backward instead of forward, or to go backwards and forwards with irregular, fitful, ever-shifting alternation, so as to require a complete remodelling, and especially a re-adjustment of its great moving power, to render it fit for its original purpose ;-would not this be a more appropriate analogy for representing the present character of fallen man? The whole machine is out of order. The main-spring has been broken; and an antagonist power works all the parts of the mechanism. It is far from being with human nature, as Butler, by the similitude of the watch, might lead his reader to suppose. The watch, when duly adjusted, is only, in his phrase, liable to be out of order.' This might suit for an illustration of the state of human nature at first, when it received its constitution from its Maker. But it has lost its appropriateness now. That nature, alas! is not now a machine that is merely apt to go out of order;' it is out of order; so radically disorganized, that the grand original power which impelled all its movements, has been broken and lost, and an unnatural power, the very opposite of it, has taken its place; so that it cannot be restored to the original harmony of its working, except by the interposition of the Omnipotence that framed it.'-pp. 125–127. But it is time to close these remarks, and we do so by cordially thanking Dr. Wardlow for a most valuable work, which will be read with deep interest, and which, if perused with a proper spirit, can hardly fail to communicate much important in struction. unknown deserts; the missionary, to establish him self in the most pestilential of her climes; and the christian colonist, to fix his habitation in the neighbourhood of her warlike tribes." Our author tells us, that "the bodily constitution of the natives, the qualities of their minds, their domestic state and political institutions, their system of war and of public security, their arts and arms, together with the singular customs and degrading superstitions, universally prevalent among them," have all been points of diligent inquiry with him for years," and with an illustration of these topics he furnishes us with much useful historical, topographical, and scientific information, with a connected account of the introduction of Christianity, and an interesting view of the progress of civilization, and the prospects of Africa. With this is interwoven much anecdote and incident, "hair-breadth escapes," &c. as a specimen of which we shall present our readers with a most graphic account of the deliverance of a man from a lion, which Mr. Kay had from the individual himself. "Accompanied by several other individuals, he one morning went out on a hunting excursion, and on coming to an extensive plain beyond the precincts of the colony, where there was abundance of REVIEW.-Travels and Researches in Caf- game, they discovered a number of lions, which fraria. By Stephen Kay. Mason. London. 1833. So little, comparatively, is known of the continent of Africa, more particularly of that part of it to which the work before us has reference, that in becoming familiar with its history, we acquaint ourselves with a people of manners, character, and customs entirely dissimilar to any we have yet known; a people who, though in a state of the lowest barbarism, yet discover qualities of mind which must make them objects of great interest to those who wish to complete their knowledge of the human species, and to render the history of its progress connected, no less than to the estimable few who, regarding all men as brethren and members of one great family, are ardently desirous to illuminate the dark regions of the earth, to strike the fetters from the degraded slaves of superstition and error, and place them in the light and liberty of Christianity. were disturbed by their approach. One of the males instantly, separated himself from the troop, and began slowly to advance 'towards the party, most of whom were young, and altogether unaccustomed to rencounters of so formidable a nature. While droves of timid antelopes only came in their way, they were all brave fellows, and boasted loudly of their courage, but this completely failed, and the young Nimrods began to quake, when the monarch of the desert appeared. Nevertheless, while the animal was yet at a distance they all dismounted, and, according to general custom on such occasions, begun tying their horses together, with the view of keeping them between themselves and the beast, until they could take deliberate aim at him. His movements, however, were too quick, and before the horses were properly fastened, the lion made a tremendous bound or two, which suddenly brought him down on the hind parts of one of them: being hereby startled, they instantly plunged forward, and knocked down the poor man in question; over him went the horses, and off ran his comrades with all speed. He arose from the ground as quickly as possible; but, on perceiving him stand up, the ani mal turned round, and with a seeming consciousness of his superior might, stretched forth his paw and by a single stroke on the back part of the neck jaid him prostrate again. He had but just time to roll on his back, before it set its foot upon his breast, and lay regularly down at full length upon "Long, indeed," says Mr. Kay, "has Africa been neglected, and suffered to remain the devoted victim of cruelty and oppression; we cannot, therefore, but hail many recent and highly important events, him. He now became almost breathless, partly which go far to prove that her "day of visitation" has at length arrived. Now is stirred up the philanthropist to plead her cause, and unweariedly to exert himself on behalf of her fettered millions; the traveller and man of science, to explore her from fear, but principally from the intolerable pressure of his terrific load. In order to get breath, he endeavoured to move himself a little, upon which the lion instantly laid hold of his left arm, just below the elbow, and bit it in several places down to the hand, in the thick part of which its teeth seemed completely to have met. All this time, however, it does not appear to have been at all furious, but merely to have caught at its prey as the cat would play with a mouse that is not quite dead. In this dreadful situation he remained for a considerable length of time writhing in pain, gasping for breath, and momentarily expecting to be torn limb from limb. On raising his head a little, the creature opened his mouth to receive it, but providentially lost his hold, in consequence of the hat (which was shown to me) slipping off; the points of the teeth, therefore, only just scarified the pericranium. Thus narrowly was he prevented from crushing the head to pieces. He then placed his paw upon the arm from which the blood was copiously flowing, and the purple stream soon covered it. This he again and again licked clean; and then fixing his flaming eye intently upon that of the man, now smelt on one side of his face and then on the other, and appeared to be only awaiting the inducement of voracity wholly to devour his helpless prey! At this critical moment, said the poor fellow, I recollected having heard that there was a God on high, who was able to deliver at the last extremity; I therefore began to pray, that he would prevent the lion from eating my flesh and drinking my blood. While engaged in this act of devotion the beast turned completely round, placing its head towards his feet, and its tail over his face. This induced hope in the mind of the sufferer, that he might now possibly rid himself of his load; and under this impression he made an effort, which was no sooner discovered than checked by a terrible bite in the right thigh. He again lifted up his voice to the Almighty for help; nor did he pray in vain. The lion, without being disturbed in any way whatever, soon afterwards relinquished his hold. Calmly rising from his seat, he deliberately walked off to the distance of thirty or forty paces, and there lay down on the grass; whence, after watching the movements of the Hottentot for some minutes, he finally took his departure and was seen no more." The above may be received as a specimen of the style of this interesting work. It is illustrated by a map and five highlyfinished engravings. We have perused it with great pleasure, and cordially recommend it to our readers, assured that the amusement and instruction they will derive from its pages will amply repay their trouble. REVIEW.-Poor Laws and Paupers Illustrated, No. II. the Hamlets; a Tale. By Harriet Martineau. Charles Fox. London. 1833. THE illustrative tales of Miss Martineau have been frequently noticed by us with commendation. There is a minute distinctness in her graphic narratives, that attracts the attention of the reader to each particular incident of her story, without in the slightest degree drawing his mind from the general moral purpose which the author has in view. She has at heart the selfdependence of the labouring poor; and while she shews that the value of the labour of the man without capital is to be estimated by his industry and his prudence, she, at the same time, proves to him that to neglect that labour, and to seek to supply the place of its fruits by putting forth the hand to the parish overseer, and grasping the withered wand of public charity, is for a man to accelerate his own ruin, and to render the district to which he belongs the wide scene of misery and disgrace. The business of public charity is to relieve and sustain those who, from natural or accidental causes of any kind, are deprived of this ability to labour. Such persons are the real poor; correctly considered, there are no others. When public charity goes beyond the relief and sustenance of these, it begins to seduce the labourer to relax his attention to that which is his real good,—it undermines his natural strength,—his selfrespect departs from him, and he is not ashamed to lean for support on those around, who, by the abuse of the poorlaws, are compelled to bear his weight as he falls, and are, more or less, liable to fall with him. At first, the task of Miss Martineau, appears to be an ungracious one, and little fitted for the mind and pen of a female writer, but the more we look at the course of her endeavours, the more we perceive the strength and lustre of real charity in her design. She contends against a destructive principle, that, under the pretence of charity and the protection of the poorlaws, has pauperized labour, and banished industry and prudence from half the cottages in the kingdom,-that has filled our villages with cotérie and intrigue, — and made our hardy boors rivals in servility and insolence for the favours of an overseer and the wages of idleness. The exposition of this fatal principle is so well and has been so repeatedly set before the public by this intelligent author, that there can be little doubt of the poor-laws being acted upon with more discretion than formerly; indeed, we are warranted by accounts from various parts of the country in saying, that there are parishes where plans, emanating from her writings, have been carried into effect with decision, and consequently with great benefit to society. In the little work, before us we have a story, which abounds with passages rich in what may be termed the pathos of simplicity. The hero and the heroine are pauper orphan children, brother and sister, placed out by the parish officers of some hamlets on the coast, with a fisherman's wife, at eighteen pence a week each. The hamlets which had long been under the ruinous and demoralizing management, so prevalent throughout the kingdom, were subject to a parish expense of above twelve hundred pounds a year, when the office of overseer is undertaken by a gentleman of prudent habits and limited income, who, with his two daughters, occupy the cottage on the beach. By firmly resisting all claims upon the parish money that are not strictly legal, and confining the means of parish labour to the workhouse, where the labourer receives nothing more than his bare subsistence as the price of his work; the new overseer, Mr. Barry, totally annihilates the seductive and false expectations fostered by unrestricted parish charity. The amount of the rates is reduced to a sum sufficient to support the old, and those wholly incapable of labour, in decency and frugal comfort. The two orphan children are made, in their growth to maturity, to exemplify the good effects of benevolent feelings under the direction of prudence; not the prudence of mere restraint, but the prudence of a generous, moral, and religious intelligence. The anxious desire to be universally benevolent is a passion which, in its indulgence, seems too often to arraign the dispensations of Providence. Our author has playfully, but pointedly, shewn its folly in a dialogue (somewhat too much in the manner of Goethe, and the German writers,) between the two children. When we attempt to do more than our duty, we interfere and offend; and are generally misunderstood and condemned. Of course we speak, here, of our moral and civil duties; in those that belong to religion there can be no excess. fool. We may carry the observation, arising from these and similar instances, to Mr. Galt's novel of Lawrie Todd, and its prototype, Grant Thorburn, who has just presented himself, in propriá personá, to the notice of the public. The ingenious novelist had formed in his own mind the idea of the unsophisticated Scotsman, carrying the simple habits of economy, and the simple principles of religion, which so pointedly distinguish his native country, into a land of youthful energies, open to the most extensive enterprise. Keeping close to the features of his object, and preserving faithfully that singleness of character, of which his acquaintance with Mr. Grant Thorburn had given him the outline, he produced a pleasing tale, justly entitled to be termed a romance of trade. We see no reason why trade should not have its romances, nor why the conquest of poverty, and the acquisition of fortune, by persevering industry and constant frugality, have not as much right to the celebration of their heroes, as conquests and acquisitions of a mere sanguinary nature, which have conferred celebrity on men, whose deeds added to the misery of ages, but which poetry and history have too often told us they adorned. This seems to have been the opinion of Mr. Galt, when he drew the attention of the public to his Lawrie Todd; and this opinion he seems to retain in the short introduction which he has prefixed to the work of Mr. Thorburn, now before us. "I did not venture to embody Grant Thorburn," says he, "because a true, entire likeness would have been rejected as improbable; and can only say, that, in my opinion, the pencil has not been dipped in hues and tints suitable to convey a correct portrait either of his moral entity, or of his mortal effigy." The fact is, that Grant Thorburn is an individual of a class, of which the novelist has successfully delineated the general characteristics, and in so doing, he has given a more encouraging view of those persons, who, with an implicit trust in Providence, leave nothing to chance, which vigilance and prudence guard and preserve. But we have now, in the volume before us, the individual, with all his crudities and asperities, standing prominently forward from his class, and exclaiming, somewhat egotistically, "Here I am!" Perhaps he would have judged wisely, had he left himself where his more sage romancer had deposited him; but we have perused his pages, and are fully persuaded that that was impossible: Grant Thorburn could not lie concealed in obscurity, while Lawrie Todd, like his waif, was walking the earth, and obtaining the wonder and applause of multitudes, for only half of what he had in his own person performed. "Who, in the name of wonder," asks Mr. Thor. burn, "has a better right to publish a man's life than himself? Or, who do you suppose is better qualified for such a task than himself? Besides, if a man attends to the printing of his own life, it is most likely to be correct. The way in which some men's lives are sent forth into the world, is a mere insult to common sense. If a friend gets hold of it, he twists it this way, and makes a life to suit his own notion; if an enemy gets hold of it, he twists it the other way, and makes a life that might have belonged to Buonaparte's father, for aught that I know." It is, therefore, in his view of the matter, to set himself to rights with the world, that Mr. Thorburn comes forward, as his own biographer, with shrewdness and intelligence, which are not the less valuable for the vanity and self-approbation that perpetually sparkle through them. It appears that by birth, Mr. Thorburn was the son of a poor nail-maker, at Dalkeith, who in religious principles was "what is now called a stiff Scotch Presbyterian." He was born in 1773, and from the commencement of his life was so particularly favoured by providential escapes from the most imminent dangers, that it seems impossible that he should avoid the belief, even had he not imbibed the persuasion with his religious faith, of his being continually under the especial care of Providence. In his nineteenth year, he joined a society, called the 'Friends of the People,' and in the winter of the next year he was marched into Edinburgh, a prisoner, with seventeen of his associates. We should have observed that the height of Mr. Thorburn was no more than four feet ten inches, and that, at no period of his life, did he weigh more than ninety-eight pounds. When, therefore, he and his companions, "Entered the town, marshalled two and two, with a sheriff's officer in front and one in the rear, the scene attracted a concourse of people, and among them a great many women; one of whom observed, or rather exclaimed, in the broad Scottish dialect, when she saw me bringing up the rear rank, 'The Losh preserve us! if the king is afraid of sic a little fellow as that (pointing to me) 1 dinna ken what will become of him!'" This was at the time when the unfortunate Thomas Muir was tried in Scotland, and condemned to transportation, on charges of sedition; while Horne Tooke and others were acquitted in London on similar indictments. After examination, our author and his friends were dismissed, but immediately embarked with his brother for New York, in the "Providence," of that city. This was on the 13th of April, 1794 :- "It was a sound maxim of my father's," observes Mr. T." that young people ought to earn money before they got money to spend; however, when he put his maxim in practice on my brother and myself, I had some doubts of its utility. After laying in for us a large wooden chest, (which had been a family-piece for near a century,) well filled with clothing, and a reasonable stock of such provisions as the ship did not furnish to us steerage-passengers, he gave us 20s. sterling for contingent expenses after we might land in America, and to support us before we got into employment." On the 16th of June, our hero and his brother landed at New York, with no more than 64 cents between them, but they soon got employment as nail-makers, and thus he commenced his career in the new world. The following passage respecting the first night they passed in New York, contains a simple and characteristic trait of piety worthy of being extracted :— "My brother and three of Banker's sons, who slept in the garret, were fast asleep. I felt feverish and low spirited, with heat and want of sleep; and wishing myself again in my father's house, I resolved, if spared, to earn as much money as would pay my passage home, and to return again as soon as possible; but, He in whose hands are all our ways, had otherwise ordained. He knew I was about entering on the active scenes of life, and he promised to be my guide, if I asked his direction. When I opened the box of books, the first thing that caught my eye was a small pocket Bible; it had been placed there by the hands of my pious father. Without any design I opened the book-my thoughts were ruminating about my father; my eyes fastened on the words, My son, forget not my law," &c. I read on to the end of the chapter, like one in a dream. When done, I looked back, and found I had been reading the third chapter of Proverbs." We do not purpose to follow Mr. Thorburn through his troubles and successes; and as our extracts must be few, we take the following as one of the most pleasing passages in the work. The female here mentioned, was the daughter of a widow with whom Mr. T. and his brother lodged. He had resolved to return to Scotland, but, "About the end of the year 1796, she joined the church in Cedar Street, Dr. Mason being minister of the same; and was then and there, for the first time, baptised. It was on the Friday evening preparatory to the administration of the Lord's Supper. That important event deranged all my late plans, and gave a new impulse to my future actions. Before this, my every exertion was bent to forward the projects I had in view of returning again to my father's house; but in a moment my resolution was taken to gain the affections of this young woman, or fly this country for ever. "As I felt a deep interest on the occasion, considering myself an instrument in the hands of God in bringing it about, I took my seat in church, where I might get a correct view of what passedwhen I saw her tall, slender, erect frame, with slow and measured step, move up the middle aisle, dressed in a white muslin robe, plain made, but neat and clean. When I saw her stand composed in the face of a vast congregation, and give the and sixth verses of the third chapter of Proverbs was now my counsellor."-p. 50-52. But Mr. Thorburn, with this deep sense of religion, possessed an acuteness and discernment in business, added to strict rec regular and distinct tokens of assent to the vows of titude, which are together to be regarded God laid upon her by Dr. Mason in a most solemn and affecting tone of voice, while the congregation seemed hushed in the stillness of death-when I saw her untie the black riband under her chin, that as the worldly or moral securities for ultimate success. From nail-making, he became a dealer, first in groceries, and afterwards in seeds; a concern in which his held on her hat, while the minister was decending early advantages encouraged him to engage from the pulpit to administer the ordinance-when I saw her hands hanging straight by her sides, one holding her black beaver hat, and the other a white handkerchief-when I saw her turn up her face to heaven, and shut her eyes, as the minister was going to pour the consecrated sign-when I saw her wipe the pearly drops, I thought her face shone like the face of an angel; and I swore in my heart that, by the help of the Lord, nothing on earth but death should part us. When we returned home, she laid aside her hat, and stood before the glass adjusting her hair. I stood at a short distance behind her, looking over her shoulder; observing my eyes fixed on her face, she turned round and remarked, she might thank me, as the instrument under God, for what had come to pass this night. I replied, God can take a feeble worm in his hand, and with it thresh the mountains, and make them fine as chaff. I then told her when and where I first saw her, and the providential manner in which God had brought us acquainted, and added, if it was His will, I hoped nothing but death should part us; and repeating the words of Ruth to Naomi, I said, "Entreat me not to leave thee; where thou goest I will go, where thou lodgest I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God." Here was my declaration; but the battle was yet to be fought; she looked with pity and concern in my face, and turned away with a sigh. Before I could ask the meaning of that sigh, the door opened, and her mother and my brother entered. When, next evening, I learned the cause of this sigh, it awakened all my fears-it was occasioned, she said, by the pain it would give me, when she was obliged to let me know that she had been addressed by a young man for nearly two years, and was all but engaged. As I had seen this young man only two or three times in the house, I had no thoughts of his being a rival. I found he was a man of property, owned two houses, namely, the house on the south corner of Liberty Street and Broadway, and the house adjoining the corner, both fronting on Broadway; one himself occupied as a jewellery store, which was well stocked with goods. At this time he was computed to be worth $50,000. Says I, "Rebecca, and why don't you marry him?" Says she, "I can't tell; I can't make up my mind." What a temptation for a poor girl and her mother, whose property, perhaps, would not amount to $100! and how hopeless for me to contend with such a man! I, a poor stranger and a nailer, who, with hard working, could scarcely earn 75 cents a-day! He came in the name of his god (the world) making offers of settlement on her and her relations; my trust was in the name of Him who has all hearts in his hands, and can turn them as easy as he turns the gentle flowing stream. The fifth in a speculation that involved him for a time in misfortunes. These, with firmness he surmounted, and, entering again into the the seed business, acquired celebrity and wealth : "The fact," says he, "that our establishment is now the most extensive of the kind in America, naturally suggests the inquiry of how was it brought about? I think, for myself, I was the most unlikely subject that Providence could have selected to plant and build up so large a concern. My education consisted of little more than learning to read the Bible, and write my own name. In cyphering I never reached the Rule of Three; indeed I ever thought that Addition and Multiplication were the only rules of any real use to a man in business-and I think so still: Subtraction and Division, I think, are worse than nothing." RBVIEW.-Letters on the Divine Origin and Authority of the Holy Scriptures. By the Rev. J. Carlile, Minister of the Scots' Church, Dublin. 2 Vols. 12mo. B. Fellowes. London. 1833. THIS is one of the many works which have been called into existence by the aggressive spirit of the times-a spirit which scruples not to attack what had previously been deemed safe and sacro-sant, and from which nothing can hope to escape but what has truth for its basis. That the Holy Scriptures are imperishably built upon this foundation had been previously shewn by a host of powerful, acute, and learned writers; but, as in the storming of a citadel, the varied points of attack lead to an equally extensive and varied line of defence, so has it been in the "defence of the truth." One party has been engaged in strengthening the out-works, another the interior parts of the citadel, until the whole has been so thoroughly scrutinized in every part, that the friends of truth and divine revelation have appropriated the song of the patriots of Judea,-"Walk about Zion, and go round about her, tell the towers thereof, mark ye well her bulwarks, consider her palaces, that ye may tell it to the generation following." For the information of his readers, the author of these letters tells us that he has been forced into the contest by the efforts |