REMARKS.

1. A noun in apposition is frequently connected with the noun or pronoun to which it is annexed by the conjunction as; as, "My father intended to devote me as the tithe of his sons."

2. A noun sometimes stands in apposition with a verb in the infinitive or a clause; as, "To travel comfortably, a very necessary thing in my case, was impossible."

3. A verb in the infinitive or a clause is sometimes put in apposition with a noun preceding it; as, "My motion, that the whole subject should be laid upon the table, prevailed."

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4. When two nouns denoting the same object come together in the possessive, the sign is omitted after the first; as, John the Baptist's head."

5. A noun in apposition is sometimes used without the possessive sign, to limit a noun or pronoun in the possessive case; as, "His office as judge must be responsible."

6. A pronominal adjective used as a pronoun may be put in apposition in the singular number with a plural noun or pronoun; as, "They dislike each other." "They play with one

another."

7. A name consisting of several parts (as, George Washington) or a name with a title prefixed to it (as, Judge Wild, Dr. E. Smith) should be taken as a whole in parsing, and called a complex proper noun.

RULE II.-SUBJECT-NOMINATIVE.

The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case; as, "I rejoice."

RULE III.-SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE.

The infinitive mode sometimes has a subject in the objective case; as, "I know him to be a man of

veracity."

The infinitive with its subject is sometimes introduced by for; as, "For him to die was gain." In such expressions, the infinitive and the words connected with it, form the subject of the verb. For him to die is the subject of was.

RULE IV.SUBSTANTIVE IN THE PREDICATE.

A noun or pronoun in the predicate after an intransitive verb, and the passive of certain transitive verbs, is in the same case as the subject, when both words refer to the same person or thing; as, "He has become a poet."

REMARKS.

1. This rule applies chiefly to nouns in the predicate after the intransitive verbs to be, to become, and after such transitive verbs in the passive voice as signify to name, to render, to make, to esteem, to choose, to appoint, and the like.

2. A noun standing after a participle of any of the abovementioned verbs, is in the same case as the noun or pronoun that the participle modifies, when both words refer to the same person or thing. When, however, the participle is preceded by a noun or pronoun in the possessive, a noun following may be put in the nominative; as, “He is angry with me on account of my being a friend to his enemy."—Friend is in the nominative, though my precedes the participle in the possessive.

3. A noun may be used absolutely in the nominative after the infinitives to be, to become, &c., and also after their participles, when together they form a substantive clause; as, "To be a learned man is no easy attainment."

4. A verb in the infinitive or a substantive clause is sometimes used as the predicate-nominative; as, "To steal is to break the law."

RULE V.-VERB AND SUBJECT.

A verb agrees with its subject-nominative in person and number; as, "I am." "He walks."

REMARKS.

1. A substantive clause or a verb in the infinitive may be used as the subject of a verb; as," That falsehood is met with more frequently than truth, cannot be denied."

2. The verbs need and dare, when intransitive, are sometimes

used in the plural form with a singular nominative; as, need [instead of needs] not go."

"She

3. As regards, as concerns, as respects, as appears, as follows. -In these common expressions, as is an adverb; regards, concerns, respects, appears, and follows, are impersonal verbs, the pronoun it being understood before them.

4. Methinks (imperfect, methought) may be parsed as an anomalous impersonal verb.

5. The verb that agrees with the nominative case is sometimes omitted: as, "To whom the monarch;" replied is omitted.

RULE VI.SINGULAR SUBJECTS TAKEN TOGETHER.

Two or more subject-nominatives, singular, connected by and, expressed or understood, generally require a plural verb; as, "Charles, Thomas, and George, are brothers."

REMARKS.

1. If the singular subject-nominatives thus connected are severally preceded by each, every, no, or not, the verb must be in the singular; as, "Every officer and every soldier claims a superiority."

2. Singular subjects connected by and also, as well as, and other expressions that serve to distinguish them emphatically, take a verb in the singular; as, 'Ambition, and also the safety of the state, was concerned."

3. When singular subject-nominatives connected by and refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular; as, "The wife and mother [meaning one person] kneels in prayer."

4. If two subject-nominatives connected by and not, and also, or as well as, are of different numbers, the verb agrees with the former; as, "Diligent industry, and not mean savings, produces honorable competence."

5. If subject-nominatives connected by and are of different persons, the verb prefers the second person to the third, and the first to both the second and third; as, "Thou [2d person], James [3d person], and I [1st person], are attached [1st person] to our country."

RULE VII.- -SINGULAR SUBJECTS TAKEN SEPARATELY.

Two or more subject-nominatives, singular, connected by or or nor, require a singular verb; as, "Ambition or pride controls him."

If one of the subject-nominatives thus connected is plural and the rest are singular, the plural nominative should be placed next to the verb, and the verb should agree with it in the plural; as, "Neither poverty nor riches were injurious to him."

RULE VIII. -COLLECTIVE NOUNS.

A collective noun used as a subject-nominative takes a verb in the singular or plural, according as the noun denotes unity or plurality; as, "The class was large." "My people do not consider."

When this or that precedes the noun, the verb must be singular; as, "This people has spoken."

RULE IX.-POSSESSIVE CASE.

A noun or pronoun which limits the meaning of a noun denoting a different person or thing, is put in the possessive; as, “Noah's ark.”

REMARKS.

1. The limited noun is often omitted when it can be easily supplied; as, "We dined at Garrick's [that is, Garrick's house]."

2. A noun or pronoun which precedes and limits a participle, or a clause containing one, is put in the possessive; as, “I insist upon these rules' being enforced."

RULE X.-OBJECT.

The object of a transitive verb or a preposition is put in the objective case; as, "The sun, imparting warmth to the ground, renders it fertile."

REMARKS.

1. This rule applies to an objective case after an intransitive

verb used transitively; as, "Look danger in the face, and it will "Let him die the death."

flee from you."

2. Prepositions governing the objective case are frequently omitted; as, "He sat near [to] me." "Buy [for] me a knife.” "It is a work worthy [of] his great genius."

RULE XI. OBJECTIVE OF TIME, &C.

Nouns that denote time, quantity, measure, distance, value, or direction, are often put in the objective case without a preposition; as, "He is ten years old." "The rule is a foot in length." "They went home."

RULE XII.-TWO OBJECTIVES.

The verbs ask, teach, call, allow, make, constitute, cost, charge, and some others, frequently govern two nouns in the objective; as, "He asked me a question." "God called the firmament Heaven."

Most of the verbs which govern two objectives in the active voice, retain one of them in the passive, and the other becomes the subject; as,

Active. He asked me a question.

Passive. A question was asked me.

RULE XIII.-SUBSTANTIVE AND PARTICIPLE.

A noun or pronoun modified by a participle and not dependent for its case on any other word is put in the nominative absolute; as, "The oration having been delivered, the assembly was dismissed."

REMARKS.

1. The noun or pronoun in such clauses is sometimes omitted; as, "Generally speaking [that is, we speaking generally], vice is wedded to misery."

2. The participle is sometimes omitted; as, "The war over [that is, being over], Francis disbanded his army."