bones, or much effusion of blood, and the prodigious bellowing which the poor animal makes, is the signal for the party to sit down at the table."

them back again. We believe they were pursued and caught.

The deer, which are plentiful in this region, usually herd together. A short time since some lumbermen came upon "a yard," containing nine of these poor fellows-whose fleetness is of no use to them when there are four or five feet of snow upon the ground. When discovered, they ploughed away

HIPPOPOTAMUS.

A people of such unexampled cruelty towads brute animals, cannot be expected to pay much regard to the sufferings of their fellow creatures. Inured to blood, and scenes of barbarity from their infancy, murder seems almost a pastime. Their sanguinary laws are but a weak restraint against their violent the snow immediately about them, and prepared to passions, and the punishments annexed to the defend themselves with the utmost desperation. laws themselves, exhibit the most striking examples Bangor Courier. of natural cruelty. One of their punishments is slaying alive; and criminals are frequently hewn in pieces with a sabre. The executioners are often men of quality, or officers of rank. Mr. Bruce relates, that happening one day to pass an officer who had three men to despatch with a sabre, he was coolly requested by him to stop till he had cut them to pieces, as he wished to converse with him upon an affair of consequence. A civilized man sickens with horrour at such recitals, and he can hardly believe that he partakes of the nature of such monsters.

A WOMAN WHO SPOKE WITHOUT A TONGUE.

This woman was a native of Monsary, in the teritory of Elvas, in Portugal. The case was attested by Wilcox, bishop of Rochester, then chaplain to the English factory at Lisbon, in a letter dated from that city, September 3, 1707, and was laid before the royal society in London. The following is an extract from the letter:-"The Conde d' Ericeya a nobleman of letters, and curious in natural knowledge, brought from the frontiers of this country a woman without a tongue, who yet speaks very well; she is seventeen years of age, but in stature exceeds not one of seven or eight. I was with her at the conde's house, and made her pronounce every letter in the alphabet, which she can do distinctly. She has not the least bit of a tongue nor any thing like it; but the teeth on both sides of her jaw, turn very much inward, and almost meet. She finds the greatest want of a tongue in eating; for as others, when they eat, move their meat about with their tongue, she is forced to use her fingers. She pretends to distinguish tastes very well, but I believe she does it imperfectly. Her voice, though very distinct, is a little hollow, and like that of old people, who have lost their teeth."

WILD ANIMALS.

London paper.

The forests of Maine still abound in numerous species of wild animals, such as the moose, deer, caribou, loupcervier, lunkasoose, and many othersmost of them valuable for food and for their skins. The lunkascose (the orthography is arbitrary) is an animal of which we have only heard recently; but tradition says that a ferocious animal of huge size, with a mane like a lion, has actually been seen to come to the borders of the river, and the lumbermen say that they have heard him in the woods roaring most lustily. The Indians, too, talk about the "lunkasoose," and they are conclusive authority in such matters. A few days since two large moose were seen quietly travelling in the road near Orono! they occasionally left the track for the woods, but the great depth of the snow soon forced

Zeringhi, an Italian surgeon, procured one on the Nile, which measured seven feet from the extremity of the snout to the insection of the tail, sixteen feet round the body, and above seven feet in height; head four feet long, and upwards of nine feet in circumference; jaws opened about two feet, and its cutting teeth (four in each jaw) were about one foot long; feet resembled elephants-four divisions; tail short, flat, and pointed; hide thick, covered with a few scattered hairs of a whitish colour; figure between an ox and a hog; its cry between the bellowing of the one and the grunting of the other. It frequently upsets and sinks boats when attacked. Kay's Travels.

In all the applications of Algebra it is not the magnitudes concerned that we consider, but merely their proportions. The letters of the alphabet, or any other symbol used in Algebra, are not therefore, strictly speaking, the representations of magnitudes; they denote ratios, or abstract numbers.

Genius, when employed in works whose tendency it is to demoralize and to degrade us, should be contemplated with abhorrence rather than with admiration; such a monument of its power, may indeed be stamped with immortality, but like the Coliseum at Rome, we deplore its magnificence, because we detest the purposes for which it was designed.

Anguish of mind has driven thousands to suicide; anguish of body, none. This proves, that the health of the mind is of far greater consequence than the health of the body, although both are deserving of much more attention than either of them receive.

Lacon

House of Mercy is also a noble charity. In the centre of the city, upon one of the highest hills, is the castle, which commands the whole, being large and ancient, and having always a garrison of four regiments of foot. The cathedral, a heavy Gothick edifice, contains great riches.

country where a potent sun burns up all vegetation, and even where a sight of running water conveys a cool and refreshing idea, than they can possibly be in our colder climate; and, in fact, the spectator may almost imagine himself in some enchanted bower, when, from this romantick and highly picturesque The famous aqueduct of Alcantara, which supplies spot, he contemplates the scorched plains which lay the city of Lisbon with water, is a noble work, and below it. In short, as an interesting traveller has deserves the attention of every traveller: it is com- described it, "CINTRA is the abode of love; for in posed of two different kinds of arches, the one Ro- the midst of summer the coolness of the evenings man, the other Gothick, by which the uniformity of are delightful, and the scattered situation of the the building is destroyed. Although the earthquake houses, the rocks, the gardens, and the woods, afford was so dreadful to Lisbon and its vicinity, this build-innumerable opportunities for the delights of pleaing withstood the shock, with the exception of some sure in solitude." of the key-stones being thrown out, when the centres closed again. At the village of Belem are a handsome royal palace, and a magnificent monastery, dedicated to St. Jerome; and the whole circumjacent country is extremely pleasant, abounding in olives and other fruit-trees. Lisbon contains about 200,000 inhabitants.

The Portuguese sensibly exhibit the effects of a warm climate, in their dark hue, and in those traits of national character which are usually found in warm climates. These are ardent passions, a strong propensity to revenge, superstition, indolence, joined with abstemiousness, and the habit of submitting, contentedly, to a very scanty share of the comforts of life. But it must not be forgotten, that there was a period when this small kingdom was the seat of more enterprise than existed in any other country in the world. This was in the 15th century, in the time of Prince Henry, and of Emmanuel I. As a people and a nation, the Portuguese and Spanish have one common origin, from which arises a great similarity in their language, customs, laws, and government. But with all this similarity of character, there has been a perpetual enmity between them, which time seems to have converted into habit, and policy formed into a system.

The following observations of Dr. Southey are worthy of notice:

66

"The Spaniards despise the Portuguese; the Portuguese hate the Spaniards." "The Spaniards in their national songs threaten the Portuguese with invasion; the Portuguese content themselves with defying the Spaniards." Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and you make a Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. "I have heard it more truly said," says Dr. Southey, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you have a Portuguese character." "Almost every man in Spain smokes; the Portuguese never smoke, but most of them take snuff. None of the Spaniards will use a wheelbarrow; none of the Portuguese will carry a burden: the one says it is only fit for beasts to draw carriages; the other, that it is fit only for beasts to carry burdens."

Passing this delightful spot, the approach of Lisbon is grand in the extreme:-a vast expanse of water-a river, in many places, of more than six miles in breadth-the numbers of vessels of all descriptions-the extensive city stretching along the northern bank, and proudly rearing on an amphitheatre of hills-the cultivated heights covered with villas, monasteries, churches, gardens, and olive woods-all combine to present a most extraordinary assemblage of beauties to the traveller.

At the first entrance into the Tagus, when the limits of the city can scarcely be distinguished in the distance, the majestick, conical, and rocky mountains of Cintra form a most delightful and charming foreground to the landscape; but as the voyager advances, he more distinctly perceives the town itself on its seven hills rising with a degree of majesty which fills his mind with wonder and delight.

Such is Lisbon on its first approach; nor is it surprising that the Portuguese should consider it as the finest view in the world, and adopt that proverb which says, "He who has not seen Lisbon, has seen nothing."

The interiour of this city, however, forms a striking contrast to the outside; in many places, from its situation, it is so steep, that it is literally a great labour, in that climate, to walk along the streets; and even the lower street, which runs along by the side of the river, rises and falls at intervals very considerably.

During the heavy rains, the waters rush down these declivities in such torrents that they are often impassable: instances have often occurred of men, and even horses, having been carried away by the rapidity of the fall, and almost swept into the river. Yet, as all inconveniences have their attendant good, this possesses the advantage of washing away the filth, and of cleansing the town, which otherwise, the indolent Portuguese would have left for the interference of some of their saints.

The streets are also very irregularly built; they are badly paved, generally narrow, and present a mixture of elegant mansions, and of small, wretched, and even squalid houses. In many parts, indeed, these habitations are but thinly planted; and the stranger is often surprised at meeting not only with gardens, but even with corn-fields amongst the various buildings, which, added to the dirtiness and the gloomy solitude of the outskirts, produce an effect resembling the cities in Moorish and in other eastern countries. During the day, all the filth of the city is suffered to lie in heaps, even in the most frequented streets, and when not washed away by the rain, these collections of indolence and filthiness

require some skill in walking not to sink in them; delights to the botanist, for their beauty far exceeds nay, even in some of the greatest thoroughfares, that of our northern plants; besides which, they are there is nothing on which the foot passenger can evergreens, and are exquisitely beautiful even in pass but a narrow path winding near the houses; winter. Of these heaths, one species grows to the and as all the carts keep as near to the houses as height of six feet, and, when in bloom, is entirely possible, in order to take the horses out of the deep-covered with red flowers, presenting a most lively est part of the mud, it often happens that the unfor- appearance; yet, notwithstanding all this profusion tunate passenger receives all the dirt and filth which of beauty, these solitary tracts soon become irksome is thus most lavishly splashed about. But the night to the traveller; for where the romantick and subis even worse; for though formerly the city was lime are wanting, no beauty of country can long be lighted, yet lately this practice has been laid aside; pleasing, unless intermingled with cultivation. and as it is the custom to close the window-shutters at an early hour, there is no light whatever to diversify these scenes of dirt and desolation; to which we must add the annoyance of whole troops of half-starved dogs, that are suffered to wander about like so many hungry wolves, and are often almost as dangerous as the ragged banditti who are suffered by the police to commit their depredations unmolested. The unfortunate stranger, too, is constantly (that of the pen's point, for example,) receives the

pestered with whole hosts of beggars, a trade which seems not confined to any particular class of society, but is practised under various pretences by all :one species of it is for the relief of souls in purgatory; for which purpose the religious fraternities are permitted to collect alms, the greater part of which they are said to apply to their own account.

Wretched as is the interiour of this proud city, yet its environs have a striking peculiarity of appearance; for the whole vicinity, to a considerable distance from Lisbon, is covered with large gardens, surrounded with lofty walls, between which it is most tiresome to travel even for leagues, in some directions, without being able to see any other object, and being in continual danger of mistaking the

road.

This taste, which is universal, has been justly distinguished as selfish and morose-oriental and Moorish and may probably have had its origin in their constitutional jealousy, which prompts them to choose a close fortification in preference to an open garden.

These extensive enclosures are called quinta, and they are often very large, and laid out rather for profit than for pleasure, containing within their walls plantations of orange and olive trees, and sometimes even corn-fields; they have, in general, a large garden-house situated at one end, where their owners and families are accustomed to spend part of their summer in almost monastick seclusion.

When the traveller penetrates into the interiour of the country, he soon observes that the great part of the eastern districts consists of extensive heaths, which have an undulating appearance, from the number of small hills with which they are intersected. The soil in most places is sandy, and swampy tracts are seldom found, as, in general, the extreme aridity of the soil is the cause of the great barrenness of these wide-extended plains and hills.

THE FIVE SENSES.

THE SENSE OF SIGHT.-No. 3. LAWS OF VISION. 6. DIRECTION OF VISIBLE OBJECTS.

The mind, in perceiving any point A of an object,

rays by which it is made visible at different degrees of obliquity; but notwithstanding the difference of these degrees, the object is seen only in the direction of the central ray A B; and this is always perpendicular to the retina. Now the surface of the retina being of a spherical form, it follows, that these rays being perpendicular to it, must invariably pass through a point which is the centre of the curve of the retina, and which is therefore called the centre of visible direction. This centre is a fixed point in the vitreous humour, and as it never changes its place, however great may be the rotation of the eye, it is evident that it must be the same with the centre round which the eye rolls when it is in motion. It results from this coincidence of the two centres, that the unvarying stability of the objects at which we look is preserved.

7. CAUSE OF ERECT VISION.

The humours of the eye acting like a convex lens, a picture of the object is painted on the retina in an inverted position. To young and uninformed persons this inversion of the image makes the cause of erect vision a subject of much difficulty and by some of the old philosophers it was considered as But the law of one of the mysteries of nature. visible direction makes the whole a matter of easy comprehension. It will be observed, that the rays of visible direction cross each other at the point or centre of visible direction; those from the lower part of the picture go to the upper part of the object, Notwithstanding this want of fertility and cultiva- and those from the upper part of the picture go to tion, it is extremely pleasant to traverse this part of the lower part of the object; and thus when the the country in the spring, when the beautiful varie- mind would perceive the top of an object, it refers ties of the heath plants, and the charming cisti of from the bottom of the picture upwards, and when it these southern regions are all in their highest bloom, and the mild exhilarating atmosphere is filled with innumerable perfumes. This variety of shrubs is indeed uncommonly great, and presents a thousand *Cisti, (in the plural,) small sunflowers. (Cistus, singular.)

would perceive the bottom of an object, it refers from the top of the picture downwards, whereby a true notion of the erectness of objects is obtained (as, indeed, it only can be) by means of an inverted picture.

House of Mercy is also a noble charity. In the centre of the city, upon one of the highest hills, is the castle, which commands the whole, being large and ancient, and having always a garrison of four regiments of foot. The cathedral, a heavy Gothick edifice, contains great riches.

country where a potent sun burns up all vegetation, and even where a sight of running water conveys a cool and refreshing idea, than they can possibly be in our colder climate; and, in fact, the spectator may almost imagine himself in some enchanted bower, when, from this romantick and highly picturesque The famous aqueduct of Alcantara, which supplies spot, he contemplates the scorched plains which lay the city of Lisbon with water, is a noble work, and below it. In short, as an interesting traveller has deserves the attention of every traveller: it is com- described it, "CINTRA is the abode of love; for in posed of two different kinds of arches, the one Ro- the midst of summer the coolness of the evenings man, the other Gothick, by which the uniformity of are delightful, and the scattered situation of the the building is destroyed. Although the earthquake houses, the rocks, the gardens, and the woods, afford was so dreadful to Lisbon and its vicinity, this build-innumerable opportunities for the delights of pleaing withstood the shock, with the exception of some sure in solitude." of the key-stones being thrown out, when the centres Passing this delightful spot, the approach of Lisclosed again. At the village of Belem are a hand- bon is grand in the extreme:-a vast expanse of some royal palace, and a magnificent monastery, water-a river, in many places, of more than six dedicated to St. Jerome; and the whole circum- miles in breadth-the numbers of vessels of all dejacent country is extremely pleasant, abounding in scriptions-the extensive city stretching along the olives and other fruit-trees. Lisbon contains about northern bank, and proudly rearing on an amphi200,000 inhabitants. theatre of hills-the cultivated heights covered with villas, monasteries, churches, gardens, and olive woods-all combine to present a most extraordinary assemblage of beauties to the traveller.

The Portuguese sensibly exhibit the effects of a warm climate, in their dark hue, and in those traits of national character which are usually found in warm climates. These are ardent passions, a strong propensity to revenge, superstition, indolence, joined with abstemiousness, and the habit of submitting, contentedly, to a very scanty share of the comforts of life. But it must not be forgotten, that there was a period when this small kingdom was the seat of more enterprise than existed in any other country in the world. This was in the 15th century, in the time of Prince Henry, and of Emmanuel I. As a people and a nation, the Portuguese and Spanish have one common origin, from which arises a great similarity in their language, customs, laws, and government. But with all this similarity of character, there has been a perpetual enmity between them, which time seems to have converted into habit, and policy formed into a system.

The following observations of Dr. Southey are worthy of notice:

"The Spaniards despise the Portuguese; the Portuguese hate the Spaniards." "The Spaniards in their national songs threaten the Portuguese with invasion; the Portuguese content themselves with defying the Spaniards." "Strip a Spaniard of all his virtues, and you make a Portuguese of him," says the Spanish proverb. "I have heard it more truly said," says Dr. Southey, "Add hypocrisy to a Spaniard's vices, and you have a Portuguese character." "Almost every man in Spain smokes; the Portuguese never smoke, but most of them take snuff. None of the Spaniards will use a wheelbarrow; none of the Portuguese will carry a burden: the one says it is only fit for beasts to draw carriages; the other, that it is fit only for beasts to carry burdens."

We will suppose our first entrance into Portugal shall be from the sea: and that, having entered the Tagus, we land at Cintra, at the foot of that mass of conical mountains forming Cape Roxent, where the shady and lofty trees of the north of Europe unite with the fragrant orange trees of the south.

This spot is, indeed, not only a pleasing relief from the sameness of water and sky, but is even charming in Portugal; for these romantick shades and refreshing brooks are infinitely more delightful in a

At the first entrance into the Tagus, when the limits of the city can scarcely be distinguished in the distance, the majestick, conical, and rocky mountains of Cintra form a most delightful and charming foreground to the landscape; but as the voyager advances, he more distinctly perceives the town itself on its seven hills rising with a degree of majesty which fills his mind with wonder and delight.

Such is Lisbon on its first approach; nor is it surprising that the Portuguese should consider it as the finest view in the world, and adopt that proverb which says, "He who has not seen Lisbon, has seen nothing."

The interiour of this city, however, forms a striking contrast to the outside; in many places, from its situation, it is so steep, that it is literally a great labour, in that climate, to walk along the streets; and even the lower street, which runs along by the side of the river, rises and falls at intervals very considerably.

During the heavy rains, the waters rush down these declivities in such torrents that they are often impassable: instances have often occurred of men, and even horses, having been carried away by the rapidity of the fall, and almost swept into the river. Yet, as all inconveniences have their attendant good, this possesses the advantage of washing away the filth, and of cleansing the town, which otherwise, the indolent Portuguese would have left for the interference of some of their saints.

The streets are also very irregularly built; they are badly paved, generally narrow, and present a mixture of elegant mansions, and of small, wretched, and even squalid houses. In many parts, indeed, these habitations are but thinly planted; and the stranger is often surprised at meeting not only with gardens, but even with corn-fields amongst the various buildings, which, added to the dirtiness and the gloomy solitude of the outskirts, produce an effect resembling the cities in Moorish and in other eastern countries. During the day, all the filth of the city is suffered to lie in heaps, even in the most frequented streets, and when not washed away by the rain, these collections of indolence and filthiness