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accused of felony, within the limits of the jurisdiction, which is one mile in every direction from the suburbs of the university; he is also empowered to hold a leet, according to the established charter and custom, and is permitted to have a deputy

The vice-chancellor's office is explained by his title; but he acts as a magistrate for the university and county, and must be the head of some college. The regents elect two proctors, who are officers of the peace, and superintend the behaviour and discipline of all the pupils, and may search for and commit to prison those abandoned females who contribute to corrupt the morals of the students at the university. Exclusive of these purposes, the proctors are appointed to attend the congregations of the senate, when they stand in scrutiny with the chancellor or vicechancellor, to take the open suffrages, verbally and written, which they read, and finally pronounce the assent or dissent: the graces are read by them in the regent house, where they take the assents and dissents secretly, but afterwards openly declare them. Although there are some particular parts of the duties of these offieers which may be considered very unpleasant, yet they must be masters of arts, and are regents by virtue of their office, and are enabled to determine the seniority of all masters of arts at the time of their taking that degree; besides which, they may nominate two moderators, who are then appointed by a grace of the senate. Those persons act as the substitutes of the proctors in the philosophical schools, and alternately superintend disputations and exercises there, and the examinations for the degree of bachelor of

arts.

Other officers are termed taxors, scrutators, & public orator, a commissary, a registar, esquire bedells, and librarians. The taxors, similar to the moderators, are masters of arts and regents by virtue of their office, which is to regulate the markets, the assize of bread, the exactness of weights and measures, by the different standards, and to summon all offenders into the commissary's court: the scrutators are non-regents, and their functions are to attend at every congregation. to read the graces in the lower house, where they collect the votes secretly or openly, in scrutiny, when they publicly pronounce the assent or dissent of that house.

The public orator holds an office which is considered as one of the most honourable in the university; he is, in fact, the medium of the senate upon all solemn occasions, reading and recording all communications to and from the senate, and presenting all honorary degrees, accompanied by a suitable speech. The commissary holds his office under the chancellor, and officiates as assessor, or assistant, in the vice-chancellor's court; besides which, he holds a court of record, where all causes are subject to the statute and civil law and custom of the university, and the persons for whom it is held are all privileged, and scholars under the degree of master of arts. The registrar attends himself, or by deputy, all congregations, to give directions, if necessary, for the correct wording of such graces as are propounded, and to draw up any that the vice-chancellor may appoint; to receive them when passed through both houses, and to registrar them in the archives of the university; exclusive of which, his office requires him to record the seniority of those who proceed annually in the arts or facul

ties, agreeably to the schedules furnished to hím by the proctors.

The esquire bedells attend the vice-chancellor during all public solemnities, preceding him with their insignia of silver maces: they attend, besides, the doctors when present in the regent house, by bringing them to open scrutiny, there to deliver their suffrages, either by word or writing, according to the order of the statute; and to receive from the vice-chancellor and the rest of the caput the graces, which they deliver to the scrutators in the lower house; when, if granted, they convey them to the proctors in the other. Previous to a meeting, they proceed to every college, with an open summons, either to the senate, or whatever else place may be appointed under the regulations of the university; and, finally, they attend the professors and respondents in each faculty from their several colleges to the schools, collect penalties and fines, and summon all members of the senate to the chancellor's court.

We have now mentioned the different officers of an university in England, with as much brevity as the nature of the subject will permit; at the same time we must observe, that' none can be more important in a state, or can more deserve explanation. There are two courts of law in the university of Cambridge: the first of which is the consistory court of the chancellor, where that officer, or in his absence the vice-chancellor, assisted by some of the heads of colleges, and one or more doctors of the civil law, preside, and administer justice demanded by any member of the university, or afford it to those who conceive themselves injured by them in the cases cognizable by this particular court; there all pleas and actions personal, originating within the jurisdiction of the university, to which a privileged per son is a party, and not relating to mayhem or felony, is decided according to the usual course of civil law, by citation, libel, &c. When the cause relates to the sale or purchase of victuals, the chancellor is directed by the charters and customs of the body he governs; and in case they are silent upon the subject, the statutes of England are his guide. The decisions of this court are not absolute, as an appeal may be made to the senate, which appoints three or five doctors, or masters of art, who are empowered to examine, confirm, or reverse the decree complained of.

The other court is the consistory court of the commissary. The commissary, a doctor of the civil law, acts under the authority and seal of the chancellor, and sits as well in the university, as at Midsummer and Stirbitch fairs, there to take knowledge, and to proceed in all causes " ad instantiam et promotionem partis ut supra," the parties, or one of them, being privileged: saving that within the university all causes or suits whereunto the proctors, or taxors, or any of them, or a master of arts, or any other of superior degree, is a party, are reserved solely and wholly to the jurisdiction of the chancellor or vice-chancellor. The manner of proceeding in this court is similar to that of the preceding, which has a registrar, procurators, and advocates, and a yeoman be. dell, as is required in the consistory court. Appeals are also allowed, but in this case it must be made in the first instance to the higher court, and may from thence be removed to the senate, and the three or five delegates appointed by that body.

The university possesses the right of sending two members to the imperial parliament of the united kingdom, who are chosen by the collective body of the senate. A council, termed the university council, appointed for various purposes, is composed by a grace of the senate, and a soli citor is nominated by the vice-chancellor.

The syndics, chosen from the members of the senate, conduct all special affairs, such as framing laws, regulating fees, and inspecting the library, the printing, buildings, &c. &c. Those of the university press cannot proceed to business unless the vice-chancellor and four others are present in the parlour of the office. All the professors of the sciences are allowed stipends, which are derived from various sources, composed of the university chest, sums from government, or from estates appropriated for that purpose: the whole income of the university being about eleven thousand pounds per annum, including fees for degrees, profits of the printing-office, &c. Of this sum eight thousand pounds is expended annually to officers, professors in the library and schools, the press, in taxes, and charitable donations, the whole under the management of the vice-chancellor for the time being, whose accounts are audited by three persons appointed yearly by the senate.

The Book of Statutes was printed in the year 1785, copies of which are possessed by the vicechancellor and the proctors, and one is deposited in the public and in the libraries of each college; it consists of the ancient statutes, those of Henry VIII., Edward VI., and those of the first and twelfth years of the reign of queen Elizabeth; “Literæ Regiæ ad Academiam datæ ; Interpretationes Statutorum; Senatus Consulta sive gratiæ decreta profectorum; Juramenta et Formule" Mr. Raworth says, "the statutes of the twelfth of Elizabeth, and the Senatus Consulta, are those which are chiefly respected at this time. Many of the old statutes, decrees, interpretations, &c. are looked upon as obsolete, some as ridiculous, and others unnecessary in the present establishment; yet what Dr. Bentley observed of Trinity college statutes, during his disagreement with the fellows of that society, might be urged concerning these: Some are my club, and others my rusty sword, which I can draw upon occasion.'" The terms are three in number: Michaelmas term commences on the tenth of October, and terminates the sixteenth day of December; Lent term begins January thirteen, and is concluded on the Friday immediately preceding Palm Sun day; Midsummer term begins one week after Easter day, and ends on the Friday following commencement day, which is invariably the first Tuesday in July. Upon the decease of a member of the senate during the term, and within the university, application is made to the vice-chan cellor, and the bell of the university is tolled for one hour, term instantly ceases for three days, and for that period lectures and disputations cease.

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Most of the statutes made for the government of the sixteen different colleges dictate that the members or fellows of them shall be exclusively Englishmen, and some even prescribe that they must be natives of particular counties and districts; hence an invidious distinction is created between the residents of the northern and south ern parts of this island, which, though united for a long time past in political matters, are most

completely separated in the pursuit of knowledge, and it is too much to be feared that this circumstance is the real cause of the affected contempt of the degrees and academic honours granted by seminaries of learning in Scotland and Ireland. It is singular that the individuals who founded the colleges at Cambridge aud Oxford should have concurred in this narrow and illiberal conduct almost universally, as they each had a strong sense of religion, which, however, does not appear to have taught them the best principle of it, brotherly love. As a few of the colleges admit of general competition for fellowships, and the members of the two universities seem sensible of the injustice and impolicy of such distinctions, we may venture to hope some method will be devised ere long to obviate or remove them. The following regulation applies to all the colleges at Cambridge. "Whosoever hath one English parent, although he be born in another country, shall be esteemed as if born in that county to which his English parent belonged. But if both parents are English, he shall be reckoned of that county to which his father belonged."

The colleges are thus constituted: The head, by which odd term the master is designated, who is generally a doctor of divinity; but Caius college may be governed by a doctor of physic, and Trinity must have a doctor of laws; the principal of King's is styled provost, and of Queen's president. The fellows are generally bachelors of divinity, bachelors or masters of arts, and others are bachelors and doctors of law and physic, particularly at the two colleges of Trinityhall and Caius. There is a distinction between the fellows, who are divided into classes, called regular and bye; the latter are considered as merely honorary, never succeeding to college preferment, nor having any concern whatever in the affairs of it, but are allowed an inconsiderable sum annually by their respective colleges, which act as trustees for them. They are denominated Perse Wortley, Yorkshire, Coventry, Platt, Dixie, and Tiverton. Clergymen who are termed conduits are employed in the several institutions as chaplains, and perform some of the duties belonging to that office.

There are noblemen graduates, doctors in the different faculties, and bachelors of divinity (who have been masters of arts), whose names are on the boards, and are all members of the senate; they reside in the university occasionally, but have no further claim upon a college than the general respect due to their rank in the honours of the former; their charges are inconsiderable for keeping their names on the boards, being about four pounds per annum.

Graduates, neither members of the senate, nor in statu pupillari, are bachelors of divinity, and denominated four-and-twenty men, or ten-year men. These are generally clergymen that procure the dignities of the university in addition to their wealth and preferment at an easy rate, without the formalities of an education within its jurisdiction. Oxford does not permit this method of partaking of academic titles, and indeed the possessors of them enjoy but little reputation derived from such at Cambridge. They are tolerated by the statute of Elizabeth, which allows persons who are admitted at any college, when twenty-four years of age, and upwards, after ten years (during the last two of which they

must reside the greater part of three several terms) to become bachelors of divinity, without taking any prior degree.

Bachelors of law and physic sometimes put themselves to the unnecessary expense of keeping their names upon the boards till they obtain the distinction of doctors; bachelors of arts, on the contrary, who are in statu pupillari, and pay for tutorage, whether resident or non-resident, generally keep their names on the boards to evince their desire of becoming candidates for fellowships, or members of the senate; they may, how ever, erase their names, and save the expenses of tutorage and college detrimenta, and take the degree of A M. after the usual time, by inscribing their names a few days before their incepting, and paying a quarter's tutorage; some of these are called bachelors commoners, as they are allowed to dine with the fellows, and when under graduates they were fellow commoners.

The fellow commoners are almost universally the younger sons of titled persons, or the sons of men of ancient families and property; the denomination of those most probably originated from the privilege they enjoy of dining with the fellows. There are some few exclusive rights at tached to the rank of fellow commoners, but they chiefly apply to the usages of the hall and chapel, besides which their academic habits are ornamented with gold or silver. Pensioners and scholars pay for their rooms, commons, &c. Those who enjoy scholarships read the graces, lessons in the ritual, &c. Of the sizars it has been observed, they are generally men of inferior fortune, though frequently by their merit they succeed to the highest honours in the university. They usually have their commons free, and receive various emoluments, by which means they are enabled creditably to proceed through their course of education. Most of our church dignitaries have been of this order.

Such is the general outline of an English university, a constitution the work of ages, with numerous perfections, and with very few errors; our confined limits will not permit us to enlarge as we could wish upon the forms adopted in the arduous undertaking of teaching the sciences and a taste for polite literature united, but we may safely say they seem such as are best calculated for the final purpose and to excite emulation, and we are supported in this assertion by the fact that no other universities have excelled those of England and Great Britain, in the aggregate, in the production of excellent philosophers and respectable divines. Superficial knowledge is held in no kind of estimation at either of our great seminaries, the very essence and causes, as well as effects, must be explored to satisfy the expect ations of the various professors, formed by long experience and unexhausted assiduity; a young man must therefore study vigorously, and without relaxation, for two years and one quarter, ere he ventures to appear in a public exercise before the university. The first year is occupied by lectures from Euclid, with the first six books of which he must be thoroughly acquainted, and the principles of algebra, plane trigonometry, and conic sections. Different colleges have their peculiar systems, but mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, fluxions, and a part of Newton's Principia, with the method of increments, differential method, and similar miscellanea, are the pursuits of the second year; to the third belongs astro,

my, the Principia already mentioned, spherical trigonometry, the most difficult and important parts of fluxions, algebra, and geometry: his last term, or the first term of the fourth year, requires all the energies of his mind; he is now more deeply engaged in the arduous confict of the schools with all his rivals, and preparing himself for the senate-house examination.

Having completed this course of natural philosophy, we shall next turn our attention to the mode adopted in the second head of academical studies, or the course of moral philosophy in the attainment of this branch. The first year is devoted to Locke and logic, and the two following to Paley, Hartley, Burlamagni, Rutherford, Clarke on the Attributes, and other authors whose writings are of a similar tendency, and those are made the subjects of various orders of lectures in the different colleges; lectures on the chronology, geography, laws, religious rites and customs of the nations which are mentioned in the Old and New Testaments, in some degree derived from Beausobre, but partly from other sources, are also given to promote an accurate knowledge of the foundation of our faith. Unfortunately, although these methods of promoting the studies of the pupils were wisely conceived, and are generally executed with great ability and advantage, there have been instances of neglect and very slight attendance.

The third head includes the belles lettres, or classics, and this of all the variety of pursuit seems the most successful in each of the colleges, as every term has an appropriate selection of the best for the lecture-room, when extracts from the most approved authors of antiquity, judiciously commented on, and compared with similar passages from modern writers, forms a source of entertainment highly grateful as well as useful. Besides the exertions of the tutor in this particular, the students deliver either written, or viva voce, compositions in their respective chapels weekly, which may be in the Latin or English languages. The author of the little but valuable work before mentioned, very properly observes, that emulation of an honourable kind is excited by prizes and rewards in most of the colleges, and this emulation is not of the dangerous nature too often perceptible in inferior seminaries, as the first man in each year feels his inferiority to those a few years older than himself, and the pre-eminence over his own year in his own college, may receive a most violent check in the collision with the rival heads of his own standing in fifteen other colleges.

The emperor Napoleon issued a decree in March, 1808, by which a new imperial university was constituted for the whole of his French dominions. This curious document may be seen in the Athenæum, vol. iii. p. 459.

UNIVOCAL. a. (univocus, Lat.) 1. Having one meaning (Watts). 2. Certain; regular; pursuing always one tenour (Brown).

UNIVOCALLY. ad. 1. In one term; in one sense (Hall). 2. In one tenour (Ray). UNJOYOUS. a. Not gay; not cheerful. UNJUST. a. (injuste, Fr. injustus, Lat.) Iniquitous; contrary to equity; contrary to justice (King Charles).

UNJUSTIFIABLE. a. Not to be defend ed; not to be justified (Addison).

UNJUSTIFIABLENESS. s. The quality of not being justifiable (Clarendon). UNJUSTIFIABLY. ad. In a manner not to be defended.

UNJUSTLY, ad. In a manner contrary to right (Denham).

To UNKENNEL. v. a. 1. To drive from his hole (Dryden). 2. To rouse from his secrecy or retreat (Shakspeare).

UNKENT. a. (un and ken, to know.) Unknown obsolete (Spenser).

UNKEPT. a. 1. Not kept; not retained. 2. Unobserved; unobeyed (Hooker).

UNKIND. a. Not favourable; not benevolent.

UNKINDLY. a. 1. Unnatural; contrary to nature (Spenser). 2. Malignant; unfavourable (Millon).

UNKINDLY. ad. 1. Without kindness, or affection (Denham). 2. Contrarily to nature (Milton).

UNKINDNESS. s. Malignity; ill-will; want of affection (Clarendon).

To U'NKING. v. a. To deprive of royalty (Shakspeare).

UNKLE. s. (See UNCLE.) The brother of one's father or mother (Dryden).

UNKNIGHTLY. a. Unbecoming a

knight.

To UNKNIT. v. a. 1. To unweave; to separate (Shakspeare). 2. To open (Shakspeare).

TUNKNOW. v. a. To cease to know

(Smith).

UNKNOWABLE. a. Not to be known

(Watts).

UNKNOWING. 4. 1. Ignorant; not knowing (Decay of Piety). 2. Not practised; not qualified (Pope).

UNKNOWINGLY.ad. Ignorantly; without knowledge (Addison).

UNKNOWN. a. 1. Not known (Roscommon). 2. Greater than is imagined (Bacon). 3. Not having cohabitation (Shakspeare). 4. Not having communication (Addison).

UNLA BOURED. a. 1. Not produced by labour (Dryden). 2. Not cultivated by labour (Blackmore). 3. Spontaneous; voluntary.

To UNLA'CE. v. a. 1. To loose any thing fastened with strings. 2. To loose a woman's dress (Donne). 3. To divest of ornaments (Shakspeare).

To UNLADE. v. a. 1. To remove from the ressel which carries. 2. To exonerate that which carries (Dryden). 3. To put out. Used of a vessel (Acts).

UNLA'ID. a. 1. Not placed; not fixed (Hooker). 2. Not pacified; not stilled (Milton).

"UNLAMENTED.a. Not deplored (Cla

rendon).

To UNLATCH. v. a. To open by lifting up the latch (Dryden). UNLAWFUL. a. Contrary to law; not permitted by the law (South).

UNLAWFULLY. ud. 1. In a manner contrary to law or right. 2. Illegitimately; not by marriage (Addison).

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speare).

UNLETTERED. a. Unlearned; untaught. UNLEVELLED. a. Not laid even. UNLIBIDINOUS. a. Not lustful; pure from carnality (Milton).

UNLICENSED. a. Having no regular permission (Milton).

UNLICKED. a. Shapeless; not formed: from the opinion that the bear licks her young to shape (Shakspeare).

UNLIGHTED. a. Not kindled; not set on fire (Prior).

UNLIKE. a. 1. Dissimilar; having no resemblance (Pope). 2. Improbable; unlikely; not likely (Bacon).

UNLIKELIHOOD. UNLIKELINESS. S. (from unlikely.) Improbability (South).

UNLIKELY.a. 1. Improbable; not such as can be reasonably expected (Sidney). 2. Not promising any particular event (Swift). UNLIKELY. ad Improbably (Pope). UNLIKENESS. s. Dissimilitude; want of resemblance (Dryden).

UNLIMITABLE. a. Admitting no

bounds.

UNLIMITED. a. 1. Having no bounds, or limits (Tillotson). 2. Undefined; not bounded by proper exceptions (Hooker). 3. Unconfined; not restrained (Rogers).

UNLIMITEDLY. ad. Boundlessly; without bounds (Decay of Piety).

UNLI'NEAL. a. Not coming in the order of succession (Shakspeare).

To UNLINK. v. a. To untwist; to open (Shakspeare).

UNLIQUIFIED. a. Unmelted; undissolved (Addison).

To UNLOAD. v. a. 1. To disburden; to exonerate; to free from load (Creech). 2. To put off any thing burdensome (Shakspeare).

To UNLOCK. v. a. 1. To open what is shut with a lock (Shakspeare). 2. To open in

general (Milton).

UNLOOKED. UNLOO'KED for. a. Unexpected; not foreseen (Shakspeare).

To UNLOO'SE. v. a. To loose. A word perhaps barbarous and ungrammatical, the particle prefixed implying negation; so that to unloose, is properly to bind (Shakspeare).

To UNLOO'SE. v. n. To fall in pieces; to lose all union and connexion (Collier).

UNLO'SABLE. a. Not to be lost (Boyle). UNLO VELINESS. s. Unamiableness; inability to create love (Sidney).

UNLOVELY. a. That cannot excite love. UNLOVING.a. Unkind; not fond (Shak

speare).

UNLUCKILY, ad. Unfortunately; by ill luck (Addison).

UNLUCKY. a. 1. Unfortunate; producing unhappiness (Boyle). 2. Unhappy; miser. able; subject to frequent misfortunes (Spenser). 3. Slightly mischievous; mischievously waggish (Tusser). 4. Ill-omened; inauspicious (Dryden).

UNLUSTROUS. a. Wanting splendour; wanting lustre (Shakspeare).

To UNLUTE. v. a. To separate vessels closed with chymical cement (Boyle).

UNMA'DE. a. 1. Not yet formed; not created (Spenser). 2. Deprived of form or qualities (Woodward). 3. Omitted to be made (Blackmore).

-UNMA'IMED. a. Not deprived of any essential part (Pope). UNMA'KABLE. a. made (Grew).

Not possible to be

To UNMA KE. v. a. To deprive of former qualities before possessed; to deprive of form or being (Dryden).

To UNMAN. v. a. 1. To deprive of the constituent qualities of a human being, as reason (South). 2. To emasculate. 3. To break into irresolution; to deject (Dryden).

UNMA'NAGEABLE. a. 1. Not manageable; not easily governed (Glanville). 2. Not easily wielded."

UNMA'NAGED. a. 1. Not broken by horsemanship (Taylor). 2. Not tutored; not educated (Felton).

UNMA'NLIKE. UNMA'NLY. «. 1. Unbecoming a human being (Collier). 2. Unsuitable to a man; effeminate (Addison). UNMA'NNERED. a. Rude; brutal; uncivil (Ben Jonson). UNMA'NNERLINESS. s. Breach of civility; ill behaviour (Locke). UNMA'NNERLY. a. Ill-bred; not civil; not complaisant (Swift).

UNMA'NNERLY. ad. Uncivilly (Shak

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UNMATCHED. a. Matchless; having no match, or equal (Dryden).

UNMEANING. a. Expressing no meaning; having no meaning (Pope).

UNMEANT. a. Not intended (Dryden). UNMEASURABLE. a. Boundless; unbounded (Shakspeare).

UNMEASURED. a. 1. Immense; infinite (Blackmore). 2. Not measured; plentiful beyond measure (Milton). UNMEDITATED. a. Not formed by previous thought (Milton). UNMEET. a. Not fit; not proper; not worthy (Shakspeare).

UNME'LLOWED. a. Not fully ripened (Shakspeare).

UNMENTIONED. u. Not told; not named (Clarendon),

UNMERCHANTABLE. a. Unsaleable; not vendible (Carew).

UNME'RCIFUL. a. 1. Cruel; severe; inclement (Rogers). 2. Unconscionable; exorbitant (Pope).

UNMERCIFULLY.ad. Without mercy; without tenderness (Addison).

UNMERCIFULNESS. s. Inclemency; cruelty; want of tenderness (Taylor).

UNMERITED. a. Not deserved; not obtained otherwise than by favour (Milton). UNMEʼRITEDNESS. s. State of being undeserved (Boyle).

UNMINDED, a. Not heeded; not regarded (Milton).

UNMINDFUL. a. Not heedful; not regardful; negligent; inattentive (Swift).

To UNMINGLE. v. a. To separate things mixed (Bacon).

UNMINGLED. a. Pure; not vitiated by any thing mingled (Pope).

UNMIRY. a. Not fouled with dirt (Gay).
UNMITIGATED. a. Not softened (Shak-

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(Boyle).

BOMOLESTED. a. Free from disturbance; free from external trouble (Rogers). To UNMOOR. y. a. To loose from land by taking up the anchors (Pope). UNMORALIZED. a. Untutored by morality (Norris) UNMORTIFIED. a. Not subdued by sorrow and severities (Rogers). UNMOVEABLE. a. Such as cannot be removed or altered (Locke).

UNMOVED... 1. Not put out of one place into another (May. Locke). 2. Not changed in resolution (Milton). 3. Not affected; not touched with any passion (Pope). 4. Unaltered by passion (Dryden). UNMOVING. u. 1. Having no motion (Cheyne). 9. Having no power to raise the passions; unaffecting.

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