Oldalképek
PDF
ePub

torical rights which were guaranteed to them anew | Bohemians, who still dream of the great Moravian by the law of 11th April, 1848. They have as empire of Svatopluk; but it is the complex prodlittle idea of renouncing the dynasty as of estab-uct of their national institutions, hitherto guaranlishing a republic. They are far too wise to quit teed to them by every successive king in his the historical ground which during the last three coronation-oath; in accordance with it, and in centuries their ancestors have so often defended obedience to the law of the land, the whole adwith success against the Vienna ministry whose ministration has been hitherto in the hands of native dream has ever been of the absorption of Hungary Hungarians. For nationality consists, not as Slainto Austria, and an absolute unity of the empire, vonian and German professors teach, in identity of after the French pattern. language, still less in identity of race, but in idenBy thus recklessly and presumptuously attack-tity of interests, of habits, of institutions, and of ing the ancient and cherished institutions of a history. The Austrian ministry is struggling for people deeply attached to their inherited rights, a closer unity of the empire; Hungary, not unthey have at last goaded the Hungarians into a naturally jealous of change, will not give up her contest, which these have sought by every means ancient constitution. to avoid; and even yet they place their only hope of restoring order, not in justice, but in the superiority of Windischgrätz's cannon.

From the Spectator, 17 March.

It should be borne in mind, that the struggle on the part of the Hungarians is not for the maintenance of class privileges or the special interests of a caste. This has been too often asserted here, in defiance of the truth. That the nobles were a FOR WHAT ARE THE HUNGARIANS FIGHTING? privileged class, will not be denied ; but they were not such a class as the oligarchs of Russia; the THE summary which we gave last week, of the nobles were the franchise-bearing class, not a small forces arrayed on the side of the Hungarian patriots, fraction of the population, removed to an immeasand the hints we there supplied as to the cooper-urable distance above, and tyrannizing over the ation of all classes in the struggle, must have sur-rest; the passage from one division into the other prised those who have suffered themselves to be was neither difficult nor rare. Still it must be adpersuaded that it is the result of unconsidered ex-mitted that there were grievances in the inequality citement or revolutionary intrigues. Those who of taxation, and drawbacks upon the national proshave chosen to represent Kossuth as nothing more perity in the nature of the prevalent copyhold tenthan the raving apostle of a subversive republican-ures. ism, have yet to explain how he has contrived to array under his banner the representatives of the noblest and wealthiest families. In fact, although a bloody war has now for three months been devastating the productive corn-lands of Hungary, both the parties engaged in the contest, and the object for which it is waged on either side, are but little understood in this country; and whatever judgment may be formed upon policy and probabilities, we wish to make English politicians understand the grounds upon which the Hungarians act.

The chief oppo

And it must ever be remembered to their credit, that the privileged class themselves-the only privileged class of whom history can make such honorable mention-in a succession of diets extending over the last quarter of a century, have brought forward measure after measure for the purpose of divesting themselves of those personal advantages which they were convinced were opposed to the universal welfare. sition that they met with in this career of improvement was ever offered by the Austrian government itself; which in all its dependencies maintained For more than a century Austria and Hungary the immoral mode of ruling by keeping alive hoshave continued to maintain an amicable union;tility between the different classes of its subjects. how does it now happen that we find the descend- All that remained of ancient abuses was finally ants of those who rose as one man to save the throne of Maria Theresa-who turned a deaf ear to the offer of a separate and independent existence from Napoleon-now arrayed in arms against Austria? The Austrian journals, which choose to ascribe this state of things to the sole influence of Kossuth, in reality attribute to his eloquence something more than it merits. A distinguished and remarkable man indeed he is; but his eloquence would not have driven a nation into rebellion, nor raised regular armies, nor maintained them in the field. The struggle is, in short, a national one, which, although he plays an important part in it, does not depend solely upon himself. The Hungarians are fighting for their nationality, which they hold to be threatened by the system of the Austrian ministry. Nor is this nationality a vague and misty idea, the imaginative reconstruction of a perished history, like that of the Irish, or of the

swept away in the Diet which closed on the 11th
of April, 1848, and whose acts received the solemn
ratification of the Emperor Ferdinand, in his ca-
pacity of King of Hungary. Thus alone is it to be
explained, that in the camp of Debriezén we see
representatives of all the populations of Hungary,
and of every class of society. The Servians, in-
deed, and the Saxons of Transylvania, form an
exception which the enemies of liberty gladly
dwell upon; but both these races have had their
separate institutions, and have therefore always
stood more apart from the Magyars.
But the
Slavonians, the Germans of the Zips and the
Banat, the Wallachians, all rushed to arms when
the Emperor Francis Joseph refused to add to his
titles the regal crown of Hungary, and instead of
taking the constitutional oath in presence of the
Hungarian Diet, assented to the plans of the
Austrian ministry, by which the constitution and

fundamental laws of Hungary were at once abro- | titude of Gorchars, or troopers, Akalees, infantry, gated.

cavalry, and artillery. Shere Sing himself took up dle of the garden, and by his personal and repeated his position in a marble summer-house in the midorders a space in front of the gateway of the fort was cleared with much difficulty, and twelve guns were placed so as to bear on the wooden portals, at a distance of not more than thirty-five or forty yards in front of them.

Such is the Hungarian case, and it is worthy of all consideration. But since the Austrian ministry has broken entirely with the history of the past to enter on a career of revolution and reconstruction, the arguments and pleas of the past are in a great degree out of date. It is a struggle for power, in which liberal Hungary appears as the The scene at this moment was of a strange and fearful character-the dense mass of fierce men conservative standing on the old ways-once-absolute Austria, as the revolutionist, contending for a like an angry sea beating against a rock. The tuheaving to and fro, almost up to the walls of the fort, new order of things.

SIEGE OF LAHORE.

FROM Major Smyth's History of the Reigning Family of Lahore, we shall take a description which we think written with remarkable strength and clearness. It is the best kind of soldier's writing. It affects us as though set down within hearing and sight of the scene. It exhibits the descent of the Khalsa chiefs upon the citadel of Lahore, at that time in possession of Goolaub Sing. The contrast of the little resolute garrison and their multitudinous desperate assailants, and the extraordinary mingling and interchange of humanity and ferocity, between besiegers and besieged, form one of the most extraordinary pictures with which we are acquainted in history.-Examiner.

mult of their wild music, and still wilder cries, as the host clamored to be led to the attack, was stunning. Soon, however, the horror took another form. The entire circle of guns-about two hundred and thirty pieces of artillery-simultaneously opened a fire of blank cartridge. This was done fenders of the fort, but if so about fifty rounds from probably in the expectation of terrifying the deeach gun were thrown away to no purpose. The effect, however, of this firing was awful, stunning all, besieged as well as besiegers, and shaking the fort even to the old foundations laid by the Emperor Akbar. At length the firing ceased suddenly, and then ensued a calm and silence so profound that the stillness was not less awful than the previous uproar. Not a sound, not a whisper was heard on either side as the besiegers waited to ascertain the effect of this singular assault. Then the twelve guns pointed at the Hazooree Bagh gate were quietly loaded-ball cartridge with a canister of grape driven home over it. The matches were lit and As day dawned upon Lahore the watchers on the ready to hurl destruction on the feeble portals. ramparts of the fort heard the tramp and murmur Loud and savage voices were heard, fiercely deof the advancing Khalsa army as it marched in at manding the opening of the gate. But the call was the several gates of the city. The increasing light unheeded :-immediately then the twelve guns were then showed a cloud of dust raised by the tread of fired at once, and the old wooden gate, with thirtythe advancing thousands, and which threw a lurid seven out of thirty-nine men, placed inside to defend and ominous gloom on all around. Presently the it, fell before the terrible discharge. The two guns fierce cries of some seventy thousand wild infantry, loaded with grape were now all that opposed the and perhaps fifty thousand still more savage fol- entrance of the besiegers, and there was left but one lowers, attracted by the scent of plunder, rent the out of sixteen artillerymen to fire them. The beair in loud acclamations. Above all was heard the sieged were panic-struck for a moment by the fatal Seik war cry-Wah Gooroo jee ko Futteh! Wah effect of the enemy's fire. At this instant a band Gooroo jee ko Khalsajee!-as the host, disdaining of two or three hundred Akalees rushed forward further attempts at secrecy, advanced to the assault. over the ruins of the gate and the bodies of its fallen The small and silent band on the walls of the fort defenders. One of them had advanced so far that calmly beheld the approach of the dense columns of he was able to thrust his sword into the muzzle of infantry, the squadrons of cavalry, and, more fearful one of the guns, by way of taking possession of it, than all, the enormous train of the Khalsa artillery. when the sole remaining artilleryman, with a little The entire circuit of the fort now presented a close- Khalassie who attended on him, fired the two guns ly-wedged mass of men, forming close up to the at once, and nearly a hundred corpses fell out of the very walls. Presently the artillery was drawn into mass of men that was rushing forward. The asposition, and coolly unlimbered, ready to open its sailants recoiled for a moment before this close and terrible fire on the devoted place. The number of withering fire, and the defenders of the gate were guns was so great that they formed, as it were, one enabled to load and fire their guns again with as entire and connected battery round the fort; and destructive an effect as before. Thus the twelve yet others, for want of room in the first rank, had guns drawn up before the gate were almost unto take up positions in the rear, or to fire from manned, and the greater number of their horses wherever space could be found to work them. were killed. This first gleam of success for the Calmly and silently the besieged viewed these for- besieged was heightened by the promptitude with midable preparations for the assault. They had which the Dogra men, without awaiting orders merely closed the two gates, the one leading into from Rajah Goolaub Sing, poured their fire of musthe Hazooree Bagh and the other towards the east-ketry from the walls upon the confused mass below. ern verge of the city; but inside each of these gates they had placed two guns loaded with grape. They also manned the walls as well their numbers would allow with the men of the Dogra or Phirman battalion, who lay concealed, ready to deal out destruction on the dense masses below. At this time the Hazooree Bagh was thronged with a motley mul

The effect was that in about ten minutes the Hazooree Bagh was cleared of the besiegers, who left behind them about three hundred killed, one hundred wounded, and about fifty prisoners taken by a sally of the Dogras sword in hand. During the confusion, Shere Sing escaped from the garden back to his former quarters in the barracks of Meva Sing, and

he thought it prudent to keep himself out of harm's way during the remainder of the siege.

While all this was passing in the Hazooree Bagh, the eastern gateway was attacked in a similar manner, but by only six guns instead of twelve. The first fire beat down the gate and killed eleven men inside, but the return fire of the two guns within, and the musketry of the Dogras on the ramparts above, quickly silenced the assailing battery, killing all the men and horses attached to it. The guns were thus left, as in the Hazooree Bagh, under the fire of the garrison.

and burn or bury their dead, and to clear the city and the Hazooree Bagh of the carcases of cattle and horses with which they were strewn. The return showed that on the side of the besiegers 4,786 men, 610 horses, and 320 bullocks had been killed; while the loss of the garrison did not, in killed and wounded, exceed 130 men. During these seven days, the Dogras of the garrison had received from Goolaub Sing, as presents from himself and Chund Kour, various sums, amounting in the aggregate to about one hundred rupees for each private soldier, the officers being rewarded still more liberally.

One or two other incidents which occurred during this short and vigorous siege may be here mentioned. The Seiks, under the pretence of procuring wood for the erection of batteries, or out-works for the protection of their guns, dismantled nearly half the houses in the city, and committed excesses almost incredible and perfectly indescribable. Even had Shere Sing interfered to prevent these atrocities, he had not the power to enforce his command. The people thronged in crowds to witness the operations of the siege, and might be seen daily in numbers seated, in seeming unconsciousness of danger, on the walls and roofs of houses, and in other places within the range of muskets from the fort. But as the garrison knew by their appearance that they were not of the enemy, they never received any molestation.

On the seventh and eighth days, when the Seiks were engaged in burning their dead, who were consumed in large heaps, they were seen to throw upon the pile some who were merely wounded and still alive. These poor wretches implored their mercy, but in vain; their cries and entreaties were answered with jeering inquiries, if they were afraid to go to heaven-"Biia cherjou, cherjou-kee kofe ounda?"-" Mount, brother, mount, what are you afraid of?" The object of the soldiers in committing these barbarities was merely to secure the little property they found on the persons of their murdered comrades-for this petty incitement they were ready to commit atrocities so horrible!

Thus repulsed in their first attempts, the Khalsa opened a heavy and general fire from their artillery all round the place, at a distance of not more than sixty or a hundred yards. This fire was continued with such vigor and rapidity that it threatened the destruction of the old walls, which seemed likely to crumble away before it. But the artillerymen being within the range of small arms, and quite unsheltered, fell so fast under the well-directed fire of the garrison on the walls, that in about an hour the whole of the formidable line was silenced and deserted. The Dogras on the ramparts could now count no less than one hundred and forty-six guns, with none but dead and wounded men, horses, and bullocks around them, and so completely commanded by their fire that none dared to approach them. This sight had the effect of inspiriting and encouraging the besieged; and the besiegers retired to a more respectful distance, sheltering themselves behind and in the houses of the city. Thirty-six guns of large calibre belonging to the division of Sultan Mahomed were the last to be silenced by the fire from the fort, the artillerymen having hit upon an ingenious but barbarous method of protecting themselves. They had seized and taken by force many women of the city, courtezans and others, and compelling them to stand in front of and around their guns, some of them actually bound to the wheels, the Dogras, in their gallantry to the sex or their pity for the individuals, averted their fire, and thus the Seiks, by this cruel stratagem, were enabled to continue theirs in perfect safety. But at length the Dogras found that the fire of these guns, thus strangely protected, was not only makA great deal has been said of the gallant bearing ing sad havoc in their ranks, but was likely to bring of Moreau, (the "Arch Traitor," as Hazlitt called down a portion of their defences; they therefore him,) when he lost both his legs at the battle of reluctantly set to work to silence these, as they had Dresden, where he was engaged with the allied done the others, by a vigorous return. Even now, powers against France; but I doubt much if the however, greatly to the credit of their gallantry and general bore his misfortune with the stoic courage humanity be it said, they took all possible care to of a Seik sergeant, who had both his legs taken off avoid injuring the wretched women, aiming with by a round shot at the battle of Aliwal! I contheir best skill to strike their enemies without hit-versed with him for about ten minutes, during which ting their involuntary protectors. The best proof, period not a muscle of his countenance indicated not only of their kind feeling but that of their skill that he was in pain; and he spoke out boldly, like as marksmen, is the fact that out of a thousand or twelve hundred women who were thus barbarously exposed, only nineteen lost their lives, while not less than one hundred and eighty-six of the artillerymen were shot down at their guns.

This was the first day of the siege, and it lasted seven days. The close is thus described:

In the morning of the seventh day since the commencement of the siege, the Seiks found, as they had not done before, time and opportunity to collect

Here is a Seik sergeant:

a Spartan, smiling at the idea when I told him one of our surgeons would save his life, and remarking, he had no wish to live without his legs; he then asked for water, and, after washing his face, gave a silver ring with a ruby in it to the water carrier, and requested some of the men of H. M.'s 31st, who were standing by, to put an end to him with their bayonets. He was a fine, handsome-looking man, between fifty and sixty years of age, with a gray beard covering his chest.

218

GOLD MINES OF THE GILA.—THE NABIJOS AND MAQUIS INDIANS.

From the N. Y. Commercial Advertiser.

IZATION OF THE NABIJOS AND MAQUIS.

Among many interesting accounts of remote Indian THE GOLD MINES OF THE GILA-SEMI-CIVIL- nations, I had the following respecting the Nabihoes, (Nabijos,) which I am glad to convey to you in compliance with your request. These singular peoTHERE is every appearance that the spirit of ple live in the midst of the highest ridges of mounadventure which has been awakened by the dis-tains, about six days' journey from Santa Fé, in a north-western course. Their country is very extensive and productive, near the sources of several rivers, which empty themselves into the Pacific Ocean.

covery of the auriferous region of the Sacramento will soon (if it has not done so already) extend to other parts of California. A week or two since, in noticing Mr. Gallatin's memoir on California, and Their fields are in the vales, watered by frequent particularly that portion of it which alluded to the showers of rain, which are very scarce in the neighancient semi-civilization near the banks of the river borhood of Santa Fé. These inhabitants are such Gila, we spoke of a large district of country lying thorough husbandmen that they cultivate all kinds north of that river, which had not been visited of vegetables, natural to the situation of their country, in the greatest abundance and perfection. They since the famous expeditions of Coronado and other make blankets, flannels, cloth, knit caps, stockings, Spaniards in the year 1530-40. A short account and prepare leather, and all these things so extenwas given of it by two Catholic priests, who sively that they are able to sell a large quantity to crossed it in 1768; but the route they took is not their Spanish and Indian neighbors. It is said that accurately known. With the exception of the their blankets represent Turkey carpets, in material latter, no account has appeared to show that any of all other Indians, and from that of their Spanish and manufacture. Their dress is different from that white man had traversed this unknown region, and neighbors also. Their shirts, coats, and waistcoats we hear no more of it until our military expeditions are made of wool, and their small clothes and gaitunder General Kearny and Major Emory, in pass-ers are made of tanned deerskin. They make a ing down the valley of the Gila, obtained slight notices of it, obtained from trappers and Indian

traders.

Major Emory, in his published report, says just enough to excite curiosity in regard to the district in question. The attempt of Colonel Fremont to reach it during the late severe winter, leaving the public in the dark as to his motive for so doing, has greatly increased this curiosity-and we now have before us a work by Mr. Webber, expressly devoted to the subject, entitled "The Gold Mines of the Gila," which will no doubt tend still more to open the eyes of those whose attention has been directed to the country in question.

Since the publication of our remarks, above referred to, a friend has put in our possession some accounts of the Nabijo, (sometimes written Navijo,) and the Moqui, or Mawkey, tribes of Indians. These people occupy a district of country west of Santa Fé, and all accounts show them to be much more advanced in civilization and the arts than any Indians north of Mexico. It is within their country that the El Dorado of the Spaniards is supposed to lie. It was to this region that the efforts of the Spaniards were directed, though without The following accounts attracted much attention when they were published, but there were no means to verify the statements, and few now remember that they ever appeared. As they go to corroborate the old Spanish accounts of a semi-civilized people, and as they also agree with the relations given to Major Emory, we think they may possess an interest for such of our readers as are turning to the gold regions of California. We give them precisely as they appeared without com

success.

[blocks in formation]

hole in the middle of their blankets, through which they put their heads. They wear knitted caps on their heads, and have their hair in its full length plantations and attend to their cattle; the females hanging down their backs. The men cultivate the make the dresses and are engaged in domestic affairs. Their churches are buildings of a very large size; their priests of their own nation, and they will not admit the Spanish priests among them. Their implements of war are spears from 16 to 20 have also bows and arrowe, which, in their length, inches long, placed in a club of a foot long; they are similar to those of the ancient Britons, being twice as long as those of the other Indians.

The foregoing was extensively copied by the English journals at the time, and many were led to believe that the descendants of the Welsh Prince Madoc ap Owen Gwynned and his colony had been discovered.

The following account appeared in the "Auburn Banner," 1837 :

THE WHITE INDIANS.

It is a fact, perhaps not generally known, that there do exist in the far West at least two small bands or tribes of white people. One of these bands is called the Mawkeys, [Moqui of the Spaniards.] They reside in Mexico, on the south-west side of the dred miles from Santa Fé, towards California, in a Rocky Mountains, and between three and five hunvalley which makes a deep notch in the mountains, surrounded by high and impassable ridges, and which can only be entered by a narrow pass from the south-west. They are represented by trappers and hunters of the far west, (known to the writer inoffensive people, living by agriculture, and rais of this to be men of veracity,) to be an innocent, ing great numbers of horses and mules, both of which are used by them for food. They cultivate maize, pumpkins, and beans in considerable quantities.

These people are frequently depredated upon by their more warlike red neighbors; to which they submit, without resorting to deadly weapons to repel the aggressors.

Not far distant from the Mawkeys, and in the

same range of country, is another band of the same coverlet made by them, which our townsman, Mr. description, called Naboches. A description of Hood, has taken to Philadelphia, for the purpose either of these tribes will serve for both. They of sending to Europe. They make baskets and have been described to the writer by two men, in small dishes of osiers, so compactly worked as to whose veracity the fullest confidence may be placed. hold water without the least leakage. The twigs, They say the men are of the common stature, with before being wrought, are variously colored, and light flaxen hair, light blue eyes, and their skin is so skilfully put together that the finished vessel of the most delicate whiteness. One of my inform-presents different figures. Their bridles are made ants, who saw several of these people at Santa of tanned leather, and often embellished with silver Fé, in 1831, in describing the Mawkeys, says, ornaments. They dress almost wholly in their own they are as much whiter than I as I am whiter fabrics. The men dress in small clothes, somethan the darkest Indian in the Creek nation ;" and times of deer skins, tanned, and handsomely colmy informant was of as good a complexion as white ored. The women wear a loose black robe, men generally are. ornamented round the bottom with a red border, which is sometimes figured; and when not engaged they use a large shawl of the same color and material.

[ocr errors]

A trapper on one occasion, in a wandering excursion, arrived at a village of Mawkeys. He was armed with a rifle and a pair of belt pistols, knife and tomahawk, all of which were unknown to them, and appeared to excite their wonder and surprise. After conversing some time by signs, he fired one of the pistols; instantly the whole group around him fell to the earth, in the utmost consternation they entreated him not to hurt them, and showed in various ways that they thought him a supernatural being. He saw vast numbers of horses and mules about the village.

Mr. Webber's book, "The Gold Mines of the Gila," has led us to look further into this subject, and we are more and more satisfied that there is to moderns, which was the true El Dorado of the a large and interesting country wholly unknown old Spaniards.

Correspondence of the Public Ledger.

The editor asks, "May not these people be a remnant of those who inhabited this country prior to the present race of Indians; the traces of whose AN OVERLAND EXPEDITION TO THE GILAcities, fortifications, and cultivated fields and gardens, are still to be seen throughout the whole western country?"

The following_account of the Nabijos Indians appeared in the Franklin (Missouri) Intelligencer, and was afterwards published in the New York Observer, June 26, 1834:

Between the Spanish settlements of New Mexico and the Pacific Ocean reside a nation of Indians called the Nabijos, whose ingenuity and improvements reflect honor on the uncivilized state. Their skill in manufacturing, and their excellence in some of the useful and ornamental arts, show a decided superiority of genius over all the other tribes of the western continent. Their power and bravery are proverbial among the Spaniards, who have experienced more molestation and injury from them than from all the other Indians in their vicinity. They once sent to Santa Fé a large quantity of silver bullion, to be moulded into dollars, which the Spaniards perfidiously converted to their own use. Other oppressions of the Spaniards have, for many years, occasioned mutual hostilities, in which the Indians usually triumphed, and made a large proportion of their sheep and mules the spoils of

war.

THE GOLD MINES.

New York, April 9th. An expedition is being organized in this city, which, if successful, may open an unexpected source of wealth to our citizens, surpassing the golden promises of California, or the sparkling treasures of Golconda. An opinion has long been held at the "Mineria," of Mexico, that somewhere in the mineral regions of the great basin of California was the land of precious stones, from whence Montezuma and his princely race drew those immensely valuable emeralds which Cortez sent to Spain. Many traditions, Spanish as well as Indian, point to the country north of the Gila and east of the Sierra Nevada, as the seat of inexhaustible mines of gold, quicksilver and precious stones; but until the results of the late war left this vast country under our flag, there was no stable power to uphold those who had the courage and enterprise to lift the veil and learn the value of its mysteries.

Centralia, as they begin to term the territory this side of California proper and beyond Texas, has long been a fruitful theme with the hunters and Indians on its borders, who relate marvellous stories A young man, now in this town, during the last of ancient temples and palaces, of a fair-complexsummer accompanied a strong military expedition ioned and half-civilized people, who till fields of against them, and obliged them to sue for peace. Arcadian beauty, of plains glittering with diamonds, They killed a chief who wore shoes, stockings, and and precipices veined with pure gold. Allowing small clothes, connected at the sides by silver buttons, instead of a seam; a hunting shirt and a for all exaggerations, there is abundant evidence scarlet cloth cap, the folds of which were also se- of the existence of the "gold mines of the Gila," cured by silver buttons. These people do not and, for a long time, a bold and accomplished man, adopt the usual manner of living in villages, but who, from a pure love of hardy adventure, had are a nation of independent farmers. Their houses tasted deeply of the charms and perils of a ranger's are built of stone. They have fine flocks of sheep, life, has been waiting the hour to strike for them. abundance of mules, and herds of cattle of a supe- This is Webber, the author of "Old Hicks, the rior kind. They cultivate corn, tobacco, and cotton which they manufacture into cloth. They have gardens, in which they raise several kinds of esculent vegetables, as well as fruits. They manufacture some articles of wool. We have seen a

Guide," and he has now published another work, full of romantic narrative, yet embodying also the most authentic reasons, and inviting a plan for attaining the new land of gold.

« ElőzőTovább »