Prop., &c. Ferrous lactate is a greenishwhite salt; and when pure, forms small acicular or prismatic crystals, which have a sweetish Ferrous Sulphate. FeSO4. 7Aq. Syn. PROferruginous taste, and are soluble in about 48 TOSULPHATE OF IRON, SULPHATE OF IRON, COPparts of cold and in 12 parts of boiling water. PERAS, GREEN VITRIOL, SHOEMAKER'S BLACK; It has been regarded by many high authorities FErri sulphas (B. P., Ph. L. E. & D.), VITas superior to every other preparation of iron RIOLUM FERRI. The crude sulphate of iron or for internal use, as being at once miscible with green vitriol of commerce (FERRI SULPHAS the lactic acid of the gastric juice, instead of VENALIS, Ph. L.) is prepared by exposing heaps having to be converted into a lactate at the of moistened iron pyrites or native bisulphuret expense of that fluid, as it is asserted is the of iron to the air for several months, either in qase with the other preparations of iron.-its unprepared state or after it has been roasted.

When decomposition is sufficiently advanced, manganese, aluminium, magnesium, and calthe newly formed salt is dissolved out with cium, which, with the exception of the first, water, and the solution crystallised by evapora- are removed with difficulty. It also contains tion. In this state it is very impure. The variable proportions of the neutral and basic ferrous sulphate or sulphate of iron employed ferric sulphates. The preparation obtained in medicine is prepared as follows:by direct solution of iron in dilute sulphuric acid should, therefore, be alone used in medicine.

Prep. (B. P.) Iron wire, 4; sulphuric acid, 4; distilled water, 30. Pour the water on the iron, add the acid, and when the disengagement of gas has nearly ceased, boil for ten minutes. Filter through paper. Allow to stand twenty-four hours, and collect the crystals. Sulphuric acid, 1 fl. oz.; water, 4 pints; mix, and add of commercial sulphate of iron, 4 lbs.; iron wire, 1 oz.; digest with heat and occasional agitation until the sulphate is dissolved, strain whilst hot, and set aside the liquor that crystals may form; evaporate the mother-liquor for more crystals, and dry the whole.

Dissolve the transparent green crystals of the impure sulphate of iron in their own weight of water, acidulated with sulphuric acid, and re-crystallise.

In commerce there are four varieties of crude sulphate of iron or copperas known,greenish-blue, obtained from acid liquors,pale green, from neutral liquors,--emerald green, from liquors containing ferric sulphate, -and ochrey brown, which arises from age and exposure of the other varieties to the air. Even the first two of these contain traces of ferric sulphate, and hence give a bluish precipitate with ferrocyanide of potassium ; whereas the pure sulphate gives one which is at first nearly white.

Ferrous Sulphide. FeS. Syn. SULPHURET OF IRON, SULPHIDE OF I., PROTOSULPHide of I.; FERRI SULPHURETUM (Ph. E. & D.), L. Prep. (Ph. E. & D.) Expose a bar of iron to a full white heat, and instantly apply a solid mass of sulphur to it, observing to let the melted product fall into water; afterwards separate the sulphide from the sulphur, dry, and preserve it in a closed vessel.

The formula of the Ph. U. S. is similar. Dried; FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATA, B. P.; FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUM-Ph. E., F. 8. SICCATUM-Ph. D. From ferrous sulphate, heated in a shallow porcelain or earthen vessel, not glazed with lead, till it becomes a greenish-grey mass, and then reduced to pow-7 der. The heat should be that of an oven, or not exceeding 400° Fahr. Five parts of the crystallised sulphate lose very nearly 2 parts by drying.

From sublimed sulphur, 4 parts; iron filings, parts; mixed together and heated in a common fire till the mixture begins to glow, and then removing the crucible from the heat, and covering it up, until the reaction is at an end, and the whole has become cold.

Hydrated; FERRI PROTOSULPHURETUM HYDRATUM, L. By adding a solution of ammonium sulphide or of potassium sulphide to a neutral solution of ferrous sulphate made with recently distilled or boiled water; the precipitate is collected on a filter, washed as quickly as possible with recently boiled water, squeezed in a linen cloth, and preserved in the pasty state, under water, as directed under ferric hydrate.

Granulated; FERRI SULPHAS GRANULATA, L. (B. P.) A solution of iron wire, 4 oz., in sulphuric acid, 4 fl. oz., diluted with water, 14 pint, after being boiled for a few minutes, is filtered into a vessel containing rectified spirit, 8 fl. oz., and the whole stirred until cold, when the granular crystals are collected on a filter, washed with rectified spirit, 2 fl. oz., and dried, first by pressure between bibulous paper, and next beneath a bell-glass over sulphuric acid, after which they are put into a stoppered bottle, to preserve them from the air. Prop., &c. Ferrous sulphate forms pale bluish-green rhombic prisms, having an acid, styptic taste, and acid reaction; it dissolves in two parts of cold and less than one part of boiling water; at a dull-red heat it suffers decomposition; sp. gr. 1.82. It is perfectly soluble in water; a piece of iron put into the solution should not be covered with metallic copper. By exposure to the air it effloresces slightly, and is partly converted into a basic ferric sulphate.-Dose, to 4 gr., in pills or solution; externally, as an astringent or styptic. In the arts, as sulphate of iron (cop-mouth. (Mialhe.) On contact with the latter peras), it is extensively used in dyeing, and for various other purposes. The dried sulphate (ferri sulphus exsiccatum) is chiefly used to make pills.

Crade sulphate of iron is frequently contaminated with the sulphates of copper, zinc,

Prop., &c. The sulphide prepared in the dry way is a blackish brittle substance, attracted by the magnet. It is largely used in the laboratory as a source of sulphuretted hydrogen. The hydrated sulphide is a black, insoluble substance, rapidly decomposed by exposure to the air. Proposed by Mialhe as an antidote to the salts of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, lead, mercury, silver, and tin, and to arsenious acid; more especially to white arsenic and corrosive sublimate. A gargle containing a little hydrated sulphide of iron will instantly remove the metallic taste caused by putting a little corrosive sublimate into the

substance it is instantly converted into ferrous chloride and mercurious sulphide, two comparatively inert substances. It is administered in the same way as ferrous hydrate. When taken immediately after the ingestion of cor. rosive sublimate, it instantly renders it in

nocuous; but when the administration is dehyed until 15 or 20 minutes after the poison has been swallowed, it is almost useless.

diluted with dialysed water till it reaches that point.

The above formula is said to furnish an article precisely similar to the original Bravais' dialysed iron.

Ferrous Tar'trate. Syn. FERRI TARTRAS, FERRI PROTOTARTRAS, L. Prep. 1. From iron filings, 2 parts; tartaric acid, 1 part; 3. (E. B. Shuttleworth.) Add ammonia to hot water, q. s.; digest together until reaction a solution of perchloride of iron as long as the ceases, agitate the liquid, pour off the turbid precipitate formed is redissolved. A solution solution, and collect, wash, and dry the pow-is produced which contains ferric hydrate dis

der as quickly as possible, and keep it out of contact with the air.

Crystallized potassium tartrate, 132 parts; ferrous sulphate, 189 parts; dissolve each separately, mix the solutions, and collect the precipitate as before. A nearly insoluble powder; seldom need.

Obs. By dissolving the corresponding hydrates in a solution of tartaric acid, employing the former in slight excess, and evaporating, both the ferrous and ferric tartrate are easily

obtained.

solved in ferric chloride, with free chloride of
ammonium. Either the liquor ferri perchlor.
fort. (B. P.), or the liquor ferri chloridi
(U. S.), may be conveniently used, and the
liquor ammoniæ, sp. gr. 959 or 960, of either
Pharmacopoeia will be found a convenient
strength. If the ammonia be added to the
strong solution of iron, considerable heat is
evolved, and, on cooling, the preparation be-
comes gelatinised-often so much so that
the vessel containing it may be inverted. It
is better to avoid this result, and to such end
the solution of perchloride must be diluted
until of a sp. gr. of about 1-300. This degree
may be nearly enough approached by diluting
two measures of the B. P. liquor with one of
water; or adding one measure of water to
five of the U. S. preparation. This solution
will generally remain permanently bright and
fluid. The amount of liquor ammoniæ required
will of course vary with the acidity of the per-
chloride. The liquor ferri B. P. will sometimes
bear as much as an equal volume. A gela-
tinised solution, even when made from the un-
diluted liquor, will often become fluid when
put upon the dialyser, but, as I have said be-
fore, it is better to work with bright solutions.

IRON AL'UM. 160 ALUMS. IRON CEMENT. See CEMENTS. IRON, DIALYSED. (Paris Pharmaceutical Society) Nyn Ferrum DIALYSATUM. OXIDE De Per DIALY¤É. Prep. Solution of ferric chloride (sp. gr. 1 945), 100 grams; solution of Ammonia (ep. gr. 1169), 85 grams; add the Ammonia in small quantities to the ferrie chloride at Beat the precipitate formed is redissolved very rapidly, but afterwards disappears more slowly. When the liquor has again beCome transparent, it is introduced into the distysor the distilled water in which the Yessol containing the ferruginous solution is placed, must be frequently renewed. After a Time the highly coloured solution is no longer 4. (Dr Pile.) Dr Pile, noticing the fact that precipitated by silver nitrate, and gives no chloride of sodium is one of the most rapid hold reaction. It is then absolutely free from crystalloids to dialyse, used a solution of carbothe disagreeable taste of certain ferruginous nate of sodium to add to the solution of ferric preparations. A small quantity of hydrochloride in place of the ammonia so generally chloric acid always remains in the liquor, recommended, and with great success. which may be shown by precipitating the oxide solution of ferric chloride (U.S.) which has of iron by a slight excess of ammonia, alter- been neutralised by a cold solution of carboing, adding an excess of nitric acid, and then nate of sodium is poured into a floating diasilver nitrate. Ton 0.0. are evaporated, and lyser. Starting with 1 pint of solution of from the residue must be calculated how much ferric chloride, which on being treated with distilled water is required to be added to pro- the sodium solution and ready to dialyse, had duce at 10 per cent. solution. a sp. gr. of 1175, it had in 5 days increased to 2. (American Journal of Pharmacy.) Take 5 pluts. The water in which the dialyser 10 parts of liq. forri perchlor. (B. P.), pre-floated was changed daily. At the end of five cipitate by liquor ammonia, and wash the precipitate thoroughly. Mix this with 12 parts of liq. ferri perchlor. (B. P.), and place in a dialyser. The dialyser is placed in a suitable Vessel with distilled water, the water under it renewed every 24 hours. The operation is continued until no trace of chlorine exists, at which time the preparation is found to be neutral. It usually takes from twelve to fifteen days to complete the process.

The resulting preparation, which should be of a deep dark red colour, contains about 5 per cent. of the oxide of iron. If the solution after completion of the operation should conin more than 5 per cent. of iron, it may be

The

days it had passed through the membrane all the crystalloids, was free from taste of foreign substances, and owing to increase of bulk had now the sp. gr. of 10295, and on evaporation yielded 5 per cent. dry oxide of iron. Too long dialysation will cause the solution of iron to become gelatinous.

Mr Shuttleworth says that an efficient dialyser may be made out of one of the flat hoops of an ordinary flour barrel, a bell jar, or even an inverted glass funnel. He gives the preference to the former, and limits its diameter to ten or twelve inches; if it exceeds this, the septum is liable to bulge in the centre,

Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal,' Oct., 1877.

and to make the layer of liquid too deep at that point.

The parchment paper employed for the septum must be entirely free from holes; this is an essential condition, and if any should be discovered by the simple process of sponging the upper surface of the paper with water, and then carefully examining the under surface, they must be stopped by means of a little white of egg, applied and coagulated by heat, or by a drop of collodion.

The parchment paper is not the kind ordinarily known under that name, but a less porous description, which has been made by previous immersion in dilute sulphuric acid. Well-washed bladder, deprived of its outer coat, also makes a good septum.

The septum should be tied around the hoop with twine, but not too tightly, and should be so arranged that its edges shall be left standing up around the hoop, so as to absorb any liquid escaping from the hoop at its junction with the septum. The dialyser being ready for use, the liquid intended for dialysis is poured into it to a depth of not more than half an inch, and the dialyser with its contents is then floated on the surface of some distilled water, contained in a suitable receptacle. The hoop must only be allowed to sink just below the level of the water; if it gets below this point, it will be necessary to keep it up by some support or the other.

It is necessary to change the water in the onter vessel daily. For the first two or three days distilled water should always be used. When this is not obtainable rain water should be employed. When the water shows the absence of chlorides, and the preparation ceases to have a ferruginous taste, the operation may be regarded as finished. The process generally occupies one or two weeks.

the strength of the solution of dialysed iron at five per cent. Where it exceeds this, the solution must be diluted with distilled water; and where it falls short of the amount, it will have to be reduced to the required volume by standing it in a warm and dry situation. The employment of much heat must be particularly avoided as it very frequently leads to the destruction of the compound; hence every care should be taken to render the evaporation of the fluid unnecssary.

"

There seems little doubt that the so-called dialysed iron" is an oxychloride of the metal. Prof. Maisch believes it to be a very basic oxychloride of iron. On the supposition that the oxychloride and chloride of iron are both present in the liquid put into the dialyser, the origin of the oxychloride admits of easy explanation :-The chloride being a crystalloid, diffuses through the septum into the outer water, and thus becomes separated from the oxychloride, which being a colloid, and incapable of a passage through the membrane, remains in solution in the dialyser.

The comparative freedom from taste and easy assimilation of the oxychloride of iron render it a valuable therapeutic agent. The dose of the five per cent. solution is 15 to 50 drops daily, in divided doses. Syrup forms a pleasant vehicle for its administration.

Dialysed iron has been successfully employed in a case of arsenical poisoning. The American Journal of Pharmacy' for January, 1878, contains an interesting paper by Dr Mattison detailing a series of experiments, which conclusively prove its value as an antidote to arsenic. Dr Mattison recommends the administration of the iron to be immediately followed by a teaspoonful or more of common salt.

IRON FI"LINGS. Syn. FERRI RAMENTA "A pig's bladder, completely filled with the (Ph. L. 1836). FERRI LIMATURA (Ph. E.), iron solution, securely tied, and immersed in FERRI SCOBS (Ph. D.). The usual method of water frequently changed, answers well for preparing iron filings for medical purposes has making this preparation. The process re- been already noticed; the only way, however, quires a longer time than with a carefully re- to obtain them pure, is to act on a piece of gulated and properly conducted dialysis, but it soft iron with a clean file. The Fr. Cod. entails considerably less trouble. I consider it orders them to be forcibly beaten in an iron an advantage to procure the bladder perfectly mortar, and to be separated from oxide and fresh, as it is then easily cleaned by pure dust by means of a fine sieve, and from the water, and alkaline ley need not be used. grosser parts by means of a coarse hair-sieve. Great care is necessary in tying the neck-Dose, 10 to 30 gr., in sugar or honey, as a carefully. This can be best accomplished by chalybeate; in larger doses it is an excellent a few turns of iron wire. Above this may be vermifuge, especially for ascarides or the small secured a piece of twine, to suspend the blad-thread-worm.

der, by means of a stick, or rod, placed on the IRON LIQUOR. Syn. PYROLIGNITE OF edge of the vessel containing the water. The IRON, DYER'S ACETATE OF I., BLACK LIQUOR, bladder should be perfectly full, and immersed TAR IRON L.; FERRI ACETAS VENALIS, L. altogether in water. The attraction of the This article, so extensively used in dyeing, is solution for the water is so great, that consi-a crude mixed acetate of the protoxide and derable pressure is manifested, and should any sesquioxide of iron. It is usually prepared by parts or holes be in the bladder, the liquid one or other of the following methods:will be forced out, water will take its place, and failure result."

Pretty general consent appears to have fixed 1 'Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal,' Oct., 1877.

1. Old scraps of iron (hoops, worn-out tinplate, &c.) are left in a cask of pyroligneous acid, occasional agitation being had recourse Ibid., Oct., 1877.

form of melir iron receined in the Ph. L. use HIKE INTETICions of iron. SADNI GEN. A va crystalIme body outamet by the Dzidation of indigo. When arted upon by pocast it becomes comveret mu aline. Istine may be formed by beating indigi in a dime station of dicromate of post and suguric acid, or by

2 soution of prolguns or crude acetate of limes auget it another of great comparas, as long as a precipitate is formet; after retreating indigi under proper conditions with puse the clear liquor a decamet

ZEON. REDUCEL

BUL QUETEFFY RON; FERRTY REDACITY 1 FREE PUTH 1; FEL LEDT F F Tuis preparation, whet consin of metalle roz in a fine state of division. maet will a varaue amount of magnetit DZIGE of POL. Is made by passing perierty dry iyaruger over peroxine of iron heated zo redLess it & gul-URTE

Frog. A grevist-binck powder, attracted by the magnet, aut exniniting metallt streaks When Tuulet With firm pressure in a mortar. Lapdy absorbs vrygen, and must therefore, be preserved from the air in wel-moppered but I disseres in bydrochloric acid with the exution of hydrogen. 20 grains added to an aqueous solution of 50 grains of iodine and 50 grains of iodide of potassium, and dgested wild then it a small fiask at a gentle heat, solid leere not more than 5 rs undissolved, which should be entirely sathie in bydrocitric acid.

In medicine it is chiefy given to restore the condition of the blood in all anemic states of the system. There is no pulveralent state of iron so convenient as is for chidren, as it has no tarte, and only a very sin duse is regtáred-Luse, 1 to 5 grains (cuudren, à to 1 grain), in powder, p, or between bread and butter.

Iron reduced by Lectricity. See EncTRICITY, Iron reduced br.

ISCHT RIA. In pachnings, retention, stoppart of suppression of the urine

I SINGLASS. Sex ICHTHOODIA, L The finest kinds of singles are socained from various species of the genus Arpenter, or sturgeon that from the great surgeon being perniers the most esteemed. It is the sir-bag, swimming binder, a sound dried without any other preparation that opening, folding. of twisting it. The picked or out singlass of the shops consists of the lumps of staple isinglass picked in shreds by women and children, or em by machines.

Prop de Good singlass is the purest natura gentis known is quity is determined by its wheness, absence of the least fiery odour, and ready and almost entire soluby in boiling water: the solution forming & Dearly wine scendless, sem-transparent, sold jelly, wher cold. It is saltlue in weak acids, and this solution is precipianted by alkajes The aqueous solution is not precipitated by spirit of the common strengths. 1 part of good is glass dissolved in 25 parts of hot water forms a rich, tremtions jelly. It is very commonly adulterated. Of the different varieties of isingiss, the Russian is the best and most solchie. See GELATIN. | ISON ERISM. In chemistry, identity of coz position, with dissimilarity of properties. Isomeric compounds (isomerides) are such as contain the same elements in the same proportions, but which difer from each other in their chemical properties; thes, formate of ethyl and acetate of methyl are isomeric, having precisely the same ultimate composi tion, though differing in the arrangement of their elements.

Iron, to remove Eust from Polished. Bast of iron may be removed from a polished grate by means of emery paper, or by scraping some Bata-brick to a fue powder, mixing it with a little of and rubbing the spots well with a piece of farmel dipped in this mixture; after with some whiting should be applied by gent friction. This operation requires ISOMORPHISM. In chemistry, the quality day repetition until the rest has disappeared. possessed by bodies differently composed of fre-irons, fenders, &c., when put aside in assuming the same crystal the form. Isomor tut svarmer, should be previously smeared phous substances are found to be closely allied tay over with a species of paran, known in their chemical nature; and the fact of two to arrats by the name of vaseline or bodies crystallising in the same form has 'erinde' or with grease, mercurial oint

often led to the discovery of other points of similarity between them. The slums, for instance, no matter what their components, all crystallise in octahedra, and a crystal of potassium-alam, if transferred to a solution of chrome-alum, will continue to increase with perfect regularity from the deposition of the

Iron, to remove the Stains of, from Marble. k.is sery cartony confting it to the BL-LUDE DILY DOCpued by the spot) some wrong ay cruction acid, removing it directly the spot terpeare Soould this cause any Comtration in the polish, this may be restored, latter salt. by means of emery paper.

TEST WELL by. FIERTM IN FILA TEASTTM (PLL) F FILM (Ph. E), -ARKI FILA (Ph. D.), L. This is the only

IS SUE. Sen. FONICULUS, L. In surgery, a small artificial ulcer formed on any part of the body by means of caustic or the lancet, and kept open by daily introducing an ISSUE