little straw houses, forming a line or square, and of having nothing of our own, but all the general stock ;" and he then shews the various advantages attending this community of goods in the beginning of the Gospel church there, in respect to economy,-education of children,-example,—and industry, for he suggests that 100 or 200 biggahs of land should be cultivated by them.

As the translation of the Bible into Bengali was now nearly completed, Mr. Carey urged the society at home to send out materials for printing it. "As it is corrected by a learned native," he says, "the style and syntax cannot be very bad."

The description of Mr. Carey by a brother missionary, at this period, is not overdrawn: "His amazing knowledge of the languages and customs; his assiduity in translating the Scriptures; his diligence in preaching; his patience under trials, and his perseverance, though without apparent success, are admirable: he seems every way fitted to lay the foundation of future good in this country."

In the beginning of 1797, they made a missionary visit to Bootan, in Tibet, where they were well-received. He seems to have entertained some thoughts of settling there. Misfortunes had attended the indigo-factory at which he was employed; it failed, and his allowance from thence, by his benevolent friend Mr. Udney, ceased at the end of this year. Mr. Carey, in consequence, removed to Kidderpore, where he commenced the business for himself, and erected buildings, in expectation of other missionaries coming out, one of whom was Mr. Ward.

They arrived, four in number, at the close of 1799, and, not being permitted to settle in the British territory, they resorted to the little Danish settlement of Serampore, about fourteen miles from Calcutta, on the western bank of the Hooghley; the governor (Colonel Bie), who had been the friend and pupil of Swartz, received them kindly, and never deserted them. Mr. Eustace Carey thinks proper to be severe, and to introduce reflections which might better have been spared, on "the harsh and jealous policy of the Company," in forbidding the settlement of the missionaries in their own territories; that is, in scrupulously abstaining from an act which would at once have committed them with their Hindu subjects on the tender point of their religion, which they were bound, both by law and policy, not to interfere with.

Mr. Carey joined the new missionaries (including Mr. Ward and Mr. Marshman) at Serampore, relinquishing the Kidderpore concern at a heavy loss. They purchased a large house, with two acres of land, for Rs. 6,000; and they stated to the Society at home, that this alone would almost exhaust their funds. They had, besides, to provide Rs. 13,000 for other expenses, including the printing of the Bible, in addition to their support, which would cost £750 a-year: they call, therefore, for "a pretty large and immediate assistance," and they advise the sending all the funds of the society, £5,000, to India, the interest of which would support them.

Thus was laid the foundation of the Serampore institution, which has

grown into unlooked-for importance under the prudent management of the missionaries, no less than by their learning, and the services which their philological labours have rendered to the cultivation of Oriental literature.

In 1800, the College of Fort William was founded, and a flattering mark of the esteem entertained for Mr. Carey, by the ruling authorities, was evinced in his appointment as the professor of Bengali. At this time, too, other fruits of his labours began to appear. Writing to his sisters, in November 1801, he says he had lived to see the Bible translated into Bengali, and two of his sons (Felix and William) converted, to baptize five Hindus, and to behold the temporal concerns of the mission flourishing.

His acquisition of languages went on increasing; he began to translate from the Sanscrit, and one of the first books was the Ramayana, and he prepared a Mahratta grammar and dictionary. The College and the Asiatic Society allowed the missionaries Rs. 300 a-month, to assist them in translating and printing Sanscrit classics. In 1804, Mr. Carey delivered, as moderator at the public disputation at the college, a public speech in Bengali and another in Sanscrit (the first ever delivered by an European), before the Governor-general. In 1807, the Sanscrit and Mahratta languages were added to his professorship, and his salary was increased to Rs. 1,000 per month. This accession to their funds was increased by bequests: Mr. Wm. Grant, on his death, in 1807, left Rs. 20,000 to the mission, and Rs. 10,000 to assist the translations.

In December 1807, Mrs. Carey died, and in June 1808, he married Miss Charlotte Emilia Rumohr, daughter of the Countess of Alfeldt, and of a noble family in the Duchy of Sleswick.

In 1817, an unfortunate dispute took place between the Serampore missionaries and the Baptist Society, into the details of which it is not agreeable to enter, which terminated in the dissolution of a connexion that had subsisted for upwards of twenty years. It is necessary, however, to state, that Dr. Carey decidedly dissented from the course pursued by the rest of the missionaries; in other words, adhered to the society. In 1821, he lost his second wife; and in 1823 he took a third.

In the same year, he fell in landing from his boat, and a fever being the consequence, he suffered an illness from which he never thoroughly recovered. His literary labours were, however, not remitted. In July 1833, he felt so great a change that he concluded death was approaching; and though he rallied a little towards the end of the year, was able to sit on his couch and read a proof sheet of the Scriptures, he died on the 9th June, 1834.

A "Notice" of Dr. Carey, by his son Jonathan; Remarks on his Character and Labours as an Oriental Scholar and Translator, by Professor Wilson; and "A Summary View of Dr. Carey's Character, with Reflections," by his present biographer, complete Dr. Carey's history.

As a philologist, his laborious works rendered him a highly serviceable pioneer, at a time when there were few aids to the acquisition of the Oriental tongues. With respect to the Bengali, Mr. Wilson states no more than the natives themselves allow, that "Dr.Carey may claim the merit of having raised

from the condition of a rude and unsettled dialect, to the character of a regular and permanent form of speech, possessing something of a literature, and capable, from its intimate relation to the Sanscrit, of becoming a refined and comprehensive vehicle for the diffusion of sound knowledge and religious He observes, also, that Dr. Carey spoke Sanscrit with fluency and correctness, and possessed at least six different dialects. Mr. Wilson sums up his character in these words: "Dr. Carey was a man of no ordinary powers of mind; he was endowed with prompt and acute apprehension, and capable of vigorous and enduring application; his tastes were varied and his attainments vast; and he perseveringly and zealously devoted all his faculties and acquirements, to the intellectual and spiritual improvement of his fellow-creatures in the East."

Of his religious character, it is unnecessary to say more than that he appears to have been a sincere and pious Christian. Though belonging to a sect not remarkable for liberality of sentiment or a spirit of enlarged toleration, he appears to have evinced none of that narrow bigotry and pharasaical humility, which a small and peculiar class of religionists are apt to cherish towards others. The language which he employs, when treating of religious topics, is the exaggerated style of his sect, and requires to be translated into that of "truth and soberness." The reflections contained in his Journal on his own unworthiness, &c., have sometimes a morbid cast; and, on one passage, his friend Dr. Ryland has written, "low-spiritedness and wild humility."

THE MONSOONS.

Sir. J. Herschel, in a paper read before the South-African Literary and Scientific Institution, at the Cape of Good Hope, states a curious meteorological fact, that the mean annual barometrical fluctuation, at Calcutta, appears to be much greater than at the Cape, and in a contrary direction, the maximum of Calcutta corresponding to the minimum of the Cape; and this he attributes to an actual bodily transfer of a portion of air from hemisphere to hemisphere, by the alternate heating and cooling of the two hemispheres, as the sun crosses from side to side of the Equator. The effect of this cause (which he considers to be general over the whole earth), he supposes will be to modify the regular and constant effect of the trade-winds, by a set of periodical winds, differing materially in character from local monsoons; and to this cause he also attributes the observed annual oscillation of the North and South limits of the trade-winds.

Asiat.Jour.N.S.VOL.21.No.84.

20

THE LATE CAFFRE WAR.*

THE papers laid before Parliament during the past session, relative to the Caffre war and to the death of the chief Hintza, have an important relation to the policy which has been, and that which should be, pursued in our South African settlements in particular, and in all our colonies where the settlers come in contact with the aboriginal natives. We have watched for years past, with anxious feelings, the silent operation of the exterminating principle, and it is, therefore, a great relief to us to find that, within the last year or two, the attention of the Legislature has been awakened to this subject, and that even the executive government has at length interposed.

The papers, like most official documents of this kind, are, generally speaking, wordy and tedious. Our despatch-drawers, both at home and abroad, have not yet learned to despise the affectation of fine writing, and to express what they have to say in a clear and succinct style. There would be a great economy of time, labour, and money, if, in diplomatic writing, more efforts were made at condensation of thought and language.

In a despatch from the Governor of the Cape (Sir B. D'Urban) to Mr. Secretary Spring Rice, dated Graham's Town, 27th February 1835, it is stated that the Caffre chiefs Pato, Congo, and Kamer (brothers, occupying the country between the Beeka and Lower Keishkamma), who had given strong proofs of their adherence to the colony, had placed the second brother, Congo, in the Governor's hands, as a hostage for their future fidelity. Matua and Tenta, two brothers of the chiefs Tyalie and Macomo (the principals of the league against the colony), had also come in. Colonel Somerset had cleared the districts of Zuurberg and Oliphant's Hock of Caffres, and driven them over the Great Fish River; but a very considerable force of Enno's, Bothman's, and Dushanie's tribes, had lodged in the strong and impervious country between that river and the Keishkamma, in order, probably, to enter the colony, when the force advanced which it was intended to lead into Caffreland. It was, therefore, necessary to expel them from these fastnesses, and drive them across the Keishkamma, and a force was placed under Colonel Smith, which effected that object; the loss of the Caffres, in killed and wounded, being very great, that of the British thirteen killed and twelve wounded. This loss is considered by the Governor as small, compared with the difficulties of the enterprize, and the determination of the Caffres, "who are no longer the sort of enemy they were in 1819, either in the nature of their arms, or in their military skill and arrangement: they have now muskets among them, and their movements are all directed with no ordinary military combination." Sir Benjamin further states, that he was then proceeding with the organization of a force, at an immense expenditure," to advance into Caffreland, the object of which expedition is declared in the despatch of Lieut. Colonel Smith: "the day of just, although awful retribution, I trust is at hand, when those murderous, relentless, and remorseless savages will be taught the power of the British nation and the determination of your Excellency to avenge the murders, incendiarisms, and robberies of the peaceful inhabitants of this once fertile, happy, and most flourishing district, now rendered a desolate and miserable waste."

* Return to an Address of the House of Commons (on the Motion of Mr. Buxton), dated the 8th March 1836, for Copies or Extracts which have been received from, or addressed to, the Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, relative to the late Caffre War, and to the Death of Hintza; also Copies of the Instructions given to the Lieut. Governor of the Frontier Districts.

In his despatch of March 19th, the Governor states that the tribes in open hostility to the colony, and who had joined in the invasion and ravaging of it, were those of Tyalie, Macomo, Bothman, Dushanie, Umkala, T'slambie, and some minor ones; and that Hintza, the most powerful and paramount chief of Caffreland (whose territory extended from the mouth of the Kye to its sources in the Stromberg mountains, and between it, eastward, and the Bashee), had been playing a double game, professing pacific sentiments, whilst his hemraaden (council) were decidedly hostile, and the plundered cattle was received into his country. Sir Benjamin says that, in his communications with this chief, the latter was desirous to hold off, and await the result of the first movements of the British in advance; "in this," he adds, "he may perhaps go farther than may be for his advantage; because, if he holds back from giving his essential assistance to the other tribes in the outset, he will weaken them, and when they are disposed of, will be left by himself to meet the ulterior proceedings upon our part, which, if we shall find it expedient to adopt them, I have little doubt we shall have discovered ample cause upon his, to justify our adoption." The amount of the force assembled on the eastern frontier, along the Keishkamma, Chumie, and Klip-plaatz, for the advance into Caffreland, was 3,154 men, whereof 1,515 were regulars, mostly infantry; the rest mounted burghers. Governor D'Urban took the command, with Colonel Smith as his second.

The despatch from the Governor to the Earl of Aberdeen, dated the 19th June, announces the success of the expedition, and refers to the official notices in the Government Guzette, as containing "an accurate statement of all his recent operations, with their circumstances and results;" to which he adds some passing observations. His Excellency remarks that he had, previously to his setting out, ascertained, beyond all doubt, that Hintza, if not the original contriver and instigator of the combination amongst the chiefs of the savage tribes in western Caffreland against the colony, had afforded them countenance and advice, and that the border tribes relied upon his support. This rendered it, he adds, at once just and necessary that his operations should embrace the country of Hintza at their concluding stage, and dictated the general outline of the plan, which was as follows: after providing for the defensive line and posts, the expedition was to consist of a central force and two strong flanking corps; its base of departure to be the Keishkamma and Chumie rivers; its object, to advance eastward, beyond the Great Kye River, and to conclude in the country of Hintza.

On the 26th March, Colonel Smith passed the Keishkamma, with a detachment; and after a march of thirty miles, attacked one of the enemy's settlements on the Umdesima, the Caffres being collected on the Amatola hills in considerable numbers. The colonel drove them from their strong ground, taking 1,200 head of cattle, and destroyed the settlement.

On the 30th and 31st, the whole invading force entered Caffreland, in four divisions; the first (with the head-quarters) moved on the Deba, under the southern base of the Tabin-doda; the second along the left bank of the Keishkamma, joining the first division on the Deba; the third, to the Block Drift Ford of the Chumie; and the fourth, moving from the Klip-plaatz river by the Bontebock Flats, was directed upon the northern side of the Keishkamma and Buffalo mountains. The hostile tribes had thrown themselves into the mountain chain, from the Chumie eastwards, including the Amatola, the Tabindoda, and their dependencies, and extending to and connecting with the Buffalo mountains, above the sources of the Keishkamma and Buffalo, and