makes the most hideous noises possible. When Speldhurst, Canterbury. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY DENTISTS (12 S. ii. 64).-May I supplement MR. BLEACKLEY's valuable list by the following dentists who attended members of the royal family? I append authority in each case. Mr. Rae was dentist to the households of H.M. George III. and H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. He resided in Hanover Street, and was a member of the Corporation of Surgeons (Surgeons' Lists, 1786). Mr. Thomas Beardmore was Surgeon Dentist to His Majesty. He resided in Raquet Court, Fleet Street (Surgeons' Lists, 1778). Dr. von Butchell was another of the King's dentists. He resided in Mount Street. He seems to have been of the nature of a quack, for he undertook to cure all diseases. After his appointment (which he had applied for) as King's dentist, he had the audacity to declare that he did not care to attend royalty (London Souvenirs,' by C. W. Heckethorn, 1899). S. D. CLIPPINGDALE, M.D. MR. ALECK ABRAHAMS has pointed out to me that I have made no mention of M. Patence," Surgeon and Dentist and Dancing Master," who was a contemporary of Hemet and Ruspini, and he has lent me very kindly an interesting pamphlet, entitled : "A Guide to Health, Beauty, Riches, and Honour. The Second Edition. London. Printed for Hooper & Wigstead. No. 212 High Holborn. 1796," from which I have taken the following advertisements : "MR. PATENCE, Dentist and Dancing-master, No. 8, Bolt Court, Fleet-Street, whose ingenuity in making artificial teeth, and fixing them without the least pain, can be attested by several of the nobility, and hopes to be honoured by the rest of the great may depend his study shall be devoted to the good of every individual. His whole sets, with a fine enamel on, is a proof of his excelling all operators. He charges ten guineas for a whole, five for an upper or under set, and half-a-guinea for a single tooth.-His Rose Powder for preserving the teeth, is worthy to grace and perfume the chamber of a prince.-His medicines for preventing all infections and sore throats have been experienced by several.-As for dancing, he leaves that to the multitude of ladies and gentlemen whom he has taught, and desires to be rewarded no more than his merit deserves, nor no less. Public school-nights, Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings; Tuesday evenings set apart for cotillons only.-N.B. His Rose Dentifrice may be had at Mr. Nesbit's Toy-shop, Bishopsgate St., and at his house, at 28. 6d. the box."-Gazetteer, Dec. 27, 1771. "TO THE NOBILITY, GENTRY AND OTHERS. "PATENCE, Surgeon by Birth, and Dentist, having had ten years' practice, performs every operation on the Teeth, Gums, &c., with superior "October 5. A gentleman who had lost all his teeth, his gums ulcerated and scorbutic, in five days made a perfect cure, fixed him in a whole set of natural teeth, without springs or any fastening. "October 16. A lady whose jaw was fractured by a barber, her teeth loose, her gums ulcerated, attended with a running matter, and an inflammation in her cheeks, with a callous swelling, cured without poulticing or cutting. "October 20. A lady that had lost all her upper teeth by using powders and tinctures that are advertised to cure every thing, her mouth ulcerated and breath nauseous, is now delicately clean, and replaced the teeth with those that never change their colour. 66 Sunday, October 29. Perfectly relieved a person that had lost both palate and speech; when he drank or eat, it came out at his nostrils, and had been in that state three years; he applied to surgeons and several hospitals, who deemed him incurable, and told him one and all, he could have no relief; he now speaks, articulates, eats and drinks with pleasure, which if any one should doubt, he can refer them to the man. These, with upwards of three thousand operations and cures, have been accomplished by your humble servant. "M. PATENCE. "At No. 403, in the Strand, near SouthamptonWhere the teeth, though ever so street, LONDON. foul, are made delicately white in six minutes, and medicines given for their preservation, for half-aguinea, any hour after ten in the morning. Advice gratis, and profound secrecy required. "Envy may snarl, but superior abilities assists the afflicted."-Morn. Post. 1775. Patence, however, scarcely appears to have been in the same class as Hemet and HORACE BLEACKLEY. Ruspini. 66 and Legros's 'Dictionnaire International (1865), and defined " petticoat"; and it appears as petticoat, coat," in Clifton and McLaughlin's Nouveau Dictionnaire' of 1904. The Petit Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise' of 1829 says that cotte is a "Jupe, partie de l'habillement des femmes, plissée par le haut depuis la ceinture jusqu'à terre"; and Littré countenances this so far as to say: Jupe de paysanne, plissée par le haut à la ceinture," adding as a second definition: "Tout espèce de jupe," all of which excited my curiosity as to the manner of garment which the lad in Paris wore when he engaged in the game of galoche. Now that our editor tells us that a cotte is an overall, and SIR WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK sets it down as being a pair of trousers, the mystery thickens. I confess I incline to the editorial opinion, which is in some sort supported by the fact that a short surplice is known by the name of cotta in ecclesiastical wardrobes. ["Trousers" should have been inserted in brackets after "overalls.' The point is that the cotte is not synonymous with pantalon or culotte, but denotes properly a large protective garment. In Louis Bertrand's 'L'Invasion (1907)-a book in which, as it is largely about mechanicians, the word cotte often occurs is a sentence which seems to settle the matter. It is in Part II., chap. viii., describing a man preparing to work at a furnace: Rapidement Emmanuel procéda à sa toilette. Il quitta sa veste, retira sa chemise, et bien que son pantalon fût assez minable, il enfila par-dessus une vieille cotte de cotonnade bleue."1 66 INSCRIPTION AT POLTIMORE CHURCH (12 S. ii. 71). The inscription to which H. B. S. refers is not over one of the doors of Poltimore Church, but over the almshouse door which leads into the churchyard. The local story is to the effect that two of the Bampfylde family died, and, to perpetuate their memory, four rooms were given to be allotted to indigent people. These rooms are called the Almshouses. Of course, with the houses was left a sum of money, the interest of which is distributed among the inmates. Two other rooms have been added, but these have nothing to do with the inscription. The Almshouses were founded by John Bampfylde in 1631, and enlarged, for two additional almspeople, by the executors of Sir R. W. Bampfylde, who in 1775 left, for that purpose, 2001. The original endowment consisted of four and a half acres of land and two cottages at Pinhoe, which were sold in 1872 for 600l., the money being invested in Three per cent Consols by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. I have a photograph of the tablet which I shall be pleased to give to H. B. S. if he will send me his address. W. G. WILLIS WATSON. 229 High Street, Exeter. SCARLET GLOVES AND TRACTARIANS (12 S. ii. 50).—I do not think Mr. Hawker's red gloves, or his wife's either, had any liturgical significance; they symbolized only his aversion from clerical sables, and the penchant for the brightest colours, of which. his son-in-law, Mr. Byles, gives some amazing illustrations, though he makes no reference to gloves. A Roman cardinal wears scarlet gloves as part of his ordinary walking dress. Cardinal to Downside Abbey, emerged from his motor Gasquet, when paying his first official visit at the abbey gates wearing bright red gloves embroidered with gold crosses, which contrasted singularly with his sombre habit as a Benedictine monk. OSWALD HUNTER BLAIR, O.S.B. Fort Augustus. The late Rev. William Haslam, widely known as a mission preacher, gives some account of Hawker of Morwenstow in his book 'From Death into Life.' The fol- these, except perhaps the Circumcision, are lowing passage taken from chap. v. con- Holy Days of very early date, and New tains the answer to the inquiry concerning Year's Day was regarded by the Romans Hawker's reason for wearing crimson (Seneca, Epist. 83) as unlucky to begin work gloves :on. They are generally regarded as of nonJOHN R. MAGRATH. Christian origin. "On the Sunday I was asked to help him in the service, and for this purpose I was arrayed in an alb, plain, which was just like a cassock in white linen. As I walked about in this garb I asked a friend, 'How do you like it?' In an instant I was pounced upon, and grasped sternly on the arm by the Vicar."Like" has nothing to do with it; is it right?' He himself wore over his alb a chasuble, which was amber on one side and green on the other, and was turned to suit the Church seasons; also a pair of crimson-coloured gloves, which, he contended, were the proper sacrificial colour for a priest. JOHN T. KEMP. SARUM BREVIARY: VERSES IN CALENDAR (12 S. ii. 71). The hexameter lines which MR. G. H. PALMER quotes are those which specify for each month the Egyptian or unlucky days which fall therein. I have dealt with them on p. xv of my Liber Obituarius Aulæ Reginæ in Oxonia,' but as the book was printed for the members of this College, the members of the Oxford Historical Society, and a few other friends, was not published, and is perhaps not easy to obtain, I may give here the substance of what I have given there. Queen's College, Oxford. 6 SYMBOLS ATTACHED TO SIGNATURES (12 S. ii. 50). Under the heading Witnessing by Signs,' this subject was discussed at 9 S. xi. 109, 175, 237, 294, 418. An interesting article containing valuable In Folkestone and its Neighbourhood,' published by English, there are some Gleanings from the Municipal Records,' and a facsimile of a page of the Records with Jurats' signatures. At p. 265 it is stated that "these marks, our readers should know, consisted not of the simple cross in use nowadays by people who are ignorant of the art of writing, but every individual seems to have had some peculiar hiero glyphic known to himself and his friends as his sign manual. Some are like Oxford frames, others are double and treble crosses, others like a pair of scissors open, &c." Sandgate. R. J. FYNMORE. FARMERS' CANDLEMAS RIME (12 S. ii. 29, 77).-Candlemas Day is one which lore decrees shall rule the future weather conditions to a very considerable extent. I have not been able to discover the remaining line to the verse quoted by MARGARET LAVINGTON, but I have found a variant in : On Candlemas Day You must have half your straw Another says: Candlemas Day! Candlemas Day! : The days have been the subject of discussion in N. & Q.' lately. They were generally unlucky to be bled on, or to drink on, or to eat goose on, or to strike either man or beast on, or to begin any work on. The lines state besides special persons or things for which they were individually unlucky. Each line gives two unlucky days in its own month. The former is to be counted from the beginning, the latter from the end of the month. The lines are not the same in all Kalendars. Those given by MR. PALMER are much the most frequently met with. An alternative set is given by Wordsworth (Oxford Kalendars, O.H.S. xlv., pp. 198 foll.) from a Kalendar of the University of Paris, and this is also to be found in the works of Bede. I have found no account of why these particular days were chosen. They do not include the dies Alliensis" (July 16), the great unlucky day of the Romans. They do include the Circumcision (Jan. 1), the Conversion of St. Paul (Jan. 25), the Invention of the Cross (May 3), St. Aldhelm (May 25), the Translation of St. Richard (June 16), a cloudy and rainy Candlemas Day means St. Mary Magdalene (July 22), St. Peter ad that winter is gone. This is not only Vincula (Aug. 1), SS. Felix and Adauctus English, but French, German, and Spanish (Aug. 30), St. Matthew (Sept. 21). None of ❘ lore. meaning we are midway through winter, and ought to have half our fuel and hay in stock. A French proverb says: On the eve of Candlemas Day Winter gets stronger or passes away. 66 66 It is exceedingly unlucky to experience a fine Candlemas Day, for corn and fruits will then be dear," seeing there'll be twa winters in the year," and there is sure to be more ice after the festival of the Purification than there was before it. On the contrary, 66 taking the contrary view. The controversy waxed hot, and ended by Campbell saying: Capt. Boyd, do you say I am wrong? To which the latter replied: "I do; I know I am right according to the King's order.' They fought with pistols the same night in a small room only about seven paces across at the widest point, no one but themselves being present, and Boyd was mortally wounded in the stomach. Campbell fled, and resided for some time in Chelsea, but condemned to death, and, despite the most eventually surrendered, was tried for murder, strenuous efforts to obtain a reprieve, was executed at Armagh on Aug. 24, 1808. WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK. An account of this duel is given in Mackay's Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Dewelllusions,' vol. ii. p. 295, published 227 Strand, You may saddle your horse and buy some hay: THOS. RATCLIFFE. THOMAS HOLCROFT AND THE BIOGRAPHY OF NAPOLEON (12 S. ii. 24). In the 'D.N.B.' there is a list of thirty-seven works by this author, but Napoleon's biography is not among them. I have not seen the " translation" by Joh. Adam Bergk, but, judging by the information given by your correspondent, it is quite possible that the German scribbler has embodied some notes or remarks about Napoleon made by Thomas Holcroft in his Travels to Paris' (1804), and then dished up the whole farrago as a translation of a book written by that author, with notes and additions by himself. L. L. K. 1852: "A dispute arose, in the month of June, 1807, between Major Campbell and Captain Boyd, officers of the 21st Regiment, in Ireland....... "His unfortunate wife went upon her knees before the Prince of Wales, to move him to use his influence with the King in favour of her unhappy husband. Everything a fond wife and a courageous woman could do she tried, to gain the royal clemency. "The law was allowed to take its course, and the victim of a false spirit of honour died the death of a felon." Major Campbell was brought to trial in August, 1808, at Armagh; the jury returned a verdict of wilful murder against him, but recommended him to mercy on the ground that the duel had been a fair one. R. J. FYNMORE. I possess the following tract, which gives a good account of the case :— The Trial of Major Campbell for the Murder of Captain Boyd in a Duel, on the 23rd of June, 1807; With the Evidence in Full. The Charge of the Judge, and Details of Major Campbell's Last Moments. Execution, etc., etc. London. Printed by H. D. Symonds, Paternoster Row; and to be by B. McMillan, Bow Street, Covent Garden. Sold had of all Booksellers. 1808. MAJOR CAMPBELL'S DUEL (12 S. ii. 70).The Campbell-Boyd duel is a historical case, particulars of which are given in Duelling Days in the Army,' by William Douglas; also in Notes on Duels and Duelling,' by Lorenzo Sabine; and a report of the trial and execution of Major Campbell at Armagh will be found in vol. i. of The Chronicles of Crime,' by Camden Pelham, published by Reeves & Turner in 1886. The circum-Trials' (1825), vi. 32; Chronicles of Crime,' For further particulars see Celebrated stances, stated briefly, were as follows: Camden Pelham (1887), i. 452; Gent. Mag., Alexander Campbell was a major and lxxviii. pt. ii. 855; Morning Post, Aug. 31, Alexander Boyd a captain in the 21st Regiment of line (Scots Fusiliers). On June 23, 1807, the regiment had been inspected at Newry by General Ker, then in command of the Athlone district, who appears to have intimated to Major Campbell that he had given the wrong word of command on parade. That night at mess Campbell maintained he had given the right word, Boyd, however, 1808. Major Alexander Campbell was hanged at S. A. GRUNDY-NEWMAN. works out her theory of Shakespeare's debt to Munday; but while her inferences are largely beyond proof, it may be said in her defence that an accumulation of instances of correspondence and resemblance, even though no one of them is without mistake, may leave on the reader's mind au impression truer to reality than does a cautious or empty conjecture of the generalized sort. The case created an immense sensation at the time. The judge was Wm. Fletcher, whose "charge to the Grand Jury of Wex-pretation of Shakespeare's own work. Dr. Spens ford," some four years afterwards, came like a bombshell into the Ascendancy camp, and ran through many editions. EDITOR IRISH BOOK LOVER.' DENMARK COURT (12 S. ii. 50).-Mr. Matthias Levy, the author of 'The Western Synagogue,' 1897, on p. 7 gives a reproduction from Wallis's and Horwood's Plans of London, 1799,' which shows that Denmark Court was situate between Southampton and Burleigh Streets, and facing Beaufort Buildings. ISRAEL SOLOMONS. Notes on Books. An Essay on Shakespeare's Relation to Tradition. By Janet Spens. (Oxford, Blackwell, 2s. 6d.) THIS is a brilliant attempt-taken as a whole, a successful attempt-at reinterpretation of an old theme. The work of recent investigation into classical antiquity, the new breath which has caused the dry bones of Greek and Latin poetry to live again, and has thereby withdrawn our attention from their philological trappings, is influencing and vivifying allied studies, and it is natural that many principles should be directly applied to English literature, when they have once gained acceptance as explaining classical literature. a Dr. Spens begins well by setting the long-cherished notion of "originality" in its right place, and by very suggestive hint as to the place of tradition in the constitution of poetry. In this with a different set of terms, and working from a different angle-she urges the same sort of argument as we may find in Shaftesbury. Her essay on Shakespeare's comedy is a discussion falling under the three heads of previous comedy, the influence of Munday, and the use of the folk-play by Shakespeare. The most important of these sections is the second, a scholarly and well-argued exposition of a new view of the background against which Shakespeare lives for us. Exception may, we think, be taken to the minuteness of detail into which Dr. Spens In the second division of the book-on Shakespeare's tragedy-Dr. Spens has rather let a good saying that it is a good idea-that the sense of a idea run away with her. Let us be emphatic in tragic hero as one under a curse is well developed. by connecting him with the kindred idea underlying the conception and custom of the scapegoat, and that the belief in his possession of magical power is a which the individual heroes we know have sprung. real constituent in the complex notion of him from But though this throws light on Shakespeare's sources, it will, we think, prove an ignis fatuus if followed without careful correction in the interdistinctive Christian theory and Christian fable does not allow nearly enough for the centuries of which intervene between the Greek tragic hero and him of Elizabeth's day. Shakespeare may or may not have entertained the Christian faith: he belonged to a time and race steeped in it, whose every conception was in some manner or other apart from any view of Shakespeare's religion-to coloured by it. It would not be difficult-quite work out a scheme of thought as Christian in its implication as her scheme here of which "honcur " is the centre-is pagan, and show that as the frame and essential substance of Elizabethan drama. On the katharsis Dr. Spens is brilliantly suggestive, and makes her points; on the Greek drama in general she writes rather rashly, as if we possessed more than a fragment of it. It is said that Sophocles, for instance, wrote 130plays of these we have 7 and some fragments. It is not safe, then, to dogmatize freely about what was the central idea in the tragedy of Sophocles, even if we find we can bring the plays we possess within the four corners of a likely plan.. this book, though the more attractive, and showing On the whole, we think, the latter division of of poetry, will not wear as well as the former.. a wide and sympathetic knowledge of a great range It belongs to the wave of speculation which first conspicuously showed its head in The Golden Bough,' and when, in due time, that topples overwill mostly be carried down with it. Meanwhile, however, we gladly acknowledge both that it bears a considerable amount of high probability and useful suggestiveness, and that, in this com paratively fresh field, to offer matter for correction is in itself to render service. WE found the new Fortnightly very good. Most of the papers are first-rate, and it is some time since we have seen a review of which the interest is so various and wide-ranging. Let us begin with the caterpillars. We mean no disrespect either to the drama or to aviation, either to The Hopelessness of Germany's Position' or to Lady Warwick's opinions upon Hodge in Petticoats,' when we venture to assert that The Processionaries furnish the pages by which to us the August number will first, though by no means solely, be memorable. But then they are described by the pen of Fabre, inimitable at such |