and failed. In 1855 Don Carlos, who, forks, scythes, or poles with spikes at during his exile, assumed the title of the end-not very formidable weapons Count of Molina, died, and his rights de- against Chassepots and Remington's ; volved on his eldest son, the Count of and the uniform they wore consisted Montemolin. The history of this Prince mostly of the cast-off clothing of the is brief and sad. A second effort was French gardes mobiles, which their agents made in Spain in which he took part. It contrived to pick up in Bayonne and the failed, and he fell into the hands of his other towns of the frontier. For some enemies. On giving his word not to re- time they kept up a sort of desultory warpeat the attempt, he was released by fare; there was an occasional raid, a preorder of his cousin, Queen Isabella, and datory excursion, often successful; but returned to Trieste. Soon after, he, his whatever advantage they obtained here wife, and his brother, Don Fernando, and there was more than counterbalanced died within a very short time of each by the defeat of Orosquieta, and the deother; and public opinion attributed their composition of the regular army had not death to poison. Their mother-in-law-yet reached the point at which soldiers Don Carlos had married the sister of his become more formidable to their friends, first wife declared to all who ques- to their own commanders, and to defencetioned her that there was no foundation less populations, than they are to the for the rumour and that they fell victims enemy they are sent to combat. Had to an epidemic which was then prevalent the Duke of Madrid. who was present at in Trieste, and which, in their case, was that affair, been killed or taken prisaggravated by mental suffering. The oner, the cause was probably lost for surviving son, Juan, married, as we ever. The subsequent surrender and have said, to the Archduchess Beatrix, the convention between the leading Carlyielded without difficulty to the coun-ists and Serrano, in Biscay, considered cils of the Legitimist leaders, and re- as a proof of complete discomfiture, was nounced his claims in favour of his a still more terrible blow. There was no eldest son, Don Carlos of Bourbon and Este, known to the public as Duke of Madrid, and since the 3d of October last acknowledged by his partisans as King Charles VII. of Spain. "This noble Prince," says a Carlist writer, "born in exile and nursed in adversity, has as examples before him in his own family,the good faith and generosity of his grandfather; the abnegation and highmindedness of Maria Francisca; the goodness of heart and the love of Spain of the second wife of Don Carlos, who is still revered by his grandchildren; the filial respect of his uncles, Carlos and Fernando; and all the virtues of that model of womankind his mother, the Archduchess Beatrix."

In the early part of 1872 the Duke of Madrid entered Spain, and issued his appeal to the Spanish people. Some few thousands responded to it with the cry of "Viva Carlos VII!" But the movement was premature. The mass of the Basque population, though undoubtedly favourable to the cause, were indifferently supplied with arms and ammunition and without arms and ammunition enthusiasm was useless. Few had arms of precision; many the old flint muskets, that had probably done service in the same mountains during the former war; and hundreds joined armed, like the Whiteboys of Ireland in other days, with pitch

help for it. The defeated bands hid their arms, and dispersed in all directions. The Duke of Madrid disappeared as if he had melted away in the mists of Lecumberri, or as if the earth had opened and swallowed him. It is almost a truism that the unfortunate seldom find indulgence, or even common justice from the world, whether their misfortune is owing to themselves or to circumstances beyond their power to control. Comments were made by enemies, and, it must be said, by friends, on that strange disappearance. It was plain that the first combat he was personally engaged in had given him enough, and more than enough, of campaigning. Sarcasm and ridicule were heaped upon him by some who (according to their own account) were preparing to join him, but for conduct which contrasted strangely with his declaration (recorded by Carlist writers,) that he would fire his revolver into any man who should stand before him in action to screen him from danger, but who was now frightened by the first bullet that whistled by his ears.* The more

One writer of decided Carlist views relates that, be fore hostilities commenced, some of the chiefs did their best to dissuade him, for obvious reasons, from being under fire. And when the superior officers were discussing in his presence the plan of campaign-" Say that I am resolved to enter Spain, and in Spain to win what you will," the Duke observed, "but remember a crown or to find a grave. Nay, more," he added,

insure his safety, and protect him from an ambuscade or a coup de main.

charitable concluded that he had be- such advantages now. The efforts of haved well, but had been severely wound- his partisans were for some time merely ed on that day, and was unable to take tentative: their bands were few in numthe field for a long time; some whis- ber; imperfectly armed and clothed; pered that he had died of the wound. they were in possession of no town; and Except a very few who were in the had no funds except what were drawn secret, people knew no way of account- from private sources, or what they could ing for the total eclipse. They suggested levy from a hostile municipality. If he unpleasant comparisons between him fell into the hands of the enemy, or was and his grandfather,—no dashing war- slain, the war was over almost before it rior, after all, but who yet remained in had begun. It was said that he had, Spain during the greater part of the war, after much hesitation, yielded to the and quitted it only when he had no wishes of his advisers to keep out of the longer an army. It was forgotten, how- way until some progress had been made ever, that the rising for the elder Don-until there were sufficient means to Carlos was, at the very outset, far more general and far more formidable, both as to numbers and leaders, than the present one has yet become; and that Zumalacarreguy, who commanded in chief in the north, had already made much progress in the organization of his forces, and was already in possession of several important places when the Pretender appeared in the field, with the best wishes and sympathies, and indeed with material aid, from European Powers. An incident also occurred which led the Carlists of that day to believe that their cause had the sympathy of the English Government. In April 1835 an envoy was sent to Zumalacarreguy's headquarters to negotiate a convention between the belligerents with a view to put an end to the shooting of prisoners. The arrangement was concluded, and it did, in the first instance, diminish the effusion of blood; but its consequences, in a political point of view, were not without injury to the cause of the Queen. The mission was accredited to both parties, insurgents and army, and was considered by the former as a sort of recognition by the English Cabinet; and during the negotiation the Carlist general was placed on an equality with the commander-in-chief of Isabella's army. The members of the mission, too, were believed to entertain a preference for Don Carlos himself, and the most favourable opinion of the superiority of his troops. From all this it was inferred that the Cabinet of that day felt a strong partiality to the cause.

The Duke of Madrid had no such advantage when the war began, nor has he

showing them a beautifully-mounted revolver, this weapon is a gift from a dear friend, which I highly value; and I declare that the contents are for the first man among you who, during the combat, dares to present himse.f before me. If I fall, my brother Alfonso will, I trust, pick up the crown; it will be stained with

my blood, but the stains will make it more precious."

In one respect, indeed, the Duke of Madrid has been favoured more than his grandfather. During the former war there was no Republic, and no Republicans except speculative ones. It merely was a question for discussion which candidate had the best title to the throne; - whether the one who relied on right divine, or the one whose claims had been accepted by the great bodies of the State; by grandees and deputies assembled in the Cortes for that express purpose; or whether the Constitution should be more or less liberal; but the Monarchy itself was not called in question. The accession of the Duke of Aosta did something to promote Carlism, but it is the five or six months of Republicanism which have gained many, who, till then, would have recoiled from an alliance with it, and which have given it such an impulse as to make people believe that its triumph is only a question of time. Indeed, crimes like those perpetrated at Alcoy, Carthagena, Malaga, and elsewhere, have produced their effect on moderate Republicans who even till now imagined that a Republic was not necessarily a régime of disorder. Those who deluded themselves with the notion that under the new system Spain would become a terrestrial paradise, who spoke in admiration of the pacific manner in which the transmission of power was effected, now join the sentimental politicians of Madrid in asking pardon of God and man for what they have done, or allowed to be done. The Republicans did not doubt for a moment of the speedy destruction of Carlism; it is the Republic that has given new strength to it, by the disorganization of the army they relied upon to crush it. The Republicans were to make wonderful reforms in finances, and restore public credit: it is under the

These I have endeavoured to procure for less. That duty being performed by me so you, and my efforts have not been totally fruitfar as it was in my power, I am now here to perform another most grateful to my heart. I come to combat by your side for God and our country! I am not the man to stand by with arms folded, looking on, an idle spectator, on account of political considerations, while this heroic struggle is going on.

Republic that financial difficulties have unprecedented and wonderful in its success; increased to such an extent that na- and while suffering under constant privations tional bankruptcy would seem inevitable. and fatigues, you have asked for nothing but Whilst in the northern provinces Carlism arms. is extending rapidly, in the south the Republic has set loose the savage passions of a mob who acknowledge obedience to none but that mysterious tribunal, the Internationale. In the beginning, the more fastidious men of the party fell into the same delusion as their prototypes of France, and flattered themselves that by the influence with which their talents, their education, and their social position invested them, they could easily control the perverse instincts of the multitude. They even doubted the existence of such instincts; and Castelar would repeat the declaration of tearful Jules Favre as to Paris, that in Madrid, Barcelona, Grenada, Valencia, Alcoy, Carthagena, there was no populace, but only the people.

When every one had all but forgotten the Duke of Madrid, - while people were wondering that he made no sign, or tired of guessing in which of the three or four houses near the frontier he was hiding, or believed that he was dead- at all events, that his career had been cut short in some way or other - and were puzzled to know for what object there was a man still in arms for him,- all at once the news came that the Prince was again in Spain; that he had entered the first village in Navarre by the old familiar route of Ainhoa, the last French village; that he was received, as he stepped across the frontier that summer's morning, by the Marquis of Valdespina and his sons, by the faithful veteran Lizaraga, and other chiefs, at the head of 2000 stalwart men, armed and equipped, assembled to welcome the Prince who was restored to them in different circumstances from those in which he had left them after Orosquieta; that he first of all complied with the religious observances customary with Spanish sovereigns on returning to their homes after a long or a short absence; that in the village church of Zuguramurdi a Te Deum was sung for the living, and a Requiem for those who had fallen; and, finally, that he issued the following proclamation on the day of his

arrival:

Volunteers! after invoking the blessing and the protection of the Lord of Hosts, I have listened to the voice of Spain in her mortal agony, and, confident of your courage and your loyalty, I once more come among you. Poor as you are in resources, but rich in faith and heroism, you have carried on a campaign

ciate

I pity and deplore the blindness of the army that is opposed to us; it does not appreBut you and I are ready to receive all with open arms when in calmer moments they reflect that the standard of the Monarchy is the standard under which Spain won glory and honour; that the standard of the true Monarchy is mine-the standard of Legitimacy and of Right!

you, and it does not know me.

But since this is not yet so, it remains for us to put down by force the impious and destructive revolution which sustains itself by

violence.

In the accounts of the reception of the Prince by the population of these villages, there may be, as on such occasions there generally is, some exaggeration. Yet it is not incredible nor surprising that the veterans, and the sons of the veterans, of Navarre and Guipuzcoa, who fought so long for the grandfather, and who have never wavered in their fidelity, after so many years and so many vicissitudes, to the religious and political faith of their fathers, and who love order, should give a hearty welcome to the Prince who presents himself as the protector of both. But a short time since few would have

imagined that the representative of Absolutism would be hailed by some of his former foes as their deliverer from the most hateful of all despotisms, the despotism of the demagogue. While there is anarchy everywhere, on sea as on land

for the crews of the ships of war who had made ravages which could hardly have mutinied have only executed the be repaired in generations: the people lesson taught them by Topete in the hacked timber when they wanted it, withwaters of Cadiz five years ago, and have out any regard to housing the supply; even bettered the instruction the Carl-devastation by fires was frequent; there were forest nomadic tribes who kept

mountains.

From The Pall Mall Gazette.

ists continue, at least up to the date at which we write, to make steady progress. capriciously clearing fresh spaces by inThey frequently receive supplies of arms cendiarism whenever it pleased them to and ammunition,—not, as before, smug- change their dwelling-places; in short, gled on dark nights through passes of the destruction was proceeding apace, and Pyrenees, but in the open day, almost the authorities did not interpose a mowithin sight of important towns, and atment too soon. Fortunately, when they two musket-shots from military posts. did interpose, they interposed to some Very recently a steamer landed at seven purpose, and a regular forest staff has o'clock in the morning a cargo of four been established, directed by eminently thousand muskets at the mouth of the capable men. It was necessary, however, Bidassoa, a few hundred yards from the to educate the men who were to be town of Fontarabia, and small boats em- placed in charge. In India forestry was ployed in the operation were openly en- an unknown art, and even in this country gaged by the insurgents. While one it had been very much neglected. But body drawn up on the beach protected in France considerable attention had the landing, another of over two thousand always been paid to it, while in Northern men was stationed on the summit of Cape | Germany it has been cultivated as a Higuer, to prevent any interference on science. Accordingly young men desthe part of the volunteer force of Fonta- tined for the Indian forest service have rabia. But the Carlists are now so con- been sent to educate themselves in the fident that they do not seem to apprehend German forest schools, for in Germany anything from the inhabitants of these precept and practice go hand in hand, while more experienced officials have gone thither to make their observations and to pick up what hints they can to carry back for application in India. It is to this policy that we owe the reports of Captain Walker, Deputy Conservator of the Madras Forests, which have been WITH an extraordinarily damp climate lately published. His reports are the and plenty of barren soil in the northern fruits of a forest tour undertaken in the parts of the island, we have left our course of last summer, which extended woods very much to the care of nature, over four months and a half, and carried while we have fed our fires from our coal-him through forests in Hanover, Prussia, fields and peat mosses, and imported the Saxony, Bavaria, Austria, and Baden. better part of our timber. It is true that We may observe by the way that they some proprietors, more enlightened than are supplemented by a paper by Dr. their neighbours, have been borrowing Brandis, offering valuable suggestions on ideas from systems practised on the Con- the professional studies of forest officers tinent, and introducing a certain method on leave. into their forest management. The su- We imagine few people have formed a perintendents of Crown domains-nota- conception of the extent of the remains bly at Windsor and in the New Forest of the vast forest that once stretched have been setting examples of advance in itself all over Germany. In Hanover the same direction. But it was only as alone, Captain Walker tells us, there are they became alive to the state of matters 900,000 acres of wood under State manin India that the Government took up agement; while nearly a fourth part of forestry in earnest. The population of the area, of Prussia is in forest, although India depends on its forests almost en- the half of that is in private hands. As tirely, and as these extended over an is well known, the forest administration enormous area, it seemed never to have in particular districts has long been occurred to any one that their resources famous, especially in Thuringia and the could be anything but inexhaustible. However, the alarm at last was given, and that illusion was suddenly dispelled. It was found that the most wanton waste

INDIAN AND GERMAN FORESTS.

Hartz mountains. In North Germany generally the responsibilities are allotted in districts among a carefully organized body of officials, presided over by a

krempe, for instance, something between an adze and a pickaxe, is one which lays fast hold of the trunks and exerts an extraordinary leverage; and by the aid of the krempe and a rope or two Captain Walker has seen half a dozen men do such work as they use elephants for in India.

Forstdirektor, who fills the post of com- | ately practical branches, but they undermander-in-chief. The appointments are stand all about diseases and insect fairly remunerated as remuneration goes plagues and the remedies for them. Of in Germany; and they are so eagerly merely mechanical woodcraft they are sought after that candidates will remain masters. In the Black Forest especially, on their probation for years at their own Captain Walker, with all his Indian excost, or with moderate and precarious perience, marvelled at the adroitness pay, in the hope of being regularly en- with which they managed to bring down rolled in the corps at last. In Austria great trees, so that in their fall they things are on a somewhat different footing. should not injure the saplings. Then The Austrian forests are magnificent-so they have certain tools in use, simple magnificent, indeed, that the people have enough in appearance, but which are exbeen in the way of taking liberties with ceedingly useful in their practised hands, them, just like our own Indian subjects, and which might be adopted with adand the forests management has been neg-vantage in England or in India. The lected. Now they have changed all that, and the State is doing its best to repair the consequences of its negligence. But as yet the Austrian forest service is comparatively in its infancy, and the pay is very indifferent. We may give an idea of what the system is when fairly organized by taking Hanover as an illustration. In Hanover the staff consists of the We shall not trouble our readers with forest director and over-forest master; the valuable technical information Cap20 forest masters in charge of divisions, tain Walker collected as to methods of who constitute a council of management; 112 over-foresters in charge of districts; 403 assistant foresters; 343 under-foresters, besides occasional labourers, who are employed as their services are wanted. A check is established on the finances by appointing a cash-keeper to each district; the gross income is estimated approximately at £300,000, while the expenditure amounts to 128,000. Even in North Germany it is only comparatively recently that many of the forests have been worked to the best advantage. They had been hampered with troublesome rights of common and servitudes, which gave communities and private persons a claim to take liberties with the wood, while much damage was done by exercising the rights of grazing out of place and season. It has been the more recent policy of the Government to buy up all these rights, dealing very liberally with the people, and Captain Walker points out that measures of this kind are absolutely necessary in India. But even after acquiring these rights the Government do all in their power to make the forest lands generally useful.. Where the growth of the trees places them beyond the reach of injury, cattle are freely admitted, and in all cases where it is practicable the woods are thrown open for recreation. As for the foresters, even in the lower ranks, they are highly educated in their special line. They are not only at home in the more immedi

rotation, clearing, cutting, sowing, planting out, &c. What is of more general interest is his account of his visit to the Prince Furstenberg's forest at Rippoldau in the Grand Duchy of Baden. The forest is opened up in all directions by a regular system of roads arranged in two classes. The first of these is twice the width of the other and carefully constructed with solid masonry, wooden bridges, &c. But most curious are the

Riesen," or slips, down which the timber is shot to the streams, and the artificial modes of floating the interminable rafts. The slips at Rippoldau are about six feet wide, and pieces of wood or rollers are placed along them at intervals of a couple of feet. The trough is formed of smooth timber stripped of its bark, so that there shall be little friction on the stems as they glide down it. Where the curve is too sharp the slip is disposed at something approaching a right angle; and the trunk which has been shot so far is turned by means of the krempe, and then launched forward on a fresh start. Three hundred stems can be sent down one of those slips in a single day. As for the mode of floating the timber, that must be seen to be believed, as Captain Walker remarks. The little mountain stream is cleared of its boulders, and its bed prepared with pieces of cross-timber as the “ Riesen " are. The water is dammed back in reservoirs, and, strange to say, the floating takes place when the stream is unusually