MAP OF ASIA.

Explanation of the Flags upon the Map; showing the Conquests of the Mongols; and some of the Places of Residence of the Family of Genghis Khan, &c.

GENGHIS KHAN vanquished the preceding Grand Khan, A.D. 1202; and in the year 1280, the Mongol empire, the largest that ever was known, had attained its greatest extent, and was divided as follows:

Kublai was the Grand Khan. He was the grandson of Genghis ; he resided at Pekin, called also Cambalek, Khanbalig, and Cambalu. He governed all China; all the countries between Hindoostan and China down to the ocean; part of Sumatra; Thibet; Tangut; Great Tartary, from the country of the Ighurs to the sea of Japan, including Corea; the eastern division of Siberia, to the Arctic sea and the straits of Anian (Behring's).

Kaidou, great grandson of Genghis, governed central Siberia, and some of the countries in the southern neighbourhood of the little Altai mountains.

Sheibani (grandson of Genghis) or one of his descendants, resided at Genghidin or Sibir (near Tobolsk); and governed the western division of Siberia, to the mouth of the river Yaik which runs into the Caspian sea.

MAP OF ASIA EXPLAINED.

Batou's grandson, consequently a great-great-grandson of Genghis, governed Capschac, and resided at Serai on the Volga. This empire comprised Little Tartary, (the Crimea), and was bounded on the east by the river Yaik, on the west by the river Don, on the south by the Caucasus mountains, and on the north by the Arctic sea.-All Russia was tributary.

Zagatai's (son of Genghis) descendant reigned over Zagatai; which comprised Transoxiana, or Maverulnere or Turan, the country of the Ighurs, Cashgar, the kingdom of Badachshan, and the city of Balk or Balich. He resided at Cashgar.

Abaca, (son of Hulacou) great grandson of Genghis, reigned over Persia to the Indus; Syria; Mesopotamia, (Bagdat); Chaldea; and Anatolia. He resided at Maraga.

Viceroys, always near relations of the reigning sovereigns, were spread over all the above countries, to govern subordinate districts as extensive as European monarchies: few particulars are known of the viceroyalties.

501

EXPLANATION OF THE FLAGS.

TAMERLANE passed this place with his army, and erected obelisks; FLAG 1. and near which the great Ogus Khan (VII. century B. C.) had his residence. Ogus, so famous in the East, and his successors, were probably the Tartars, who waged war with China, and caused the wall to be built. —Du Halde, Vol. I. p. 164, &c. and pp. 88, 89 of this Volume.

The first residence of the Mongol Siberian princes in the western FLAG 2. division, was on the river Tura, where Tiumen now stands; it was called, in honour of the Grand Khan, Genghidin, and is still called so by the Tartars.-Tooke, Vol. II. p. 60. This Vol.

p. 199.

The Mongols afterwards quitted Genghidin, and built the city of FLAG 3. Iska, which afterwards got the name of Sibir. It is near Tobolsk.Tooke, Vol. II. p. 60.

502

FLAG 4.

FLAG 5.

FLAG 6.

MAP OF ASIA EXPLAINED.

Sheibani, the brother of Batou, at first possessed the countries about the Yaik, where he founded the famous golden horde; which territories were ceded to him by his brother, and from whence he made the conquests in Siberia. The remains of Saratchinsk on the Yaik are still visible.-Tooke, Vol. II. pp. 17, 60; Levesque, Vol. VIII. p. 268; and Vol. VII. p. 192. This Vol. p. 199.

Mr. Adams found the ruins of ancient forts at the mouth of the Lena, and mutilated remains of grotesque figures.

To the shores and islands of this place the Grand Khan always sent for his ger-falcons and peregrine falcons: he kept 10,000 falconers.→→ See Marco Polo, Ch. L., where it is mentioned that the natives ride upon rein-deer; and this fact is confirmed by Mr. Adams, in the year 1805. See this Vol. p. 250.

The Yakutes were driven to the Frozen Ocean by the Mongols.-Tooke, Vol. II. p. 80.

These regions, near the mouths of the Lena and Indigerska, are called, in De la Croix's map to Sherefeddin, “Northern Turquestan."-See this Vol. p. 209.

Birth place of Genghis Khan.-See Captain Cochrane's Pedestrian Journey, p. 489; and Chap. I. of this volume, first page.

FLAG 7. Tomb of Genghis Khan.-See Strahlenberg's Map, and Abul Ghazi, Vol. I. p. 145. This Vol. p. 43. Hereabouts Kublai and other Mogul princes were also interred.-See Marco Polo, p. 199, note. Shang-tu, Kublai Khan's summer palace. See Chaunaiman in Du Halde's Map; and Marco Polo, p. 250. This Vol. p. 75.

FLAG 8.

FLAG 9.
FLAG 10.

FLAG 11.

Caracorum. The capital of the Grand Khans.-See pp. 49–189. Olougyourt. Residence of the Grand Khan Octai; capital of the Grand Khan Keyouc.-Petis de la Croix, p. 389. This Vol. pp.

44, 189, 211.

Great battle between Kublai and Nayan (eight hundred and sixty

MAP OF ASIA EXPLAINED.

thousand troops engaged). The Grand Khan being in a castle, placed upon the backs of four elephants.-See Astley's Collection,

Vol. IV. p. 606. Marco Polo, p. 262. This Vol. p. 59.

503

Cambalec, or Cambalu, or Pekin. The capital of the Grand FLAG 12. Khans from the accession of Kublai till the expulsion of the Mongols from China. A. D. 1369.

The Don was the Mongol Frontier.

"We arrived at the banks of the Tanais, which divides Asia from Europe. At the place where we arrived, Batou and Sartach had caused cottages to be built on the eastern bank of the river, for a company of Russians to dwell in, that they might transport ambassadors and merchants in ferry boats. When we demanded horses of the Russians, they replied that they had a privilege from Batou, whereby they were bound only to ferry goers and comers; and that they received great sums from merchants, even for that. This river is the limit of the east part of Russia-William De Rubruquis, p. 564; this Vol. p. 238.

FLAG 13.

Serai, the capital of the Empire of Capshac, was built by Batou, FLAG 14. grandson of Genghis, and successor to his father Touschi, the first

Mongol sovereign of Capshac: it became a magnificent city. See page 46 of this Volume.

We found Sartach's court within three days' journey of the Volga. FLAG 15. He is the son of Batou, his court was very great. He had six wives. His eldest son has three wives. Every one of these women hath a great house and above two hundred carts.-William De Rubruquis, p. 564; this Vol. p. 239.

Near Kasimof, on the Oka, is a Tartarian suburb, the ruins of a FLAG 16. lofty round tower, an oratory or chapel, the remains of a palace and a mausoleum; all constructed of brick or burnt tiles. It was a populous Tartar town in 1685.--Pere Avril, p. 128; Tooke, Vol. II. p. 48.

504

FLAG 17.

FLAG 18.

FLAG 19.

FLAG 20.

FLAG 21.

FLAG 22.

FLAG 23.

FLAG 24.

MAP OF ASIA EXPLAINED.

The city of Kazan was built by a son of Batou, in the year 1257.Tooke, Vol. II. p. 50.

"On the Volga, below the mouth of the Kama, are found well preserved and partly magnificent (Tartar) remains of Bracktimof, or Bolgar."-Tooke, Vol. II. p. 48. Bolgar was the residence of Bereké, brother and successor of Batou (P. de la Croix, p. 387). He received Marco Polo's father and uncle with great distinction and magnificence. See M. Polo, Ch. I. sec. 1, who calls him Barka. He was engaged in a bloody war against his relation Hulacou, king of Persia.-P. de la Croix, p. 387.

Astrachan was the seat of a Tartar sovereign.-Tooke, Vol. II. 50; see this Vol. pp. 128. 289.

P.

The Crimea was under the descendants of Genghis above five hundred years.

Maraga. The capital of Hulacou, grandson of Genghis and king of Persia, who founded a school of Astronomy in this city: (he died in the year 1265).—Sir R. K. Porter's Travels, Vol. II. p. 494.

Cashgar. Residence of Isan Boga Khan, descended from Zagatai, at the end of the thirteenth century.-Abul Ghazi, Vol. I. p. 167.

Supposed winter position of the sovereigns of Gete, the country of Caidu, who rebelled against Kublai and Timur Kaan. Also the residence of the Turkish Khans.-See Sir William Jones's Works, Vol. I. p. 63; Abul Ghazi Bahadur, Vol. I. p. 163; Sherefeddin, Life of Timur, Vol. I. p. 330; Tooke's Russia, Vol. II. p. 37; Marsden's Marco Polo, p. 263; Petis de la Croix, p. 387; Bell of Antermony, Ch. II.; and this Vol. pp. 100, 101, 202.

Semipalati, (seven palaces), a large brick building of seven rooms, in which many Mongol, Calmuc, and Tangut manuscripts were found, supposed to be prayers of the Lamas. The Tartars told Mr. Bell that it was built by Tamerlane or Genghis Khan. See Abul Ghazi, Vol. II. p. 525; Strahlenberg, p. 335; this Vol. p. 217.