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In the measurement of Advertisements, care should be taken measure from rule to rule. REVISED SCALE FOR PRIVATE SALE AND TYPE-WRITING 4d. a line; minimum 3 lines. J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Notes and Queries Office. Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. NOW READY. NOTES AND QUERIES. THE VOLUME JANUARY TO JUNE, 1916. The Index separately, 6d. ; by post, 64d. J. EDWARD FRANCIS, Notes and Queries Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1916. CONTENTS.-No. 36. NOTES:-Shakespeare on Satan as an Angel of Light, 181- QUERIES:-The Colours of the 56th Foot: Loudon Har- on the Flying Powers of Birds, 190-"Stop the Smithfield The use In 'Love's Labour's Lost,' probably the first of the plays wholly written by Shakespeare, we find the allusion in a similarly direct form. Biron says (Act IV. iii. 257): "Devils soonest tempt, resembling spirits of light." made of the passage is much more elaborate in The Merchant of Venice,' and there is combined with St. Paul's simile an allusion to the temptation of Christ in the wilderness, and the quotation then made by the Tempter of a passage in the Psalms. Shylock has just quoted an incident in Scripture to justify usury, and Antonio says (Act I. iii. 98): The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. Mark you this, Bassanio, An evil soul, producing holy witness, Is like a villain with a smiling cheek; A goodly apple rotten at the heart: O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath! Some have suggested the word godly' instead of goodly in this last line, and have supposed the latter repeated by mistake from the preceding line. It certainly would SATAN AS AN be more in accord with the passage in 2 Corinthians. ANGEL OF LIGHT. Notes. SHAKESPEARE ON WITHOUT entering into the question as to whether Shakespeare's knowledge of the Bible was such as that which results from 66 If we now turn to the histories we find fresh illustrations of the attraction which St. Paul's words had for the dramatist. In King John,' Act III. i. 208, Constance says to the Dauphin : There is here the same idea of a tempter and of his ability to assume attractive shapes. It is to be hoped that there are few so ungallant as to assert that " a new uptrimmed bride is not synonymous with an angel of light." careful and prolonged study, or was merely such as a sharp-witted boy might pick up O Louis, stand fast! the devil tempts thee here from hearing it read in church, it is interest-In likeness of a new uptrimmed bride. ing to notice that one passage in 2 Corinthians was never long absent from his mind, and appears over and over again in his plays. It is the picturesque sentence in 2 Cor. xi. 14, in which St. Paul, after speaking of false apostles succeeding in passing themselves off as true, says: And no marvayle, for Satan himselfe is changed into the fashion of an Angel of light." For so ran the passage in the Geneva Version, of which there can be no doubt that the author of the plays made use. 66 In Henry V.,' Act II. ii. 114, the King reproaches Lord Scroop for his treachery hidden under the show of intimate friendship, and says that the Devils that suggest by treasons Do botch and bungle up damnation With patches, colours, and with forms being fetched From glistering semblances of piety. In Richard III.,' Act I. iii. 334, we have again an allusion to the use made by the devil of Holy Scripture in the Temptation in the Wilderness, as well as to the Tempter's assuming the guise of piety. Gloucester says: But then I sigh; and, with a piece of Scripture, O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face! 6 In Hamlet,' Act II. ii. 627, we have St. Paul's words reproduced in a much simpler form. Hamlet resolves to test the truth of the Ghost's message, and to try to catch the conscience of the King" by the play. He says: The spirit that I have seen Our final passage is in Othello,' Act II. iii. 354, and the words are appropriately enough from the lips of Iago, who openly acknowledges that he is acting exactly as St. Paul declares that Satan sometimes does : : How am I, then, a villain It is very interesting to see the mind of the poet playing with this thought and reproducing it in so many different situations. J. WILLCOCK. Lerwick. MARSHALS OF FRANCE. THE last of the French marshals was Canrobert, who died in 1895. The French Government recently revived the rank, and it is expected that there will be at least one new marshal of France at the conclusion of the war. I have been trying to put together a complete list of the marshals of France from the twelfth to the nineteenth century, with the result as given below. My list is probably very incomplete, and may contain many errors. I should be grateful for corrections and additions. The date in front of the name is the year of creation,* the dates after the name those of birth and death. The dignity of "Maréchal de France" was established in 1185, in distinction to that of "Maréchal de camp," and apparently the office was a single one till François I. raised the number of Marshals of France to two. Under Henri III. it was raised to four, and under Louis XIV. to twenty (Ency. Brit.'). 1185. Albéric-Clement, 1140-91. 1390. Boucicaut, Jean le Maingre, sire de, 13651421. 1454. Xaintrailles, Jean Poton, seigneur de, 1400– 1461. 1520. La Palice, Jacques de Chabanes, seigneur de, 1464-1525. Coligny, Gaspard de, -1522. 1522. Montmorency, Anne, duc de, 1493–1567. 1536. La Marck, Robert de, seigneur de Fleuranges, 1491-1537. 1563. 1550. Cossé, Charles de, comte de Brissac, c. 1505– 1569. Tavannes, Gaspard Saulx, seigneur de, 1509-73. 1574. Montluc, Blaise de Lasseran - Massencome, seigneur de, 1501-77. 1574. Bellegarde, Roger de Saint Lary de, 1538– 1579. Montmorency, François, duc de, −1579. 1577. Biron, Armand de Gontaut, baron de, 1524-77 (?). Aumont, Jean d', 1522-95. 1579. Matignon, Jacques Goyon de, 1525-97. 1590. La Noue, François de, 1531-91. 1608. Lesdiguières, François de Bonne duc de, 1619. La Guiche, Jean François de, comte de la 1543-1627. Palice, 1567-1632. La Force, Jacques Nompar du Caumont, duc de, 1558-1652. Schomberg, comte Henri de, -1632. 1639. La Meilleraye, Charles de la Porte, duc de, 1804. Berthier, Alexandre, prince de Wagram, 1602-64. Brézé, Urbain de Maillé, marquis de. 1641. Gramont, Antoine de, 1604-78. 1753-1815. 1804. Bessières, Jean Baptiste, duc d'Istria, 1768-1813. 1804. Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, 1763-1815. 1642. Guébriant, Jean Baptiste Budes, comte de, 1804. Davout, Louis Nicolas, prince d'Eckmuhl, 1602-43. 1675. Luxembourg, François Henri de Montmorency, duc de, 1632-95. Bellefonds, Bernardin Gigault, marquis de. 1693. Boufflers, Louis François, marquis de, 1644-1711. 1693. Noailles, Anne Jules, duc de, 1650-1708. 1693. Catinat, Nicolas de, 1637-1712. 1702. Villars, Claude Louis Hector, duc de, 1653- Tallard, Camille d'Hostun, duc de, 1652- Marsin, Ferdinand, comte de. 1770-1823. 1804. Pérignon, Dominique Catharine, marquis de, 1754-1818. 1804. Sérurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, 17421819. 1809. Macdonald, Alexandre, duc de Tarente,. 1765-1840. 1809. Marmont, Auguste Louis, duc de Raguse, 1809. Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, duc de Reggio,. Vendôme. Louis Joseph, duc de, 1654-1712. Montreval, Nicolas Auguste de la Baume, 1703. Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre, marquis de, 1703. Estrées, Victor Marie, duc d', 1660-1737. 1706. Berwick, Jacques Fitz-James, duc de, 1670-1734. 1709. Montesquiou d'Artagnan, Pierre de, 16451725. Huxelles, Nicolas du Blé, marquis d'. 1724. Broglie, Victor Maurice, comte de, 1647 1727. 1812. Gouvion St. Cyr, Laurent, marquis de, 1764-1830. 1813. Poniatowski, Joseph Antoine, prince, 17621813. 1815. Grouchy, Emmanuel, marquis de, 17661847. 1816. Beurnonville, Pierre Riel, marquis de, 1816. Clarke, Jacques Guillaume, duc de Feltre,. 1734. Noailles, Adrien Maurice, duc de, 1678-1823. Lauriston, Jacques 1766. 1734. Broglie, François Marie, duc de, 1671-1745. 1741. Belle-Isle, Charles Louis August Fouquet, duc de, 1684-1761. 1741. Coigny, François de Franquetot, duc de, 1670-1759. 1742. Richelieu, Louis Armand du Plessis, duc de, 1696-1788. 1830. Bourmont, Louis August Victor, comte de 1744. Saxe, Maurice, comte de, 1696-1750. 1747. Lowendahl, Frédéric Woldemar, comte de, 1831. Gérard, Étienne Maurice, comte, 1773-1855. |