small-leafed highly-flavoured green tea. In Lord Amherst's and Kwang's cups there was a thin perforated silver plate, to keep the leaves down, and let the infusion pass through. The cups used by the mandarins of rank, in form, resemble coffee-cups, and are placed in a wooden or metal saucer, shaped like the Chinese boats."

From Mr. Ellis's Journal we also transcribe the following passage, descriptive of a plantation, and of the Chinese method of irrigation :-"Our walk led us through a valley, where we saw for the first time, the tea-plant. It is a beautiful shrub, resembling a myrtle, with a yellow flower extremely fragrant. The plantations were not here of any extent, and were either surrounded by small fields of other cultivation, or placed in detached spots; we also saw the ginger in small patches, covered with a framework to protect it from the birds. Irrigation is conducted by a chain-pump, worked by the hand, capable, I think, of being employed in England with advantage. An axle, with cogs, is fixed at each end of the trough, over which the flat boards pass; at the end of the uppermost axle crossbars are attached, serving as a wheel; to these again handles are fixed, which the man works, using each hand alternately. The labour is light, and the quantity of water raised considerable. The view from the top of the mountain repaid the labour of ascent. The scene was in the true mountain style, rock above rock in endless and sublime variety. This wildness was beautifully contrasted by the cultivation of the valleys, speckled with white cottages and farmhouses. We had been observed from the low grounds by the peasants, and on our descent were received by a crowd, who followed us with shouts, that might, had it not been for their subsequent civility in offering us tea, have been mistaken for insolence; as it was, they certainly were merely the rude expressions of astonishment."

In Japan, where tea is also a beverage common to most classes of persons, they reduce it to a fine powder, which they place before the company, in a box forming part of the tea-equipage. The cups

being filled with warm water, the powdered tea is taken from the box, on the point of a knife, and thrown into the cups, which are then handed to the company.

It remains only to give a short account of the introduction of tea into England, and of the progress of a trade, which to use the words of Mr. M'Culloch, is, considering its late rise, and present magnitude, the most extraordinary phenomenon in the history of commerce. The Dutch are said to have brought tea to Europe early in the seventeenth century, but there is no trace of its being known in this country until after 1650; in 1660 it is coupled with coffee, chocolate and sherbet, in an act imposing a duty of eight pence a gallon on all quantities of these liquors sold in coffee-houses. That it was, however, in no very extensive demand, even among people of fashion, and as a foreign luxury, may be conjectured from a memorandum of Pepys, who says in his Diary, "25th September, 1661, I sent for a cup of tea, a China drink, of which I had never drunk before."

Three years after, two pounds two ounces of it were considered a present which it was not unworthy the king (Charles the Second) to receive from

some on their account to England, limiting the order, however, to one hundred pounds of the best that could be got. The price of some brought from Holland about this time by the earls of Arlington and Ossory, distinguished noblemen of the court of Charles the Second, is said to have been 60s. a pound.

The tea-trade of England did not make much progress during the early part of the eighteenth century, for the importation between the years 1700 and 1710, amounted to less than 800,000 pounds. It was still a scarce luxury, confined to the wealthy: it was made in small pots of the most costly china, holding not more than half a pint, and drunk out of cups whose capacity scarcely exceeded that of a large tablespoon. It is probably to this period, or somewhat later, that we may refer the anecdote, if true, of the country lady, who, receiving as a present a small quantity of tea, in total ignorance of its real use, looked upon it as some outlandish vegetable, boiled it until she thought it was tender, and then throwing away the water, endeavoured to eat the leaves.

In the century between 1710 and 1810, the teas imported into England, amounted to upwards of 750 millions of pounds, of which more than 630 millions were sold for home consumption; between 1810 and 1828, the total importation exceeded 427 millions of pounds, being on an average between twenty-three and twenty-four inillions a year; and in 1831, the quantity imported, was 26,043,223 pounds.

the East India Company, and in 1667 that company From an original drawing of an old Hottentot herds

for the first time, gave an order to their agents to send

wan-taken from life.

Vol. III-10

Mild, melancholy, and sedate, he stands,
Tending another's flocks upon the fields,

His father's once, where now the white man builds
His home, and issues forth his proud commands.
His dark eye flashes not; his listless hands
Lean on the shepherd's staff; no more he wields
The Libyan bow-but to th' oppressor yields
Submissively his freedom and his lands.
He has no courage?-once he had-but, lo!
Hard servitude hath worn him to the bone.
No enterprise?-alas! the brand, the blow,
Have humbled him to dust-e'en hope is gone.
"He's a base-hearted hound-not worth his food"-
His master cries-" he has no GRATITUDE!"

When the Dutch began to colonize the southern angle of the African continent, about the middle of the seventeenth century, they entered the country as friends, and easily obtained from the natives, for a few trinkets and flasks of brandy, as much territory as was required for their infant settlement. The native inhabitants, afterwards known by the name of HOTTENTOTS, are described by the best authorities as being at that period a comparatively numerous people. They were divided into many tribes or classes, under the patriarchal rule of their respective chiefs or elders; and as they did not, like the Caffers, cultivate grain or esculents, their only steady occupation was the care of their flocks and herds. Enjoying a serene and temperate climate, little clothing or shelter was sufficient for their wants. A mantle formed of sheepskins sewed together with threads of sinew, and rendered soft and pliable by friction, sufficed for a garment by day and a blanket by night. A hut, framed of a few boughs or poles covered with rushmats, and adapted to be conveyed like a tent on the backs of their pack oxen, was a sufficient protection from the weather. A bow and poisoned arrows, and the light spear or javelin, now known by the name of assagai, were their only arms, and were used alike for war or the chase. They were then (as their descendants continue to be) bold and ardent huntsmen; for, with the formidable beasts of prey which inhabit the country, they had to maintain an incessant warfare in defence of their flocks, and in contending for the dominion of the desert. They had also their quarrels and wars with each other; but these appear to have been generally conducted with as moderate a degree of bloodshed and ferocity as is to be found among any people in a similar state of society. Yet, though of a mild and somewhat inert disposition, they were by no means deficient in courage. They defeated and slew Almeida, the first viceroy of the Portuguese in India, in an obstinate engagement at the Salt river, near the spot where Cape Town now stands; and in Dr. Phillip's valuable "Researches in South Africa," will be found recorded, upon the authority of their Dutch invaders, the acts of bravery and heroick devotion exhibited by individuals of this race scarcely to be surpassed in the history of any other people.

For a considerable period the intercourse between

"The name," says Mr. Barrow, "that has been given to this people is a fabrication. Hottentot is a word that has no place or meaning in their language; and they take to themselves the name under the idea of its being a Dutch word. Whence it has its derivation, or by whom it was first given, I have not been able to trace. When the country was first discovered, and when they were spread over the southern angle of Africa, as an independent people, each horde had its particular name; but that by which the collective body as a nation was distinguished, and which at this moment they bear among themselves in every part of the country, is Quaique."-Barrow's Travels in South ern Africa, vol. i. p. 100.

the European settlers and the natives continued on an amicable footing. The territorial occupation of the country was not at first the object of the Dutch East India Company, under whose control the settlement was placed; and there was neither mineral wealth nor extraordinary fertility of soil to tempt the forcible appropriation of native labour in a way similar to what occurred in the West Indies, Mexico, and Peru. At length, however, the Dutch settlers discovered that though the country furnished neither gold nor silver, nor any of the much-prized tropical products, it was well adapted for the culture of corn and wine, and for the rearing of flocks and herds, almost without limit. Emigrants accordingly began to flock to South Africa; and the "white man's stride," with or without the nominal acquiescence of the natives, was gradually extended. After the lapse of a century and a half, the European intruders had acquired possession of nearly the whole of the extensive region now embraced by the colonial boundary, including the entire country inhabited by the Hottentot race, with the exception of the arid deserts which afford a refuge to the wandering Namacqua and Bushman hordes, and which are too steril and desolate to excite the cupidity of any class of civilized men.

But it was not the soil of their country merely of which the Hottentots were deprived in the course of these encroachments. In losing the property of the soil, they also gradually lost the privilege of occupying even the least valuable tracts of it for pasturing their flocks and herds-their only means of subsistence. People without land could have no occasion for cattle-no means of supporting them. Their flocks and herds, accordingly, also passed by degrees into the possession of the colonists. Nothing then remained of which to plunder them save the property of their own persons; and of that, the most sacred and unalienable of all property, they were also at length virtually deprived. The laws enacted by the Dutch Home Government, it is true, did not permit the Hottentots to be publickly sold, from owner to owner, as negro slaves and other farm stock were sold (and are still sold) in the same colony: but by the colonial laws and usages they were actually deprived of a right to their own labour, and reduced to a condition of degrading, grinding, and hopeless bondage, in some respects even more intolerable than colonial slavery of the ordinary description.

Le Vaillant has given a very lively, and upon the whole, a just and accurate description of the Hottentots in their wild or semi-nomadick state. Mr. Barrow has described, in a less ambitious style, but with equal force and accuracy, their character and condition as he found them at a somewhat later period (1797) after they had been as a people generally subdued under the colonial yoke; and he exposes, with a warmth which does honour to his feelings, the iniquitous and inhuman conduct of their European oppressors. To enable the reader properly to understand the situation of this people at the present time, we must give a brief view of them

The usual mode of measuring out a new farm, during the Dutch occupation, was for the Veld-wagt-Meester of the district to stride, or pace the ground; and half an hour's stride in each direction from the centre, or one hour's walk across the Veld (country) was the regulated extent of the farms.-See Barrow, vol. i. p. 29.

when Mr. Barrow was Auditor-general of publick accounts at the Cape in 1798-and this we cannot do in any other form so well as in that writer's own words.

After mentioning the comparative happiness and more numerous population of the Hottentots in their independent state, which in the eastern part of the colony existed so late as about twenty years before the period of his travels, Mr. B. thus proceeds: "Some of these villages might have been expected to remain in this remote and not very populous part of the colony. Not one, however, was to be found. There is not, in fact, in the whole extensive district of Graaff-Reynet, a single horde of independent Hottentots; and perhaps not a score of individuals who are not actually in the service of the Dutch. These weak people, the most helpless, and in their present condition perhaps the most wretched, of the human race, duped out of their possessions, their country, and their liberty, have entailed upon their miserable offspring a state of existence to which that of slavery might bear the comparison of happiness. It is a condition, however, not likely to continue to a very remote posterity. Their numbers of late years have been rapidly on the decline. It has generally been observed that wherever Europeans have colonized, the less civilized nations have always dwindled away, and at length totally disappeared." After specifying some other causes which he imagines may have contributed to the depopulation of the Hottentots, Mr. Barrow proceeds :

in the appearance of a Hottentot, but many amiable and good qualities have been obscured by the ridiculous and false accounts with which the world has been abused. They are a mild, quiet, and timid people; perfectly harmless, honest, and faithful; and though extremely phlegmatick, they are nevertheless kind and affectionate to each other, and by no means incapable of strong attachments. A Hottentot will at any time share his last morsel with his companions. They seldom quarrel among themselves or make use of provoking language. They are by no means deficient in talent, but they possess little ambition to call it into action.

The

"The person of a Hottentot while young is by no means devoid of symmetry. They are clean-limbed, well-proportioned, and erect. Their hands, their feet, and all their joints are remarkably small. Their cheek-bones are high and prominent, and with the narrow-pointed chin form nearly a triangle. nose is in some remarkably flat, in others considerably raised. The colour of the eye is a deep chestnut; and the eyelids at the extremity next the nose, instead of forming an angle, as in Europeans, are rounded into each other exactly like those of the Chinese, to whom indeed in many other points they bear a physical resemblance that is sufficiently striking. Their teeth are beautifully white. The colour of the skin is that of a yellowish brown, or a faded leaf, but very different from the sickly hue of a person in the jaundice, which it has been described to resemble many indeed are nearly as white as Europeans. Some of the women, when young, are so well formed that they might serve as models of perfection in the human figure. Every joint and limb is rounded "There is scarcely an instance of cruelty said to and well-turned, and their whole body is without have been committed against the slaves in the West an angle or disproportionate protuberance. Their Indian islands, that could not find a parallel from hands and feet are small and delicately turned; and the Dutch farmers of the remote districts of the col- their gait is not deficient in easy and graceful moveony towards the Hottentots in their service. Beat-ments. Their charms, however, are very fleeting." ing and cutting with thongs of the hide of the sea- He then describes their ugliness generally, at a cow (hippopotamus) or rhinoceros are only gentle punishments, though this sort of whip, which they call sjamboc, is a most horrid instrument, being tough, pliant, and heavy almost as lead. Firing small shot into the legs and thighs of a Hottentot, is a punishment not unknown to some of the monsters who inhabit the neighbourhood of Camtoos river.

"To these may be added their extreme poverty, scantiness of food, and continual dejection of mind, arising from the cruel treatment they receive.

"By a resolution of the old government, as unjust as it was inhuman, a peasant (colonist) was allowed to claim as his property, till the age of five and twenty, all the children of the Hottentots in his service to whom he had given in their infancy a morsel of meat. At the expiration of this period the odds are ten to one that the slave is not emancipated. But should he be fortunate enough to escape at the end of this period, the best part of his life has been spent in a profitless servitude, and he is turned adrift without any thing he can call his own, except the sheepskin on his back." Again, speaking of "those Hottentots living with the farmers of GraaffReynet in a state of bondage," Mr. Barrow adds, "it is rare to observe the muscles of his face relaxed into a smile. A depressed melancholy and deep gloom constantly overspread his countenance.

"Low as they are sunk," he continues, "in the scale of humanity, their character seems to have been generally much traduced and misrepresented. It is true there are not many prepossessing features

more advanced age.

Such, with the omission of some details, is the description of the Hottentots given by Mr. Barrow in his very instructive and able work on South Africa. To this accuracy in almost every point the writer of this notice can bear witness; and his object in introducing it here is partly with a view to counteract the exaggerated notions that still generally prevail respecting the physical deformity and moral debasement of this long-oppressed and calumniated race of men; and partly to enable the reader fully to appreciate the wretchedness of the condition from which they have been at length raised by the tardy justice of the British government. Four years and a half ago, namely, in July 1828, the Hottentot Helots of the Cape, 30,000 in number, were emancipated from their long and grievous thraldom, and admitted by law to all the rights and privileges, civil and political, of the white colonists.

Eng. Mag.

WRITE WRITTEN RIGHT.-[A Twistification.]
Write we know is written right,
When we see it written write;
But when we see it written right,
We know it is not written wright:
For write, to have it written right,
Must not be written right or wright,
Nor yet should it be written rite;
But write, for so 'tis written right.

AMERICAN LYCEUM.

(Continued from p. 36.)

Quantum est in rebus inane!-PERS. SAT. At the conclusion of our first notice of this institution, we started the inquiry, What equivalent has it rendered for its discouragement of the American Associate Society, or how has it fulfilled the expectations of the country?

a National Institution, where the learned and effi

tions, and presents nothing important or instructive, we have deemed it not worth publishing, especially in its present sadly unfinished plight; regretting at the same time that we are compelled thus to deal with the communications of the Corresponding Secretary of the great National Institu

tion of America.

For the edification of the publick, and especially those readers who desire to know what the real or

On recurring to the history of its operations, we pretended objects of this Lyceum are, however, we were mortified to find, that, although we should be extract from the Secretary's letter the following disposed to extend to it the most charitable credit, novel and important announcement: “ "The Ameriand are always happy to yield the fullest encourage- can Lyceum, though it has not been able to accomment to the Mæcenases that there may be many plish half the good it aims at, is yet not so inert as Maros, the proceedings of this association have the Editor of the Family Magazine supposes. It been as puerile and feeble, as its pretensions are has undertaken active operations of various kinds, empty and unjust. Established with the avowed for the promotion of useful knowledge: being foundpurpose of supplying the great desideratum, namely, ed on the principle [mark this] that all class in improvement [!], and by simple means ['']. a country like ours, are capable of much constitution limits the operations of *1 the diffusion of useful knowledge an tion of education, principally in comr. while an amendment provides for the formation of several departments, by which persons interested in other branches, including the useful as well as fine arts, may be encouraged to communicate their views, in a popular form, for the benefit of persons who may wish to learn something of them." [!!]

ely of

course

erty of

cient men of the nation might convene, to consult together upon the interests of our national literature and education, did not the country legitimately expect either some projects for our national improvement, or at least some certain and definite results of general use and importance, that should be alike worthy of its high-sounding title and honourable to the nation? Is it possible that the learned men of England, France, and Germany, emulous as they are in the walks of science, can have looked upon such an institution rising up in the country of a Franklin, Thus it is perceived we have the length and and not have expected something of importance from breadth, the height and depth of the (North and it? Have not the friends of education for a long South) American Lyceum. Here we are officially time anticipated a new and important era in our his- informed from a source that assumes to be entitled tory, as the result of such an establishment? And to credit, that "all classes are capable of much has not the American Lyceum assumed to be such mental improvement by simple means;" comprean institution, and flattered itself that it is satisfying the United States as well as Europe in this particular? If it is, as we believe it to be, impossible to deny that it has assumed this rank and responsibility, it seems indeed proper to inquire, whether it maintains this high assumption, and justly discharges this responsibility.

hending, doubtless, under the term "classes," the Wulwa nations of Mexico and the Simiæ tribes of South America. This is the principle upon which the Lyceum is founded, and its operations are limited to the dissemination of useful knowledge and the promotion of education in common schools. This latter clause, however, we think must certainly Since the publication of our last number we have be an errour, for those operations of the Lyceuni received an anonymous communication, purporting which compass the mental improvement of the to be an answer to the notice of this institution therein Simiæ tribes "by simple means," must unquestioncontained, accompanied with several documents ably be prosecuted through the medium of a very containing the history of the proceedings of the uncommon school. We cannot easily attach any American Lyceum, from its first annual meeting; other meaning to this statement of the principle on the whole of which, doubtless, our kind correspond- which it is sagely said the American Lyceum is ent intended should enlighten our ignorance of founded. Sorely pitying the pedagogical missionits object, and exalt our humble opinion of its pro-ary whom this grave institution undertakes to send ceedings. We have been induced to believe, that to educate the fifth-limbed, long-tailed, mischievous we are indebted for this act of intended kindness, to Ateles of South America, we will proceed to notice the profound Corresponding Secretary of this asso- seriatim the operations of the Lyceum. ciation, the sanguine officer referred to in our last The Lyceum was organized, as we described in paper. But as it does not directly attack our posi-our last, in 1831. Its first annual meeting was