his ceding, was prebendary of York, regius profes-fellow collegians. In 1767, he published a poem sor of Greek at Oxford, and bishop of Oxford; he died in 1811.

called "Edge Hill," by which his poetical reputation was completely established; and he died rector of Kilmcote, Leicestershire, in 1781. A collection of his poems was published in 1784. JAILLOT, Alexis Hubert, a French sculptor,

JACKSON, William, a musical composer of considerable eminence, and author of several in genious literary productions in prose and verse,!] was born at Exeter, in 1730. His musical pro-and geographer to the king, died in 1780. ductions are too numerous to be here detailed,

JAMBLICUS, the name of two celebrated and too well known to require it. In 1782, he Platonic philosophers, in the 4th century, one published Thirty Letters on various Subjects." of whom was a native of Chalcis, and the other In 1791, he published "Observations on the pre-of Apamea, in Syria.

sent State of Music in London ;" and in 1798, JAMES, St., the Great, son of Zebedee, one of he added another volume to his Letters, under the apostles, was put to death by Herod, A. D. the title of "The Four Ages; with Essays on|| 44. various Subjects." Mr. Jackson was organist of the cathedral at Exeter; and, besides his musical talents, was an excellent painter, chiefly in the landscape way. He died in 1803.

JACOB, son of Isaac and Rebecca, obtained his brother's birthright, and went to Egypt, where he died 1689 B. C., aged 147.

JACOB, Ben Napthali, a famous Jew rabbi, in the 5th century, and inventor (with Ben Aser)

JAMES, St., the Less, brother of Simon and Jude, was also one of the apostles. He was surnamed the Just, and put to death, A. D. 62. JAMES, St. a bishop of Nisibis, distinguish ed for his patriotism and benevolence; he died about 350.

JAMES I., king of Scotland, was taken by the English, imprisoned 18 years, and then liberated. He was assassinated in 1437

JAMES, Dr. Robert, an English physician of great eminence, and particularly distinguished by the preparation of a most excellent fever powder, born in 1703, died in 1776. His princi-thor, died in 1786.

pal writings are, a "Medicinal Dictionary," JEANES, Henry, educated at Oxford, was The Practice of Physic," and "A Dispensa- the author of several works; he died in 1662. tory."

JAMISON, George, a celebrated Scottish painter, usually called the Vandyke of Scotland, born in 1536, died in Edinburgh, in 1644. JAMYN, Amadis, a French poet, who be-in 1772. came secretary to Charles IX., and died in 1585. JANEWAY, James, educated at Oxford, was ejected for non-conformity, and died in 1674. JANICON, Francis Michael, a French writer, born in Paris, was educated in Holland, and died in 1730.

JANSENIUS, Cornelius, a divine, envoy of Philip II. of Spain, to the council of Trent, died in 1576.

JANSEN, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, and principal of the sect called Jansenists, born at Leerdam, in Holland, in 1585, died in 1638. JANSON, or JANSONIUS, James, a native of Amsterdam, and professor of theology, at Louvain; he died in 1625.

JANSON, Abraham, of Antwerp, an excellent painter in the 16th century.

JANSSENS, an eminent Dutch painter, died in 1665.

JANSSENS, Victor Honorius, a painter, of Brussels, died in 1739.

JEFFERY, John, a popular divine, was educated at Cambridge, and died in 1720. JEFFERY, of Monmouth, ap Arthur, bishop of St. Asaph, a famous British historian, who flourished in the time of Henry I.

JEFFREYS, lord George, baron Wem, commonly known by the name of judge Jeffreys, the infamous lord chancellor, under James II., died a prisoner in the Tower, in 1689. He was one of the greatest advisers and promoters of all the oppressive and arbitrary measures of that unhappy tyrannical reign; and his sanguinary and inhuman proceedings will ever render his naine detested.

JEFFREYS, George, a writer, and fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, died in 1755.

JEFFRIES, Sir Herbert, lieutenant governor of the colony of Virginia, and successor to Sir William Berkeley, as chief magistrate, died in 1678.

Realm," ought, however, to form an exception.
He died in 1808, in his 80th year.

JENKS, Benjamin, a pious divine, born in Shropshire, in 1646,died in 1724. His bes known writings are "Prayers and Offices of Devotion for Families," and "Meditations on various important Subjects."

JENKYNS, David, made a Welch judge by Charles I.; he was distinguished for his loyalty, and died in 1650.

JENNENS, Charles, a non-conformist gentleman, of considerable fortune, at Gopsal, in Leicestershire, who compiled the words for some of Handel's oratorios, and began an edition of Shakspeare; but died when he had published "King Lear," "Hamlet," "Othello," Julius Cæsar," and " Macbeth." His death happened in 1773.

JENNINGS, David, D. D., a dissenting minister and author, died in 1762.

JENSON, Nicolas, or Jansonius, an eminent

JEHU, the tenth king of Israel 885 B. C., was] deprived of his kingdom by Hazael, king of Sy-printer and letter-founder, of Venice, died in ria, and died 856 B. C.

JEKYL, Sir Joseph, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was master of the rolls to George 1., and died in 1768.

1481.

JENYNS, Soame, born in London, in 1705, and well known in the literary world, as the author of "The Internal Evidences of the JEKYL, Thomas, D. D., brother to Sir Jo-Christian Religion;" an "Essay on the Origin seph, educated at Cambridge, was an author of || of Evil;" and various poetical pieces. He was various works, between 1674 and 1682. many years M. P. for the town of Cambridge; he was also a commissioner for trade and plantations, and died in 1787.

JELLINGER, Christopher, a German, who obtained a living in England, from which he was ejected for non-conformity, in 1662. JENCKES, Joseph, lieutenant governor and governor of the colony of Rhode Island; he died in 1740.

JENISCHIUS, Paul, a learned native of Antwerp, died in 1647.

JENKIN, Robert, professor of divinity at Cambridge, and author of valuable theological tracts, died in 1727.

JENKIN, William, a puritan, ejected for non-conformity, in 1662.

JEPHSON, Robert, a successful poet, dramatic and miscellaneous writer, was many years master of the horse to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, and died in 1803.

JEPTHAH, a judge of Israel, known in sacred history for his remarkably rash vow. JEREMIAH, second of the great prophets, was born 629 B. C., and died 586 B. C.

JERNINGHAM, Edward, a poetical, miscel laneous, and dramatic writer, born in Norfolk, in 1727. He was descended from an ancient JENKINS, Henry, a native of Yorkshire, re- Roman Catholic family, and was educated at markable for his longevity, being at the time of Douay and Paris; but on his return to England, his death, (1670.) 169 years old. "He remember- he joined in communion with the established ed the battle of Floddenfield, and was exami-church. He died in 1812. ned in court on a circumstance that happened 140 years before. He retained his faculties to the last; but, as he was born before parochial registers were kept, no parish would support him; so that he subsisted by begging.

JENKINS, Sir Leoline, a learned civilian and an able statesman, under Charles II., born in Glamorganshire, in 1623, died in 1685.

JEROBOAM I., king of Israel, son of Solomon, died 954 B. C.

JEROBOAM II., son of Joash, king of Israel 826 B. C., died 784 B. C.

JEROME. See HIERONIMUS.

JEROME, of Prague, so called from the place of his birth, in the capital city of Bohemia, where he is held to be a protestant martyr. He was a disciple of John Huss, and died in the same cause, in 1416.

JENKINSON, Charles, earl of Liverpool, a statesman of profound ability, but extremely unpopular, was the son of colonel Charles Jen- JEROME, of St. Faith, or Joshua Larchi, a kinson, and first introduced himself into life as Spanish Jew of great influence, who became a a political writer, and a critic in The Monthly convert to christianity, and, it is said, 5000 Jews Review. From this source he derived the pat-followed his exampie. He died in the 15th cen⚫ ronage of the late earl of Bute, and all those tury.

honours and rewards to which he afterwards at- JERVAS, Charles, a painter, of Great Britain, tained. He was for many years president of more likely to be immortalized by Mr. Pope's the board of trade. In the year 1782, he suc-friendship and panegyric, than by his own picceeded to the family title of a baronet; in 1786,tures. He was a writer also, and published a he was created lord Hawksbury, and in 1796, || translation of " Don Quixotte" without underearl of Liverpool. He was supposed to be high standing the Spanish language, and died about in the confidence of his majesty; and his tho- 1740. rough knowledge of the commercial interest of his country, and acquaintance with subjects of political economy, have been displayed in nu- JESTYN, ap Gwrgant, prince of Glamorgan, merous tracts; the greater part of which, how-succeeded his uncle as king, in 1043. ever, were written on subjects creating a temporary interest, rather than as illustrative of general principles. From this description of his last valuable work, "On the Coins of the

JESSEY, Henry, a non-conformist minister, ejected in 1662.

JESUA, Levita, a Spanish rabbi, of the 15th century.

JESUS, a Jew, who foretold the calamities of his nation, before the siege of Jerusalem.